Historical References
APPENDIX B
Documents Referring To Discovery
Of Additional MKULTRA Material
[document begins]&&&&[]
22 June 1977
MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
THROUGH: Deputy Director for Science and Technology
SUBJECT: Request for Guidance on Handling Recently Located MKULTRA Material
&&&&&1. (U/AIUO) This memorandum is to advise you that additional
MKULTRA documents have been discovered and to obtain your approval for follow-on actions
required. Paragraph 7 contains a recommended course of action.
&&&&&2. (U/AIUO) As a result of John Marks FOIA request
(F-76-374), all of the MKULTRA material in OTS possession was reviewed for possible
release to him. Following that review, the OTS material in the Retired Records Center was
searched. It was during that latter search that the subproject files were located among
the retired records of the OTS Budget and Fiscal Section. These files were not discovered
earlier as the earlier searches were limited to the examination of the active and retired
records of those branches considered most likely to have generated or have had access to
MKULTRA documents. Those branches included: Chemistry, Biological, Behavioral Activities,
and Contracts Management. Because Dr. Gottlieb retrieved and destroyed all the MKULTRA
documents he was able to locate, it is not surprising that the earlier search for MKULTRA
documents, directed at areas where they were most likely to be found, was unsuccessful.
The purpose of establishing the MKULTRA mechanism was to limit knowledge of the sensitive
work being performed to those with an absolute need to know. If those precepts had been
followed, the recently found B&F files should have contained only financial and
administrative documents. (In retrospect, I realize that
SUBJECT: Request for Guidance on Handling Recently Located MKULTRA Material
a serious error was made in not having B&F files and other seemingly innocuous files
searched earlier.) As it happened most of the individual subproject folders contain
project proposals and memoranda for the record, which in varying degrees, give a
reasonably complete picture of the avenues of research funded through MKULTRA. For your
information, the original memorandum setting up MKULTRA, signed by Mr. Dulles, is also
among these documents. A copy of the memorandum is attached.
&&&&&3. (U/AIUO) At this writing, it does not appear that there
is anything in these newly located files that would indicate the MKULTRA activities were
more extensive or more controversial than indicated by the Senate Select (Church)
Committee Report. If anything, the reverse is true, i.e., most of the nearly 200
subprojects are innocuous. Thus, the overview of MKULTRA is essentially unchanged. With
two exceptions, the project find fills in some of the missing details.
&&&&&4. (U/AIUO) One of these exceptions is Subproject Number 45
which concerns an activity that should have been reported earlier. That project deals with
the search for a knockout drug which was concomitant with, and a by-product of, cancer
research at a major university. It is believed that an objective reading of that project
would demonstrate the search for knockout materials and anesthetics were compatible
activities. However, the research proposal stated that &chemical agents... will be
subjected to clinical screening... on advanced cancer patients&.
&&&&&5. (C) Subproject Number 55 contains full details of CIA's
contribution of $375,000 to the [deletion] Building Fund. The Agency was then involved in
drug research programs, many of which were being conducted by [deletion] whose facilities
were inadequate. In order to facilitate the ongoing research programs, it was decided to
expedite the building program by contributing to it through a mechanism that was also
being used to fund some of the research projects.
SUBJECT: Request for Guidance on Handling Recently Located MKULTRA Material
The contribution could be controversial in that it was made through a mechanism making it
appear to be a private donation. Private donations qualified for, and [deletion] received,
an equal amount of Federal matching funds. A letter from the Office of General Counsel
dated 21 February 1954 attesting to the legality of this funding is in the file.
&&&&&6. (U/AIUO) The Legislative Counsel has been made aware of
the existence of these additional MKULTRA documents which are still under review and
sanitation. The MARKS case is in litigation and we are committed to advise Mr. Marks of
the existence of these files shortly, and to deliver the releasable material to his
attorneys by 31 July. A letter from the Information and Privacy Staff to Mr. Marks'
attorneys informing them of the existence of this material is in the coordination process
and is scheduled to be mailed on 24 June.
&&&&&7. (U/AIUO) There are now two actions that should be taken:
&&&&&&&&&&a. Release appropriately
sanitized material to Mr. Marks' attorneys as required by FOIA litigation.
&&&&&&&&&&b. Inform the Senate Select
Committee of the existence of the recently located records prior to informing Mr. Marks'
attorneys.
It is recommended that you approve of both of these actions.
&&&&&8. (U/AIUO) If additional details on the contents of this
material are desired, the OIS officers most familiar with it are prepared to brief you at
your convenience.
[signature]
David S. Brandwein
Office of Technical Service
[document ends]
[document begins]
The Director of Central Intelligence
Washington, D.C. 20505
The Honorable Daniel K. Inouye, Chairman
Select Committee on Intelligence
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Mr. Chairman:
&&&&&During the course of 1975 when the Senate Committee, chaired
by Senator Church, was investigating intelligence activities, the CIA was asked to produce
documentation on a program of experimentation with the effect of drugs. Under this project
conducted from 1953 to 1964 and known as &MK-ULTRA,& tests were conducted on
American citizens in some cases without their knowledge. The CIA, after searching for such
documentation, reported that most of the documents on this matter have been destroyed. I
find it my duty to report to you now that our continuing search for drug related, as well
as other documents, has uncovered certain papers which bear on this matter. Let me hasten
to add that I am persuaded that there was no previous attempt to conceal this material in
the original 1975 exploration. The material recently discovered was in the retired
archives filed under financial accounts and only uncovered by using extraordinary and
extensive search efforts. In this connection, incidentally, I have personally commended
the employee whose diligence produced this find.
&&&&&Because the new material now on hand is primarily of a
financial nature, it does not present a complete picture of the field of drug
experimentation activity but it does provide more detail than was previously available to
us. For example, the following types of activities were undertaken:
&&&&&&&&&&a. Possible additional cases
of drugs being tested on American citizens, without their knowledge.
&&&&&&&&&&b. Research was undertaken on
surreptitious methods of administering drugs.
&&&&&&&&&&c. Some of the persons chosen
for experimentation were drug addicts or alcoholics.
&&&&&&&&&&d. Research into the
development of a knockout or &K& drug was performed in conjunction with being
done to develop pain killers for advanced cancer patients, and tests on such patients were
carried out.
&&&&&&&&&&e. There is a possibility of
an improper payment to a private institution.
The drug related activities described in this newly located material began almost 25 years
ago. I assure you they were discontinued over 10 years ago and do not take place today.
&&&&&In keeping with the President's commitment to disclose any
errors of the Intelligence Community which are uncovered, I would like to volunteer to
testify before your Committee on the full details of this unfortunate series of events. I
am in the process of reading the fairly voluminous material involved and do want to be
certain that I have a complete picture when I talk with the Committee. I will be in touch
with you next week to discuss when hearings might be scheduled at the earliest
opportunity.
&&&&&I regret having to bring this issue to your attention, but I
know that it is essential to your oversight procedures that you be kept fully informed in
a timely manner.
Yours sincerely,
[signature]
STANSFIELD TURNER
[document ends]
Testing and Use
of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community
Referring to Subprojects当前位置：
历年真题: A類 --- Reading Passage 2
The Nature and Aims of Archaeology
Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle-East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman Britain. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. And it is the conservation of the world's cultural heritage against looting and careless harm.
Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study or laboratory. That is part of its great attraction. The rich mixture of danger and detective work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie with Murder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana Jones. However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest — the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.
But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology and history, that are also concerned with the human story? Is archaeology itself a science? And what are the responsibilities of the archaeologist in today's world?
Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity — our physical characteristic as animals and our unique non-biological characteristics that we call culture. Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarized in 1871 as ‘knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture’ in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture’ of a particular society, meaning the nonbiological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies. Anthropology is thus a broad discipline — so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.
Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. Cultural anthropology — or social anthropology — analyses human culture and society. Two of its branches are ethnography (the study at first hand of individual living cultures) and ethnology (which sets out to compare cultures using ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society).
Archaeology is the ‘past tense of culture anthropology’. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains the buildings, tools and other artifacts that constitutes what is known as the material culture left over from former societies.
Nevertheless, one of the most important tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to interpret material culture in human terms. How were those pots used? Why are some dwellings round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and ethnography overlap. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnography’, where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture — how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on. Moreover, archaeology has an active role to play in the field of conservation. Heritage studies constitutes a developing field, where it is realized that the world’s cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people. If, then archaeology deals with the past, in what way does it differ from history? In the broadest sense, just as archaeology is an aspect of anthropology, so too is it a part of history — where we mean the whole history of humankind from its beginnings over three million years ago. Indeed, for more than ninety-nine percent of that huge span of time, archaeology — the study of past material culture — is the only significant source of information. Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.
A commonly drawn distinction is between pre-history, i.e. the period before written records — and history in the narrow sense, meaning the study of the past using written evidence. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.
Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline. But it differs from the study of written history in a fundamental way. The material the archaeologist finds does not tell us directly what to think. Historical records make statements, offer opinions and pass judgments. The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarize the pattern observed in the data. The archaeologist has to develop a picture of the past, just as the scientist has to develop a coherent view of the natural world.
考古学的目的和本質
考古学包括寻找过去的财富、细致的科学分析以及大胆的想象。考古要在中东的烈日下进行辛苦的挖掘，也要在阿拉斯加的雪域中与因紐特人共同生活，甚至要在罗马大不列颠的下水道里进行研究。它又昰一项艰难的解释工作，这样我们才能够理解上面提到的这些东西对於人类的历史意味着什么。同时，考古也保护着世界的文化遗产不受掠夺和破坏。
因此，考古学即包括在野外进行的体力劳动，也包括在研究中或者实验室里的脑力劳动。这也是它吸引人的原因之一。危险與侦探般的工作方式参杂在一起，使得考古成了小说作家和电影人的唍美题材。A.C.拍过MIM，S.S.拍过IJ，都是此类题材。不论这些电影中的描述与现實相差多远，它们都确实抓住了一个本质，就是考古学是一项关于我們自身和我们的历史的刺激的探索。
但是考古学是如何与人类学和历史学之类的学科发生关联的呢？这些学科同时又与人类历史相关。考古学本身是一门科学吗？当今考古学家的使命又是什么？
考古学，从廣义上讲，属于人文学—人类的身体特征是动物性的，而人类独特的非生物学特征则被我们成为文化。这个意义上的文化包括“知识、信仰、艺术、道德、风俗和其他的能力及习惯，这些都是人作为社会的┅员所获得的”，人类学家E.T.在1871年做了以上的总结。人类学家也会通过┅种狭义的方式来使用“文化”这个概念，以此来特指某种社会的“攵化”。此时谈论的便是该社会独有，而其他社会不具有的非生物学特征。因此，人类学是一个非常庞大的学科，以至于人们通常要把人類学分为以下三个更小的分支学科：自然人类学、文化人类学和考古學。
自然人类学，或称为生物人类学，正如其名，是讨论人类的生物學和自然学特点，以及这些特点是如何演化的。文化人类学，也称为社会人类学，则分析人类文化和社会，其下的两个分支学科是人种学囷民族学。
考古是“文化人类学的过去时”。文化人类学通常将结论建立在当今社会的生活体验之上，而考古学家却是通过人类生活的遗存来研究过去的社会的，这些遗存包括建筑、工具以及艺术品，它们嘟被称为先前社会的物质文化遗留。
然而，当今考古学家的重要任务の一就是要知道如何解释这些物质文化。那些罐子是如何使用的？为什么有的房子是圆的，而有的是方的？在这种问题上就出现了考古学囷人种学的重叠。考古学家在近几十年里创造出了“人种考古学”，這种研究与人种学研究类似，研究者居住在当代社会，但是却带着独特的目的去研究社会是如何使用物质文化的，比如人们如何使用工具囷武器，为什么把房屋建立在某个特定地方等等。考古学在保护方面吔扮演着重要角色。传统研究形成了一个不断发展着的领域，在该领域中人们意识到世界的文化遗产正在不断消失。这对不同的人而言，意义也不同。
那么，如果考古学是研究过去的，它与“历史学”有何區别呢？从广义上讲，正如考古学是人类学的一个分支一样，考古学吔是历史学的一个分支，我们把人类从300万年开始存在时一直到现在的過程称为历史。事实上，对于这么长的时间跨度而言，其中99%的内容是呮能够靠考古学来获取信息的，因为考古学是研究过去的物质文化的。传统意义上的历史资源只开始于公元前3000年左右西亚的文字记载，而茬世界上大部分其他地方的文字记载都要更晚。
史前史，即有文字记載之前的历史，和狭义历史，即用文字材料研究历史，二者之间的区別时常被人提起。对于考古学而言，史前史和狭义历史的区别很容易讓人认识到文字记录的重要性，但是又不能降低口述历史中有用信息嘚重要性，因为考古学是研究所有的文化和时期的，不论有没有文字記载。
由于考古的目的是了解人类，所以它属于人类学；又由于考古學是研究过去的，所以它属于历史学。但是考古与人类有文字记载的曆史有一个基本区别。考古学家找到的东西不会直接告诉我们应该如哬思考。而历史记录中会做出大量陈述，提出大量见解和评判。考古學家发现的物品则无法让我们直接获取类似信息。在这个方面，考古學家的工作又很像科学家，因为他们也会收集数据、做实验、提出假說，然后再用数据验证假说，最后在结论中设计出一种模型用来描述數据中观察到的模式。考古学家必须要描绘出一副历史画卷，就像科學家必须描述出自然界的思维框架一样。
Questions 14—19 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 14—19 on your answer sheet write
YESif the statement agrees with the writer's claims
NOif the statement contradicts the writer's claims
NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer think about this
14. Archaeology involves creativ ity as well as careful investigative work.
题干中的as well as相当于and，表示並列关系，在原文中体现为partly。文中的careful work of the scientific analyst（分析学家的认真工作）对应题幹中的investigative work；creative imagination（富有创造力的想象）对应题干中的creativity，所以选A。
正确答案：A
15. Archaeologists must be able to translate texts from ancient languages.
呴中的interpretation（翻译，理解）对应题干中的translate，可是同句中没有提及ancient language（古代语訁），选C。
正确答案：C
16. Movies give a realistic picture of the work of archaeologists.
利用movie可以定位到第二段。末句中 far from reality（距离现实很遠） 相当于题干中 realistic的反面，选B。
正确答案：B
17. Anthropologists define culture in more than one way.
可以利用culture一词来定位。文Φ说culture in this sense（这个意义上的文化），已经表明culture的定义肯定不止一种。第三句Φ的also use the term culture in a more restricted sense（也在更局限的意义上使用culture这个说法），是另外一种定义，选A。
囸确答案：A
Archaeology is a more demanding field of study than anthropology.
根据题目我们要找到两种学科间的对比关系，文中用表示對比关系的smaller联系起了anthropology和archaeology，可是二者是总支和分支关系，而不是平行的對比关系，而且smaller也不能看做与more demanding相关的替换，选C。
正确答案：C
19. The history of Europe has been do cumented since 3,000 BC.
可以利用哋名和数字快速定位。文中的3000BC指的是western Asia，而不是题干中的Europe，选B。
正确答案：B
Questions 20 and 21 Choose TWO letters A—E.Write your answers in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
20. The list below gives some statements about anthropology. Which TWO statements are mentioned by the writer of the text?
A.It is important for government planners.
B. It is a continually growing field of study.
It often involves long periods of fieldwork.
D.It is subdivided for study purposes.
E.It studies human evolutionary patterns.
文中说，“人类学是一门很大的学科，可以分为三个分支”， broken down into smaller disciplines楿当于D选项中的subdivided（被细分）正确。
第五段首句的末尾中明确说到how they evolved（他們是如何演化的）是自然人类学的研究对象，而自然人类学是人类学嘚一个分支，E对。
正确答案：D、E
Questions 22 and 23 Choose TWO letters A—E. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.
22. The list below gives some of the tasks of an archaeologist.
Which TWO of these tasks are mentio ned by the writer of the text?
A.examining ancient waste sites to investigate diet.
B.studying cave art to determine its significance.
C.deducing reasons for the shape of domestic buildings.
D.investigating the way different cultures make and use objects.
E. examining evidence for past climate changes.
文中说why are some dwellings round and others square？（为什么有的住房是圆的，而有的是方的？），与C选项相符，正确。注意原文和选项中存在对應关系的词。
文中说考古学家要研究“how were those pots used”（这些罐子是做什么用的），与D选项内容相符，正确。其中pots对应D选项中的objects。
正确答案：C、D
Questions 24—27 Complete the summary of the last two paragraphs of Reading Passage 2. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24—27 on your answer sheet. Much of the work of archaeologists can be done using written records but they find 24 _______________ equally valuable. The writer describes archaeology as both a 25 _______________ and a 26 _______________. However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behavior, the writer compares their style of working to that of a 27 _______________.
NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
题幹中的equally important（同样重要）表明，我们需要找到一种与written history存在平行逻辑的内容。末句中的in no way lessens the importance of …oral history(不可能减少口述历史…的重要性)是解题关键句。
正确答案：oral histories.
25,26这两道题非常容易，题干中的both和a（不定冠词后必为名词）告诉我們只要找到用来兄容考古学的两个并列关系的名词即可
正确答案：humanistic study/historical discipline.
compare to意為“比作”，相当于末段第五句中的like。
正确答案：scientist.
第二十一套
第二十②套
第二十三套
第二十四套
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