C# property 与attributes有什么区别？_百度知道
C# property 与attributes有什么区别？
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丝毫不相似,何谈区别,只是比较差的翻译都会译为&属性&如果稍有知识就会译为Property译&属性&,Attribute译标记属性或直接叫Attribute
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论虚拟财产属性及其相关法律问题 Attributes of Virtual Property and Related Legal Issues 内容提要：Abstract Since the first internet game made its debut in China in the late 90s, the development of digital industry, whose staples are internet games, has grown at a rate of geometric progression, from nonexistence to an important sector of the internet economy in China. As a major product of internet digital industry, virtual property has become the central content in the Internet era. However, it belongs to the virtual internet world and exists only in digital form. How do we distinguish virtual property from physical property? How is virtual property defined by Property Law?. As a new type of property in the internet era, virtual property also has incurred a large number of disputes in the wake of its emergence. There are not satisfactory solutions to such disputes because at present China still does not have definite laws governing virtual property rights. Therefore, the problem with virtual property rights is clearly a legal issue that needs to be dealt with urgently. From the author’s perspective, this paper gives a succinct analysis of the characteristics, nature, attributes, ownership, protection of the value and property, and the possibility of legislation regarding virtual property. 关键字：网路经济 虚拟财产 物 财产保护 keywords：internet economy, virtual property, physical property, protection of property
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Product Design and Engineering: Formulation of Gels and Pastes
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Formulation technology within Product Design has a major impact on products able to be produced by the Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics and Personal Care, Food, Paints and Agricultural industries. This book discusses fundamentals and the latest developments in the field. Product designers of liquid or gel-based formulations are often faced with viscosity problems. Upon providing the theoretical background, industry-proven processes to control the viscosity in formulations are highlighted. This volume offers a basic understanding of rheology, introduces viscosity modifiers, discusses the design of liquid formulations as well as the selection of appropriate additives. The reader will benefit greatly from the combination of fundamental chapters and chapters containing latest industrial examples.
Prof. Ulrich Broeckel studied Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, and was awarded his doctorate from the Institute of Mechanical Engineering at the same university in 1991. After his industrial carreer at the BASF process engineering department - heading a team responsible for agglomeration and product design of solids - he was appointed Professor at the University of Applied Sciences Trier, Germany, in 2000. He is member of APV (International Association for Pharmaceutical Technology), DECHEMA (Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology), VDI (The Association of German Engineers), and he co-chairs the section group "Product Design and Engineering" of the EFCE (European Federation of Chemical Engineering). Professor Broeckel's work focuses on processing and plant design.
Dr. Gerhard Wagner studied Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Munich. After gaining his PhD from the Technical University Munich, he worked as a scale up engineer in the chemical process development department of Hoffmann-La Roche in Basel, Switzerland.?Currently he is responsible for the form development research and development department. Gerhard Wagner is member of the SPIN (Solid Processing Industrial Network) and the section group "Product Design and Engineering" within the EFCE.
Dr. Willi Meier studied Chemistry at the RWTH Aachen and was awarded his PhD in 1992. He also holds an MBA from the same university. He is responsible for the international cooperation of the DECHEMA and he is coordinating the research activities of the section groups of the EFCE (European Federation of Chemical Engineering) and the EFB (European Federation of Biotechnology). In January 2013, he was appointed honorary professor at the faculty of Mathematics/Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Clausthal. He represents the topic "Product Design and Formulation Technology".
Related Titles
Title Page
List of Contributors
Introduction
What is Product Design and Engineering?
Why This Book?
References
Chapter 1: Rheology of Disperse Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basics of Rheology
1.3 Experimental Methods of Rheology
1.4 Rheology of Colloidal Suspensions
1.5 Rheology of Emulsions
References
Chapter 2: Rheology of Cosmetic Emulsions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemistry of Cosmetic Emulsions
2.3 Rheological Measurements
2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests (Oscillation)
References
Chapter 3: Rheology Modifiers, Thickeners, and Gels
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Thickeners and Gels
3.3 Definition of a “Gel”
3.4 Rheological Behavior of a “Gel”
3.5 Classification of Gels
3.6 Particulate Gels
3.7 Rheology Modifiers Based on Surfactant Systems
References
Chapter 4: Use of Rheological Measurements for Assessment and Prediction of the Long-Term Assessment of Creaming and Sedimentation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Accelerated Tests and Their Limitations
4.3 Application of High Gravity (g) Force
4.4 Rheological Techniques for Prediction of Sedimentation or Creaming
4.5 Separation of Formulation (“Syneresis”)
4.6 Examples of Correlation of Sedimentation or Creaming with Residual (Zero Shear) Viscosity
4.7 Assessment and Prediction of Flocculation Using Rheological Techniques
4.8 Examples of Application of Rheology for Assessment and Prediction of Flocculation
4.9 Assessment and Prediction of Emulsion Coalescence Using Rheological Techniques
References
Chapter 5: Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Formulated Products
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of Products, Properties and Models
5.3 Pure Compound Property Modeling
5.4 Functional Bulk Property Modeling C Mixture Properties
5.5 Functional Compound Properties in Mixtures C Modeling
5.6 Performance Related Property Modeling
5.7 Software Tools
5.8 Conclusions
Appendix 5.A: Overview of the M＆G GC+ Method
Appendix 5.B: Prediction of the UNIFAC Group Interaction Parameters
References
Chapter 6: Sources of Thermophysical Properties for Efficient Usein Product Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of the Important Thermophysical Properties for Phase Equilibria Calculations
6.3 Reliable Sources of Thermophysical Data
6.4 Examples of Databases for Thermophysical Properties
6.5 Special Case and Challenge: Data of Complex Solutions
6.6 Examples of Databases with Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
6.7 Properties of New Component Classes: Ionic Liquids and Hyperbranched Polymers
References
Chapter 7: Current Trends in Ionic Liquid Research
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ionic Liquids as Acido-Basic Media
7.3 Binary Mixtures of Ionic Liquids: Properties and Applications
7.4 Nanoporous Materials from Ionothermal Synthesis
7.5 Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions in Ionic Liquids
7.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8: Gelling of Plant Based Proteins
8.1 Introduction C Overview of Plant Proteins in Industry
8.2 Structure and Formation of Protein Gels
8.3 Factors Determining Physical Properties of Protein Gels
8.4 Evaluating Gelation of Proteins
8.5 Gelation of Proteins Derived from Plants
8.6 Protein Gels in Product Application
8.7 Future Prospects and Challenges
References
Chapter 9: Enzymatically Texturized Plant Proteins for the Food Industry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reactions Catalyzed by MTG
9.3 Current Sources of MTG
9.4 Need for Novel Sources of MTG
9.5 Vegetable Proteins Suitable for Crosslinking with MTG
9.6 Strategies to Modify and Improve Protein Sources for MTG Crosslinking
9.7 Applications of MTG in Processing Food Products Containing Vegetable Protein
9.8 Applications of MTG Crosslinked Leguminous Proteins in Food Models and Realistic Food Products
9.9 Safety of MTG and Isopeptide Bonds in Crosslinked Plant Proteins
9.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Design of Skin Care Products
10.1 Product Design
10.2 Skin Care
10.3 Emulsions
10.4 Structure of a Skin Care Cream
10.5 Essential Active Substances from a Medical Point of View
10.6 Penetration into the Skin
10.7 Targeted Product Design in the Course of Development
10.8 Production of Skin Care Products
10.9 Bottles for Cosmetic Creams
10.10 Design of all Elements
References
Chapter 11: Emulsion Gels in Foods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Food Emulsions
11.3 Creating a Food Emulsion
11.4 Applications of Gel-Like Type Emulsions
11.5 Final Considerations
References
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一个android工程代码多个差异化项目管理方法探讨
摘要：一个android工程代码多个差异化项目管理方法探讨
核心提示：1、工程代码中尽量不要使用产品名称、设备名称之类的东西来区分，尽量以功能名称来区分，在工程独立的配置文件中再去配置这个文件;2、在c/C++代码里可以在Android.mk文件中传进去一下宏，用宏来区分代码，这个宏就是功能的代名词，宏的名称尽量达意一些;3、在java代码中尽量使用系统的property来做区分，设置系统属性来解决;4、 UI显示定制的XML文件，无法做到兼容的话，就把文件拷贝到每个产品的device目录下，在编译的时候拷贝过去覆盖;5、在底层代码中，kernel中本来就有一个config文件，这个可以增加配置选择，每个项目反正都有自己的config文件，代码里还是尽量不要用产品名称之类来区分;6、 把硬件差异化配置尽量放到system_config1.fex里面去配置，全志把这一点发挥到极致了;在项目开发中，我们经常遇到在一套代码里要做多个产品，而每个产品或多或少都有一些功能不一样，有些硬件配置不一样，客户需求不一样，国内国外版本定制不一样、语言不一样，导致我们不得不在工程代码里去做差异化处理。在android项目开发中，从系统架构上也考虑一些这方面的需求，一般在device顶层目录下，针对每一个产品都有一个目录用来存放只跟自己相关的东西，笔者以全志平台为例，自己的产品为EW1021。在devicesoftwinnercrane-EW1021-A目录中就存放了一些跟这个产品相关的东西，比如init.sun4i.rc里面就可以加载自己产品需要的驱动ko文件，启动自己需要的在crane_xxx.mk文件中也可以存放一些自己需要加载到系统中的资源文件，比如预装的音视频小文件、图片等，在这里面也可以设置好自己需要的语言设置，比如定制成英语为默认语言还是中文简体为系统默认语言，这些在设置property就可以搞定。笔者以一个实际例子来做一下介绍，笔者做的是车载互动娱乐系统，就以里面的通道设置来学习一下我的做法。在实际产品中，存在几种音频输出的可能，从喇叭出，从耳机出，从FM发射出，从红外出，还可以从线性出，强调一下线性输出一般输出到功放音响，比如原厂带的音响，可以获得高品质的听觉效果。有一个A项目这5种输出都有，B项目没有喇叭，从耳机出，从FM发射出，从红外出，还可以从线性出，而C项目只有从耳机出，从FM发射出，还可以从线性出。从这个要求上来说，我们知道在UI显示上肯定是完全不一样的，这就要求我们把ui显示的XML放到各个产品的device目录下，编译的时候拷贝过来，这就解决了UI的控制问题。然而，ABC项目三个客户要求默认的输出通道又不一样，A默认喇叭，B默认红外，C默认线性，这怎么解决呢?总不能再代码的处理中用ABC的名称来区分吧!那样后面再增加一个项目就比较麻烦了。笔者想到的就是增加一个系统属性，这个属性就用来配置系统默认的音频通道值。比如：PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES +=
persist.sys.usb.config=mass_storage,adb
persist.service.adb.enable=1
persist.sys.timezone=Asia/Shanghai
persist.sys.language=zh
persist.sys.country=CN
ro.sf.lcd_density=120
ro.property.tabletUI=true
ro.product.firmware=1.5
&SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000"&ro.product.def_audio_out_val=3&/SPAN&
ro.product.need_ctl_audioin_vol=1
sys.sdcardmounted=0&增加的ro.product.def_audio_out_val可以配置不同的值，这个值可以按约定的表示方法来确定，比如0代表喇叭，1代表耳机，2代表FM发射，以此类推。利用系统属性确实能解决很多问题。除了系统属性，在android代码中还有一个利器就是利用功能宏配置。比如有一个应用是CSIIN的应用，这个应用是用来解决视频输出鲜果的问题，但是有些客户要求做低成本的，就不需要这个硬件，当然这个应用也就没有用了，但是在Android.mk文件中用产品名称来区分也不好，笔者自己增加了一个配置宏就可以很好的解决这个问题配置为：#csi apkSW_BOARD_CSI_IN_APK := true而在Android.mk中就可以这样写了，如下：&SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000"&ifeq ($(SW_BOARD_CSI_IN_APK), true)
&/SPAN&LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
include $(CLEAR_VARS)
LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional eng
LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-subdir-java-files)
LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME := CSIIN
LOCAL_CERTIFICATE := platform
LOCAL_OVERRIDES_PACKAGES := Home
include $(BUILD_PACKAGE)
&SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000"&endif&/SPAN&当然还有很多在hardware层需要做区分的，比如不同的屏，系统设置整体效果的亮度、对比度、色饱和度这些都不一样，那我们可以利用产品名称来区分，但是笔者建议还是以屏来区分，这样更有代表性，这样就不需要很长的一串宏来区分，比如笔者开始用产品名称来隔开的，这样做起来，确实也能解决问题，但是不利于维护，特别是产品成型的时候，稍微改一改又要做给另外一个客户的时候，每个地方都需要改，而如果利于屏来区分，就可以再配置里面搞定比如：#10 inch projectSW_BOARD_LCD_INCH := true代码里就轻松了。在Android.mk可以写一个+ifeq ($(SW_BOARD_LCD_INCH), true)+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DLCD_INCH+endif下面看一下，两者在代码中修改对比:-#if defined(crane_ew1021) || defined(crane_EW1021_A) || defined(crane_ew1021tsd) || defined(crane_PD1099_A) || - defined(crane_PD1099_C) || defined(crane_EVBJEAVOX) || defined(crane_EW1021H_A) || defined(crane_EW1021H_C) || defined(crane_EW1023_Cemmc)+ /*10 Inch product board*/+#ifdef LCD_INCHLOGD(&Workaround call: display_getsaturation()n&);display_getsaturation(dev, 0);display_getsaturation(dev, 1);@@ -64,8 @@ static int display_setmode(struct display_device_t *dev,int mode,struct display_ ctx-&valid_width[0] = display_getvalidwidth(ctx,0,para-&d0type,para-&d0format); ctx-&valid_height[0] = display_getvalidheight(ctx,0,para-&d0type,para-&d0format);-#if defined(crane_ew1021) || defined(crane_EW1021_A) || defined(crane_ew1021tsd) || defined(crane_PD1099_A) || - defined(crane_PD1099_C) || defined(crane_EVBJEAVOX) || defined(crane_EW1021H_A) || defined(crane_EW1021H_C) || defined(crane_EW1023_Cemmc)+ /*10 Inch product board*/+#ifdef LCD_INCHctx-&width[1] = 1280;//display_getwidth(ctx,1,para-&d1type,para-&d1format); ctx-&height[1] =720;// display_getheight(ctx,1,para-&d1type,para-&d1format); #else //E901-902这样一对比，一看就知道了用屏的宏来隔开差异化代码比用产品名称来隔开要好很多，这样增加项目的时候就不修改这里面的代码，只要在device下面的目录下增加一个宏配置就好了。笔者结合多年的实践经验认为工程代码里越少出现产品名称来区分功能差异化、配置差异化最好，扩展项目的时候最方便省事，也利于维护。
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