Role of pomegranate and citrus fruit juices in colon cancer prevention--《World Journal of Gastroenterology》2014年16期
Role of pomegranate and citrus fruit juices in colon cancer prevention
【摘要】：Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States.Recent studies prove that though chemotherapeutic agents are being used for the treatment of colon cancer,they become non-effective when the cancer progresses to an invasive stage.Since consumption of certain dietary agents has been linked with various cancers,fruit juices have been investigated for their consistently protective effect against colon cancer.The unique biochemical composition of fruit juices is responsible for their anticancer properties.In this review,the chemo-preventive effect of fruit juices such as pomegranate and citrus juices against colon cancer are discussed.For this purpose,the bioavailability,in vitro and in vivo effects of these fruit juices on colorectal cancer are highlighted.Moreover,there is a scarcity of studies involving human trials to estimate the preventive nature of these juices against colon cancer.This review will support the need for more preclinical tests with these crude juices and their constituents in different colorectal cancer cell lines and also some epidemiological studies in order to have a better understanding and promote pomegranate and citrus juices as crusaders against colon cancer.
【作者单位】：
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【分类号】：R735.3【正文快照】：
INTRODUCTIONColorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States when men and womenare considered separately,and the second leading causewhen both sexes are combined.It is expected to cause
about 51690 deaths during
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This article's
may not adequately
key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to
of all important aspects of the article. (July 2012)
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The colon (&#160;: ) is a
mark consisting of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line. A colon is used to explain or start an enumeration. A colon is also used with , titles and
of books, city and publisher in , business letter salutation, hours and minutes, and .
In Unicode, it is encoded at U+003A : colon (HTML&#160;&#58;).
The most common use of the colon is to inform the reader that what follows the colon proves, explains, defines, describes, or lists elements of what preceded it. In modern American English usage, a complete sentence precedes a colon, while a list, description, explanation, or definition follows it. The elements which follow the colon may or may not be a complete sentence: since the colon is preceded by a sentence, it is a complete sentence whether what follows the colon is another sentence or not. While it is acceptable to capitalize the first letter after the colon in American English, British English does not.
colon used before list
Williams was so hungry he ate everything in the house: chips, cold pizza, pretzels and dip, hot dogs, peanut butter and candy.
colon used before a description
Jane is so desperate that she'll date anyone, even Tom: he's uglier than a squashed toad on the highway, and that's on his good days.
colon before definition
For years while I was reading Shakespeare's Othello and criticism on it, I had to constantly look up the word "egregious" since the villain uses that word: outstandingly bad or shocking.
colon before explanation
I had a rough weekend: I had chest pain and spent all Saturday and Sunday in the emergency room.
Some writers use fragments — incomplete sentences — before a colon for emphasis or stylistic preferences (to show a character's voice in literature), as in this example:
Dinner: chips and juice. What a well-rounded diet I have.
describes several uses of a colon. For example, one can use a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an
or a quotation, and it can be used between independent clauses if the second summarizes or explains the first. In non-literary or non-expository uses, one may use a colon after the salutation in a formal letter, to indicate hours and minutes, to show proportions, between a title and subtitle, and between city and publisher in bibliographic entries.
, an Italian scholar who helped to define and develop the colon as a punctuation mark, identified four punctuational modes for it: syntactical-deductive, syntactical-descriptive, appositive, and segmental. Although Serianni wrote this guide for the , his definitions apply also to English and many other languages.
The colon introduces the , or effect, of a fact stated before.
There was only one possible explanation: the train had never arrived.
In this sense the colon intr in particular, it makes explicit the elements of a set.
I have three sisters: Daphne, Rose, and Suzanne.
Syntactical-descriptive colons may separate the numbers indicating , , and
in abbreviated measures of time.
The concert begins at 21:45.
The rocket launched at 09:15:05.
, however, more frequently uses a
for this purpose:
The programme will begin at 8.00 pm.
You will need to arrive by 14.30.
Bob could not speak: He was drunk.
Bob could not speak: he was drunk.
An appositive colon also separates the
of a work from its principal title. In titles, neither needs to be a complete sentence as it is not expository writing.
or , a segmental colon introduces . The segmental function was once a common means of indicating an unmarked quotation on the same line. The following example is from the grammar book :
Benjamin Franklin proclaimed the virtue of frugality: A penny saved is a penny earned.
This form is still used in written , such as in a . The colon indicates that the words following an individual's name are spoken by that individual.
Patient: Doctor, I feel like a pair of curtains.
Doctor: Pull yourself together!
Use of capitalization or lower-case after a colon varies. In , the word following the colon is in lower case unless it is normally capitalized for some other reason, as with
and . British English also capitalizes a new sentence introduced by colon'
goes further and permits writers to similarly capitalize the first word of any
following a colon. This follows the guidelines of some modern American style guides, including those published by the
and the . , however, requires capitalization only when the colon introduces a direct quotation or two or more complete sentences.
languages, the colon is usually followed by a lower-case letter unless the upper case is required for other reasons, as with British English.
usage requires capitalization of
following a colon.
further capitalizes the first word of any quotation following a colon, even if it is not a complete sentence on its own.
In print, a thin space is traditionally placed before a colon and a thick space after it. In modern
printing, no space is placed before a colon and a single space is placed after it. In
typing and printing, the traditional rules are preserved.
One or two spaces may be and have been used after a colon. The older convention (designed to be used by ) was to use two spaces after a colon.
Further information:
word "colon" is from
colon (pl.&#160;cola), itself from
κ?λον, meaning "limb", "member", or "portion". In Greek
and , the term did not refer to punctuation but to the expression or passage itself. A "colon" was section of a complete thought or passage. From this usage, in , a colon is a clause or group of clauses written as a line in a . In the
devised by
in the 3rd century&#160;BC, the end of such a clause was thought to occasion a medium-length breath and was marked by a middot ??. (This was only intermittently used, but eventually revived as the , the
???, meanwhile, later came to be used as a
or to mark a change of speaker. A variant was introduced to
around 1600, marking a pause intermediate between a
and a . As late as the 18th century, the appropriateness of a colon was still being related to the length of the pause taken when reading the text aloud, but silent reading eventually replaced this with other considerations.
In , it was once common for a colon to be followed by a
to indicate a restful pause, in a typographical construction known as the "", though this usage is now discouraged.
A special triangular colon symbol is used in
to indicate that the preceding sound is . Its form is that of two triangles, each a little larger than a point (dot) of a standard colon, pointing toward each other. It is available in
as modifier letter triangular colon, Unicode U+02D0 (:). A regular colon is often used as a fallback when this character is not available, and in the practical orthography of some languages which have a phonemic long/short distinction in vowels.
If the upper triangle is used without the lower one, it designates a "half-long" vowel.
and , the colon can appear inside words in a manner similar to the
in the English , connecting a grammatical
or , a special symbol, or a
(e.g., Finnish USA:n and Swedish USA:s for the
of "USA", Finnish %:ssa for the
of "%", or Finnish 20:een for the
In Swedish, the colon is used in , such as S:t for Sankt (Swedish for "Saint"), e.g. in the
station . This can even occur in people's names, for example
( for Axelson). The colon was also used to mark abbreviations in early modern English.
The colon is also used as a grammatical tone letter in
in the , in
in , in some
in , and in : , , , , , , , Kuni-Boazi, and . The Unicode character used for the tone letter U+A789 ? modifier letter colon is different from the punctuation (U+003A), as well from IPA's triangular colon U+02D0.
The colon is used in , ,
and other fields to denote a
or a , as in 3:1 (pronounced “three to one”). When a ratio is
to a simpler form, such as 10:15 to 2:3, this may be expressed with a double colon as 10:15::2:3; this would be read "10 is to 15 as 2 is to 3". This form is also used in tests of logic where the question of "Dog is to Puppy as Cat is to _____?" can be expressed as "Dog:Puppy::Cat:_____".
provides a distinct character U+2236 ∶ ratio for mathematical usage. In some languages (e.g. German), the colon is the commonly used sign for division (instead of ÷).
The notation |G&#160;: H| may also denote the .
The notation ?: X → Y indicates that f is a
with domain X and codomain Y.
The combination with an equal sign (?) is used for .
In , when using
for describing the characterizing property of a , it is used as an alternative to a
(which is the
standard), to mean “such that”. Example:
(S is the set of all x in
(the ) such that x is strictly greater than 1 and strictly smaller than 3)
and programming language theory, the colon sign after a term is used to indicate its type, sometimes as a replacement to the "∈" symbol. Example:
Some languages like
use a double colon (::) to indicate type instead.
A colon is also sometimes used to indicate a
involving two indices, and a double colon (::) for a contraction over four indices.
This section needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011)
In , the colon
is represented by
code 58, (HTML &#58;) and is located at
U+003A (colon). Scripts comprising wide characters, such as , use a full-width equivalent, located at Unicode code point U+FF1A ： fullwidth colon.
Several programming languages use the colon for various purposes.
A number of programming languages, most notably , and
use colon immediately followed by an equality sign, := in which case the colon and the equality sign are considering to compose to an independent
sign; this can be represented in Unicode as U+2254 ? colon equals.
— targets for jumps, notably , but also some
— are general formed of a label name followed by a colon. These include C, and
For the double colon used in computer programming, see the , and
The colon is also used as part of the
conditional operator in C and other languages.
In a number of languages, including
and Python, colons are used to define
in a dictionary or .
var obj = {
'name': 'Charles',
'age': 18,
The colon is also used in many operating systems commands. It is often used as a single post-fix , signifying a token keyword had immediately preceded it or the transition from one mode of character string interpretation to another related mode. Some applications, such as the widely used , utilize the colon as both a pre-fix and post-fix delimiter.
In , the colon is often used to . Common usage includes separating or marking comments in a discussion as replies (see ), or distinguish certain parts of a text.
Renders as
Normal text.
:Dented text by the means of a colon.
::The gap increases with colon number.
Normal text.
Dented text by the means of a colon.
The gap increases with colon number.
The colon is quite often used as a special
of several
(such as FAT, following the drive letter, as in C:\Windows\, and ).
colons (and one optional double colon) separate up to 8 groups of 16
representation. In a
a colon follows the initial scheme name (like ), and separates a
In , it is used as a separator between the statements or instructions in a single line, which is represented in other languages via the semicolon.
In , colon precedes definition of a new word.
uses a colon (pronounced as “”, short for “construct”) as an operator to add an
to the front of a :
"child" : ["woman", "man"] -- returns ["child","woman","man"]
while a double colon :: is read as "has type of" (confer ):
("text", False) :: ([Char], Bool)
languages (including
and ) have the above reversed, where the double colon (::) is used to add an element to and the single colon (:) is used for type guards.
uses the colon as a binary operator that generates vectors, as well as to select particular portions of existing matrices.
In , which uses indentation to indicate blocks, the colon is used in statements to indicate that the next line is the start of an indented block.
uses the colon
to introduce a control structure element. In this usage it must be the first non-blank character of the line.
after a label name that will be the target of a :goto or a right-pointing arrow (Note: this style of programming is deprecated and programmers are encouraged to use control structures instead.
to separate a guard (boolean expression) from its expression in a dynamic function. Two colons are used for an Error guard (one or more error numbers).
Colon + space are used in class definitions to indicate inheritance.
, the colon is called "two-spot" and is used to identify a 32-bit variable - distinct from a spot (.) which identifies a 16-bit variable.
On the , a colon, or multiple colons, is sometimes used to denote an action or to emote[], similarly to . In this use it has the inverse function of quotation marks, denoting actions where unmarked text is assumed to be dialogue. For example:
Tom: P it should not be considered a planet. It is tiny!
Mark: Oh really?&#160;::drops Pluto on Tom’s head:: Still think it’s small now?
Colons may also be used for sounds, e.g.&#160;::click::, though sounds can also be denoted by asterisks or other punctuation marks.
Colons can also be used to represent eyes in .
003A &#160;:&#160; colon (HTML&#160;&#58;)
FF1A &#160;：&#160; full-width colon (HTML&#160;&#65306;)
02D0 &#160;:&#160; ipa triangular colon
(HTML&#160;&#720;)
. Georgia College Writing Center 2013.
Hacker, Diana (2010). The Bedford Handbook. Boston-New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp.&#160;384–387. &#160;.
; Castelvecchi, Alberto (1988). Grammatica italiana. Italiano comune e lingua letteraria. Suoni, forme, costrutti (in Italian). : UTET. &#160;.
(1997). . Guide to Punctuation 2011.
Example quoted in
by Lynne Truss
. Chicagomanualofstyle.org.
. mnet.edu.
. taaladvies.net.
Paterson, Derek (). . Absolute Write forums. Post 4. Back in the typewriter day, when fading ink ribbons could result in commas being mistaken for periods and vice versa, typists were taught to insert 2 spaces after the period to differentiate between the two. The same happened with colons and semicolons: 2 spaces wer 1 space after a semicolon.
Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "colon, n.?" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891.
Nicolas, Nick. "". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014.
's An English expositor (1616) glosses Colon as "A marke of a sentence not fully ended which is made with two prickes."
's work, An Essay on Elocution (1748), notes that "A Comma Stops the Voice while we may privately tell one, a Semi C a Colon three: and a Period four."
Dean, Paul (April 25, 2008). . I Love Typography 2014.
Martens, Nick (January 20, 2010). . The Bygone Bureau 2014.
Trask, Larry. . University of Sussex 2014.
. Weston Ruter. .
Ioppolo, Grace (2006). . Psychology Press. p.&#160;73.
Mueller, J Scodel, Joshua, eds. (2009). . University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;460.
Peter G. Constable, Lorna A. Priest, , 2006.
; ; Masinter, L. (January 2005).
. STD&#160;66, RFC&#160;3986.
Hinden, R.;
(Februari 2006) . . RFC&#160;4291.
by Bryan O'Sullivan, Don Stewart, and John Goerzen
. On-line Writing Lab.
: Hidden categories:1.the most common one is the happy face-it looks like this )and it is made with a colon and a right bracet beside it.为什么用with啊?用up或from,of不可以吗?2.this is formed by sing thefist letter of each word in phrase.3.this is the place of_作业帮
拍照搜题，秒出答案
1.the most common one is the happy face-it looks like this )and it is made with a colon and a right bracet beside it.为什么用with啊?用up或from,of不可以吗?2.this is formed by sing thefist letter of each word in phrase.3.this is the place of
1.the most common one is the happy face-it looks like this )and it is made with a colon and a right bracet beside it.为什么用with啊?用up或from,of不可以吗?2.this is formed by sing thefist letter of each word in phrase.3.this is the place of interest that interests millions of people every year.为什么用THAT用WHERE不可以吗?4.people come to you when they want advice 为什么用come to
1with带有的意思,‘通过什么’最为普通的一个是笑脸,看起来像是）是由一个：加上旁边的）构成的,2 BY 经由的意思啊,这是由短语中每个单词的第一个字母构成的.3that引导定语从句,修饰the place of interest 在从句中作主语,where是关系副词,表示in ……4 靠近的意思,人们来找你咨询.}