From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Happy Sunday (: ?? ???) is a Korean - shown on the
network, which competes directly against 's
line-up. Although it has been broadcast since 2003, its line-up of shows has frequently changed, with a complete revamp occurring in Spring of 2007. At that time, three new shows were introduced – Are You Ready, High-Five, and Immortal Music Classics. Due to its poor reception, Are You Ready quickly evolved into , with most of its cast intact. In late November 2008, Happy Sunday had a revamp of its shows keeping
as the second segment and bringing back Immortal Music Classics which was previously liked by viewers. However in late March, Immortal Music Classics ended once again and was replaced with , making Happy Sunday an all-male cast, with a total of 14 members. In 2013, Qualifications of Men was cancelled and replaced with Star Family Show Mamma Mia. On November 3, 2013 Star Family Show Mamma Mia was moved to Wednesday nights and replaced with .
Out of the three Sunday night shows, 's Happy Sunday, 's
and 's , only KBS has kept its program as a "whole program." Both MBC and SBS has divided their Sunday night show into two parts, the first segment as one program and the second as another. Both MBC and SBS have done this to record better TV ratings, which is important in
media to prove the show's popularity. The key variety programs which garner Sunday night ratings and are usually compared to one another are KBS Happy Sunday's , MBC Sunday Sunday Night's , and SBS Good Sunday's .
During the 1990s 's Sunday program was called Super Sunday (?????). But in February 1998, the name was changed to Joyful Super Sunday TV (?? TV ???? ???). In November 2003, the name was changed again to 101% Sunday (???? 101%). On September 13, 2004, voice (dubbing) artist and 2003
Grand Prize (Daesang) winner, Jang Jeong-jin (???), was recording for The Lord of the Alley (??? ??) segment where he had to eat rice cakes during a game and was later hospitalized. Because of this incident, Jang died a month later (October 11, 2004) due to
("brain death") and loss of oxygenation to the brain. The segment was abolished and since November 2004, the program has been renamed Happy Sunday.
: 5:55 p.m. - 7:55 p.m.
: 5:45 p.m. - 7:55 p.m.
: 5:30 p.m. - 7:55 p.m.
: 5:25 p.m. - 7:55 p.m.
: 5:20 p.m. - 7:55 p.m.
2012–present: 4:55 p.m. - 7:55 p.m.
Main article:
Originally aired: August 5, 2007 – present
Members: , , , Kim Joon-ho, ,
Former members: , , , , , , , , ,
In the segment 1 Night 2 Days (: 1?2?), the members go on an overnight trip to various places of interest in Korea. The aim of the segment is to recommend holiday destinations to its viewers. Throughout the show, there are several mini-games played to see who will eat dinner (as opposed to a simple snack), who will do the chores or work that needs to be done, and who will sleep comfortably.
The show is enormously popular, that even its re-runs (which airs on the same night) has viewership ratings within the Top 20 Sunday night programs.
Main article:
Originally aired: November 3, 2013 – present
Cast: , , ,
Former cast: , ,
In the segment "Superman is Back (The Return of Superman)" (: ???? ????), Without a mother for 48 hours (for 2 days). Father and children living with each other.
Originally aired: 2005
Originally aired: 2006
Originally aired: 2007
Originally aired: ? - April 29, 2007
MC: , Kang Soo-jung
Cast: , Lee Kye-in, Tae Jin-ah, Park Chul, , Yoon Jung-soo
Originally aired:
Assistant coach:
Former/honorary coach:
Honorary Shootdori: Lee Hyun-joon
Guest assistant coaches: , , Jo Hye-ryun, Lee Hae-young
Supporters: , ,
Soccer team: Ji Seung-joon, Jo Min-ho, Kim Tae-hoon, Oh Ji-woo, Lee Seung-kwon, Choi Sung-woo, Kim Tae-soo, Jin Hyun-woo
Shooting Kid (: ??? ???; : Nal Ah Ra Shoot-Dori) is a variety show where a group of kids train and practice their
skills to compete with other mini-leagues. It is still airing, however at a different time slot and is no longer a part of Happy Sunday. This program now airs on the
channel. It is into its fourth season with a different cast.
Originally aired: August 13, 2006 - April 29, 2007
Cast: , , , , ,
K-1 fighter
and celebrities participate in various physical challenges and games.
Originally aired: August 13, 2004 - October 29, 2006
Cast: , Jo Hye-ryun, Jung Sun-hee, Jung Sun-kyung, , , , ,
Former members: Kyung-shil, , Kang Soo-jung, , Lee Hye-young
Production Company:
This variety show has a school theme, where male celebrity guests come and firstly try to partner with the heroines of their choice, through dance (usually) or special performances. Should more than one male choose the same heroine, then they battle it out to win their girl. They will have to do the most bizarre things, like role playing, singing, etc. Afterward, they play two very original games – "Catch the Mouse" and "Dibidibidip."
Originally aired: May 6, 2007 - July 29, 2007
Cast: , , , ,
Are You Ready was a
where its cast and special guests played games. The first three episodes were games that were related to the , while the following episodes leading to its last episodes were physical and logic-based games. Due to low ratings, Are You Ready was replaced by 1 Night 2 Days with its original cast still in place.
Originally aired: May 6, 2007 - May 18, 2008
Cast: Jo Hye-ryun, , , , Lee Jung-min
Former member:
Hosted by Ji Suk-jin, High-Five focuses on having its five female stars tr over the course of the show, they have become flight attendants, farmer, stuntwomen, and police officers. Because of the stars' backgrounds, comic twists and events are often added in during training. At the show's start, comedienne Jo Hye-ryun, entertainer , singer , MC , and actress
were the High-Five stars. Due to filming commitments, Kim had to leave the show on its November 4, 2007 broadcast. She was replaced by news anchor Lee Jung-min. This show was replaced by Delicious Quiz.
Originally aired: June 1, 2008 - September 7, 2008
MC: , Jo Hye-ryun, Jung Ji-young, , , Lee Moo-song,
Judges: Lee Byung-jin, Han Joon-hee
The first episode aired June 1, 2008 replacing High-Five, while retaining
and Jo Hye-ryun as part of the cast. Delicious Quiz was a food-based
where they traveled around
visiting famous restaurants or places related to food. The MCs must answer quizzes related to food and get a certain number of questions correct before they are able to eat the food. The show aimed to introduce viewers to the variety of great foods available in Korea. This show was last aired on September 7, 2008 and was replaced by Schoolympic.
Originally aired: September 14, 2008 - October 26, 2008
MC: Kang Byung-kyu, , , , , Lee Jong-soo,
Commentators: Lee Byung-jin, Han Joon-hee
The first episode aired September 14, 2008 replacing Delicious Quiz (only
was retained). Olympic stars compete in simple yet nostalgic games and activities on a set created to look like a classroom with celebrities as their competitors. The games will require the "athletes" to use simple school necessities like chairs, desks, mops and even buckets. Aiming to bring a more interesting and fun school environment, the show combined elements of sport and school activities with the help of sports stars and celebrities. This show was short lived and instead, the 2 segments Kko Kko Tours Single?Single and 1 Night 2 Days both extended their airtime.
Main article:
Originally aired: September 21, 2008 - November 23, 2008
MC: Tak Jae-hoon,
The first episode was aired on September 21, 2008, replacing Unforgettable Songs/Immortal Music. It was co-hosted by former Country Kko Kko partners
and Tak Jae-hoon. Celebrities invite someone they're interested in and get to know them during a trip. Audiences will get to see the true, sensitive side of celebrities as they open their hearts on air. Only 2 trips was aired over a span of 10 episodes. This segment was cancelled due to high production costs and low ratings. The show was replaced with a new season of Immortal Music Classics which had been previously cancelled.
Season 1 originally aired: May 6, 2008 - September 14, 2008
Season 2 originally aired: November 30, 2008 - March 22, 2009
MC: , , Kim Sung-eun
Immortal Music Classics (: ??? ??; : 不朽? 明曲; : Bulhooae Myeonggok) was co-hosted by former
and . Although the show initially had various co-hosts, Kim Sung-eun became the final permanent host alongside Shin and Tak. The special guest for the week is their "vocal coach," usually a famous Korean singer, although sometimes record producers and composers have appeared as the special guest. During the course of the show, the special guest's top singles (as voted by netizens) are revealed and the "students" must sing -style. At the end of the show, the best singer/student is chosen by the special guest and receives a special prize. This segment started from Kim Won-joon's episode where he brought in presents on his own accord. The show has typically showcased older singers from the past who may or may not be still active in the entertainment industry, including
and . However they have also had episodes featuring more recent artists, including , in recognition of their 10th anniversary since debut, as well as
just before he left for
in July 2008. This show aired its final episode on September 14, 2008 and was replaced by Kko Kko Tours Single?Single.
Happy Sunday brought back Immortal Music Classics with the same hosts, ,
and Kim Sung-eun. Its first returning episode began airing November 30, 2008, replacing Kko Kko Tours Single?Single. Kicking off the second season,
was the special guest. Patti Kim was the first Korean artist to be invited and perform on 's
network as well as
in , . In season 1, Patti Kim was one of the guests that they wanted to invite on the show but was unable to. This segment was cancelled in late March 2009 and has since been replaced with Qualifications of Men.
Main article:
Originally aired: March 29, 2009 - April 7, 2013
Cast: , Kim Gook-jin, , Lee Yoon-seok, Yoon Hyung-bin, , Kim Jun-ho
Former members: , , ,
Qualifications of Men (: ??? ??; : ? ; also known as Qualifying Men or The Qualities of a Man), replaced the second season of Immortal Music Classics in late March 2009. It is a show where a group of mostly middle-aged male celebrities try to complete missions (deemed to be of a quality required of a "qualifying man") given by the producer or sometimes thought of by the members.
In the first episodes, the cast joked that their primary aim was not to disturb the ratings of . However, the show was an unexpected success and rivaled their sister corner 1N2D in the 2009 . The cast includes the main
, who made his comeback into the
TV ind Kim Gook-jin, a famous
who recently came back from attempting to become a , leader of the legendary rock- Lee Yoon-seok, a comedian known for his doctor's degree and conversely his ridiculously weak strength (though since joining the show,
has virtually taken over his title of "Weakling of the nation"); Yoon Hyung-bin, a famous comedian from the show
who frequently compares himself to , althou , one of the greatest players in Korean baseball history and currently holds the records for home runs, RBI, and
and , a KBS news announcer and reporter known for his variety and comedic skills, who is rising in the entertainment world (also known for his parody of 's "" dance).
The cast has been through a variety of physically and emotionally taxing missions, usually spanning over 24 hours, performing the likes of serving mandatory military service again, crying, becoming employees of random companies, not smoking for a day, wake-boarding, singing in a choir, participating in an amusement park parade show, and forming an amateur band. The most memorable moment for the program was when 2 of the members (Kim Gook-jin and former member ) was selected as a guest for the
Acrobatic Team, during their 2009 Far East Tour at , in South Korea. For the Choir episodes, both of the Choir team won awards (the most recent was the 2nd Place during the KBS National Choir Contest "The Harmony", with Kim Tae-won as a conductor).
In late 2010,
was dropped from the program after being arrested for meth use and smuggling. He was sentenced to 2 years and 6 months in prison,
for 4 years.
On April 10, 2011, Korean baseball legend
made his debut as a member of the show.
On May 8, 2011,
appeared in his final episode and
became the newest and 7th member of the show.
On July 31, 2012,
left the show, and 2 new members—actor
comedian Kim Jun-ho—joined the crew.
Qualifications of Men initially mai in 2009, it placed second among the most viewed Sunday night programs for 16 weeks with more than 30% viewership ratings. But after four years on air, ratings dropped, until it was overtaken in popularity by 's , which premiered in 2013. KBS cancelled the show, and it aired its last episode on April 7, 2013. The show had begun in 2010 under the catchphrase, "101 things to do before you die," but with its cancellation four years later, the show's
was unfinished, with the program coming to a close before the cast members were able to finish filling out the list of 101 things, only getting up to #94.
Originally aired: April 14, 2013 - October 27, 2013
MC: Lee Young-ja, ,
Former MC:
Star Family Show Mamma Mia (: ?? ???? ????; also known simply as Mamma Mia) is a talk show in which Korean celebrities and popular figures bring their mothers. One of the hosts,
left the show he was replaced by
beginning May 19, 2013. This segment was moved to Wednesday nights. Mamma Mia was replaced with Superman Return on November 3, 2013 . Then, on 18 October, 2013 KyuHyun had announced to leave the show because of the overlap schedule with 'Radio Star' on MBC. The regular on the show and comedian, Heo GyeongHwan will replace KyuHyun's place as the MC of the show.
Nominated work
Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Happy Sunday
Best Entertainer Award
Shooting Kid
Excellence Idea Corner Award
I'm Going to See
Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Excellence Award, Female MC in a Variety Show
Best Entertainer Award
Top Excellence Idea Corner Award
Shooting Kid
Best Entertainer Award
"We Need Conversations"
Kim Sung-eun
Immortal Music Classics
Excellence Idea Corner Award
Top Excellence Idea Corner Award
Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Top Excellence Award, Female MC in a Variety Show
Grand Prize (Daesang)
Immortal Music Classics
20th Korean PD Awards
Best Show Host
Grand Prize (Daesang) - TV category
Happy Sunday
15th Korea Entertainment Art Awards
Best Comedian
Best Program
Best Variety Show Writer
Lee Woo-jung
Best Newcomer in a Variety Show
Top Popularity Award
Viewer's Choice Program
Happy Sunday
Grand Prize (Daesang)
Kang Ho-dong
21st Korean PD Awards
Best Variety Show
Top Entertainer Award
Kim Sung-min
Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Sang Sang Plus Season 2
Viewer's Choice Program
Happy Sunday
Grand Prize (Daesang)
Special Merit Award
Top Entertainer Award
, Crisis No. 1
Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Top Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Viewer's Choice Program
Happy Sunday
Grand Prize (Daesang)
38th Korea Broadcasting Awards
Best Entertainment TV Program
1 Night 2 Days
Achievement Award
Kang Chan-hee
(cameraman)
Special Merit Award
Best Newcomer in a Variety Show
Top Entertainer Award
Top Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Grand Prize (Daesang)
Best Teamwork
Best Variety Show Writer
Choi Jae-hyung
Best Newcomer in a Variety Show
Top Entertainer Award
Top Excellence Award, Male MC in a Variety Show
Ko, Hong-ju (23 September 2012). . enewsWorld.
Star News. September 14, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
Chosun. October 12, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
. allkpop. .
(Korean) . Newsen. November 12, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
My Daily. November 19, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
. . March 25, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
Kim, Rahn (March 25, 2011). .
. 10Asia. July 3, .
Newsen. December 21, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
Kim, Ji-yeon (March 4, 2013). . enewsWorld 2013.
Hong, Grace Danbi (April 1, 2013). . enewsWorld 2013.
. . April 1, .
Choi, Eun-hwa (April 1, 2013). . enewsWorld 2013.
. . May 12, .
KBS. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
. . February 29, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
HanKyung. April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
. . April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
StarNews. November 12, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
HanKyung. November 11, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
KBS. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
Sports Chosun. December 28, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
Han, Sang-hee (December 28, 2008). .
MK. March 6, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
Newsen. March 6, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
Newsis. December 27, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
Star News. December 27, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
Choi, Jun-yong (December 27, 2010). . 10Asia 2013.
Oh, Mi-jung (December 25, 2011). . enewsWorld 2013.
. 10Asia. December 26, .
. . December 26, .
Park, Min-young (December 25, 2011). .
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Happy Sunday
Succeeded by
: Hidden categories:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
January 22.
near . Author unknown
Bloody Sunday (: Крова?вое воскресе?нье; IPA: ) is the name given to the events of Sunday, 22 January [ 9 January] 1905 in , , where unarmed
led by Father
were fired upon by soldiers of the
as they marched towards the
to present a
Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the
governing , showing disregard for ordinary people which undermined the state. The events in St. Petersburg provoked public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centres of the Russian Empire. The massacre on Bloody Sunday is considered to be the start of the active phase of the . In addition to beginning the 1905 Revolution, historians such as
in his book Russia in Revolution
view the events of Bloody Sunday to be one of the key events which led to the
in 1861 by Tsar , there emerged a new
in Russia’s industrializing cities. Prior to emancipation no working class could be established because serfs worked in the cities while retaining their ties to the land and their masters. Most serfs would only work in the cities temporarily, returning to their villages when their work was needed. This phenomenon created a seasonal workforce that never established deep roots in Russian cities. Under this system, serfs were able to work in the cities to supplement their income. Although the working conditions were horrific, they were only employed for a short amount of time and were able to return to their village when their work was complete or it was time to resume agricultural work.
The emancipation of the serfs, however, allowed the establishment of a permanent working class in urban areas, which created a strain on traditional Russian society. Peasants “were confronted by unfamiliar social relationships, a frustrating regime of factory discipline, and the distressing conditions of urban life.” This new group of peasant workers made up the majority of workers in urban areas. Generally unskilled, these peasants received unbearably low wages, suffered in unsafe working environments, and worked up to fifteen hours a day. Although the workers still had a paternalistic relationship with their employer, factory employers were more present and active than the noble landowners that previously watched over the serfs. Under serfdom, peasants had little, if any, contact with their landowner. In the new urban setting, however, factory employers used their absolute authority in abusive and arbitrary manners. Their abuse of power, made evident by the long , low , and lack of safety precautions, led to
in Russia.
“The Russian term for strike, stachka, was derived from an old colloquial term, stakat’sia- to conspire for a criminal act.” As such, Russian laws viewed strikes as criminal acts of conspiracy and potential catalysts for rebellion. The governmental response to strikes, however, supported the efforts of the workers and promoted strikes as an effective tool that could be used by the workers to help improve their working conditions. Tsarist authorities usually intervened with harsh punishment, especially for the leaders and spokesmen of the strike, but often the complaints of the strikers were reviewed and seen as justified and the employers were required to correct the abuses about which the strikers protested.
These corrections did not address a grossly unbalanced system that clearly favored the employers. This caused the continuation of strikes and the first major industrial strike in Russia, which occurred in the year 1870 in St. Petersburg. This new phenomenon was a catalyst to many more strikes in Russia, which increased until they reached a peak between 1884 and 1885 when 4,000 workers at a cotton mill went on strike in Morozov. This large strike prompted officials to consider regulations that would restrain the abuses of employers and ensure safety in the work place. A new law was passed in 1886 that required employers to specify working conditions in their factories in writing. This included the treatment of the workers, the workers' hours, and the safety precautions that were taken by the employer. This new law also created factory inspectors who were charged with preserving industrial peace. Despite these changes, strike activity again reached alarming proportions in the 1890s, resulting in the restriction of the workday to eleven and a half hours in 1897.
Father , a Russian Orthodox priest, led the workers' procession to present a petition to the Tsar on January 22 [ January 9] 1905 known as Bloody Sunday.
During this time,
was seeking a way to make a mark on the world by serving a noble cause. Fr. Gapon, a Russian priest who was concerned about the conditions experienced by the
and , was a charismatic speaker and gifted organizer who took an interest in the poor and toiling citizens of the Russian cities.
Out of his passion for helping those struggling and in need came the "Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg", otherwise known as “the Assembly,” which Gapon had headed since 1903. The Assembly was patronized by the Department of the Police and the St. Petersburg
(secret police); during 1904 the membership of the association had grown rapidly, although more radical groups saw it as being a "police union" - under government influence. The Assembly's objectives were to defend workers' rights and to elevate their moral and religious status. In the words of Fr. Gapon, this organization served as:
…a noble endeavor, under the guidance of truly Russian educated laymen and clergy, to foster among the workers a sober, Christian view of life and to instill the principle of mutual aid, thereby helping to improve the lives and working conditions of laborers without violent disruption of law and order in their relations with employers and the government."
—G.A. Gapon, quoted in Sablinksy, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 89
The Assembly served as a type of union for the workers of St. Petersburg. Depicted as strictly conservative in its support of the autocracy, the Assembly was a means of preventing revolutionary influences and appeasing the workers by striving for better conditions, hours, and pay. The Assembly would act as one of the catalysts for what would later be known as Bloody Sunday.
On December 1904, four workers at the
in St. Petersburg were fired due to their membership in the Assembly. The plant manager asserted that the workers were fired for different reasons than their involvement in the Assembly. Virtually the entire workforce of the Putilov Ironworks went on strike when the plant manager refused to accede to their requests that the workers be rehired. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers up to 150,000 workers in 382 factories. By 21 January [ 8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and no newspapers whatsoever. All public areas were declared closed.
The decision to prepare and present a petition was made in the course of discussions during the evening of 19 January [ 6 January] 1905, at the headquarters of Father Gapon's movement—the "Gapon Hall" on the Shlisselburg Trakt in Saint Petersburg. The petition, as drafted in respectful terms by Gapon himself, made clear the problems and opinions of the workers and called for improved working conditions, fairer wages, and a reduction in the working day to eight hours. Other demands included an end to the
and the introduction of . The idea of a petition resonated with the traditionally minded working masses. In the 15th to the early 18th centuries individual or collective petitions were an established means of bringing grievances to the attention of the Tsar's administration. They could be submitted to the Petitions
(office) in Moscow, or directly to the Tsar or his courtiers when the tsar was making an appearance outside the palace.
The march on the
was not a revolutionary or rebellious act. Political groups, such as the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and the Social Democrats disapproved of the procession due to its lack of political demands. Fr. Gapon even encouraged his followers to tear up leaflets that supported revolutionary aims. The majority of Russian workers retained their traditional conservative values of Orthodoxy, faith in the autocracy, and indifference to political life. The workers of St. Petersburg wished to receive fair treatment and bette they decided, therefore, to petition the tsar in hopes he would act on it. In their eyes, the tsar was their representative who would help them if he was made aware of their situation. God appointed the tsar, therefore the tsar had an obligation to protect the people and do what was best for them. Their petition was written in subservient terms, and ended with a reminder to the tsar of his obligation to the people of Russia and their resolve to do what it took to ensure their pleas were met. It concluded: "And if Thou dost not so order and dost not respond to our pleas we will die here in this square before Thy palace". Gapon, who had an ambiguous relationship with the Tsarist authorities, sent a copy of the petition to the Minister of the Interior together with a notification of his intention to lead a procession of members of his workers' movement to the Winter Palace on the following Sunday.
Troops had been deployed around the Winter Palace and at other key points. Despite the urging of various members of the imperial family to stay in St. Petersburg, the Tsar left on Saturday 21 January [ 8 January] 1905 for . A cabinet meeting, held without any particular sense of urgency that same evening, concluded that the police would publicize his absence and that the workers would accordingly probably abandon their plans for a march.
A still from the Soviet movie Devyatoe yanvarya ("9th of January") (1925) showing a line of armed soldiers facing demonstrators at the approaches to the
In the pre-dawn winter darkness of the morning of Sunday, 22 January [ 9 January] 1905, striking workers and their families began to gather at six points in the industrial outskirts of St Petersburg. Holding religious
and singing hymns and patriotic songs (particularly ""), a crowd of "more than 3,000" proceeded without police interference towards the , the Tsar's official residence. The crowd, whose mood was quiet, did not know that the Tsar was not in residence. Insofar as there was firm planning, the intention was for the various columns of marchers to converge in front of the palace at about 2pm. Estimates of the total numbers involved range wildly from police figures of 3,000 to organizers' claims of 50,000. Initially it was intended that women, children and elderly workers should lead, to emphasize the united nature of the demonstration. On reflection however, younger men moved to the front to make up the leading ranks.
Soviet painting - Bloody Sunday massacre in St Petersburg
A report had been made to the Tsar at Tsarskoe Selo on Saturday night on the measures being taken to contain the marchers. Substantial military forces were deployed in and around the environs of the Winter Palace. These comprised units of the Imperial Guard, who provided the permanent garrison of Saint Peterburgh and cossacks, plus infantry regiments brought in by rail in the early morning of 9 January from Revel and Pskov. The troops, who now numbered about 10,000, had been ordered to halt the columns of marchers before they reached the palace square but the reaction of government forces was inconsistent and confused. Individual policemen saluted the religious banners and portraits of the Tsar carried by the crowd or joined the procession. Army officers variously told the marchers that they could proceed in smaller groups, called on them to disperse or ordered their troops to fire into the marchers without warning. When the crowds continued to press forward, cossacks and regular cavalry made charges using their sabers or trampling the people. There was no single encounter directly before the Winter Palace, as often portrayed, but rather a series of separate collisions at the bridges or other entry points to the central city. The column led by Gapon was fired upon near the . Around forty people surrounding him were killed or wounded although Gapon himself was not injured.
The first instance of shooting occurred between 10 and 11am. As late as 2pm large family groups were promenading on the
as was customary on Sunday afternoons, mostly unaware of the extent of the violence elsewhere in the city. Amongst them were parties of workers still making their way to the Winter Palace as originally intended by Gapon. A detachment of the Preobrazhensky Guards previously stationed in the Palace Square where about 2,300 soldiers were being held in reserve, now made its way onto the Nevsky and formed two ranks opposite the Alexander Gardens. Following a single shouted warning a bugle sounded and four volleys were fired into the panicked crowd, many of whom had not been participants in the organized marches.
The number killed is uncertain but the Tsar's officials recorded 96 dead and 333 anti-government sources claimed more than 4,000 moderate estimates still average around 1,000 killed or wounded, both from shots and trampled during the panic. Another source noted that the official estimate was 132 persons killed. Nicholas II described the day as "painful and sad". As reports spread across the city, disorder and
broke out. Gapon's Assembly was closed down that day, and Gapon quickly left . According to one version, returning in October, he was assassinated by the order of the
after he revealed to his friend
that he was working for the
or Secret Police.
Although the Tsar was not at the Winter Palace and did not give the order for the troops to fire, he was widely blamed for the inefficiency and callousness with which the crisis had been handled. While it was unrealistic for the marchers to expect Nicholas to ride out into the Palace Square to meet them, his absence from the city, against at least some advice, reflects a lack of imagination and perception that he was to show on other occasions. The killing of people, many of whom had seen the Tsar as their "Father", resulted in a surge of bitterness towards Nicholas and his autocratic rule. A widely quoted reaction was "we no longer have a Tsar".
This event was seen by the British ambassador as inflaming revolutionary activities in Russia and contributing to the . Media commentary in Britain and the United States was overwhelmingly negative towards the actions of an already unpopular regime. The writer
was emotionally affected by the event, reflecting the revulsion of liberal and intellectual opinion within Russia itself.
Main article:
The immediate consequence of Bloody Sunday was a strike movement that spread throughout the country. Strikes began to erupt outside of St. Petersburg in places such as Moscow, Riga, Warsaw, Vilna, Kovno, Tiflis, Baku, Batum, and the Baltic region. In all, about 414,000 people participated in the work stoppage during January 1905. Tsar Nicholas II attempted to appease the people with a D however, the autocracy eventually resorted to brute force near the end of 1905 in order to curtail the burgeoning strike movement that continued to spread. It is estimated that between October 1905 and April
peasants and workers were hanged or shot, 20,000 injured, and 45,000 sent into exile.
Perhaps the most significant effect of Bloody Sunday was the drastic change in attitude of the Russian peasants and workers. Previously the tsar had been the champion of the people. In dire situations, the masses would appeal to the tsar, traditionally through a petition, and the tsar would respond to his people promising to set things right. The lower classes placed their faith in the tsar. Any problems that the lower classes faced were associated with the boyars of R however, after Bloody Sunday the tsar was no longer distinguished from the bureaucrats and was held personally responsible for the tragedy that occurred. The social contract between the tsar and the people was broken, which delegitimized the position of the tsar and his divine right to rule. Although Bloody Sunday was not initiated as a revolutionary or rebellious movement, the repercussions of the government’s reaction laid the foundations for revolution by bringing into question autocracy and the legitimacy of the tsar.
's , subtitled The Year 1905, is a
centered around Bloody Sunday. The second movement, entitled "The Ninth of January", is a forceful depiction of the massacre. The sixth of Shostakovich's Ten Poems on Texts by Revolutionary Poets is also called "The Ninth of January". Shostakovich's father and uncle were both present at the march that day, a year before the composer's birth. 's novel The Life of a Useless Man (1907) portrays the effects of Bloody Sunday on the Russian working class and operations of the spies employed by the Czar.
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has original text related to this article:
Walter Sablinksy, The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of 1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 4.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 3.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 20.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 21.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 22.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 25.
Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 22.
Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, 23.
Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). Black Night White Snow. Da Capo Press. pp. 104–105.  .
Sidney Harcave, First Blood: The Russian Revolution of 1905 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964), 68-71.
Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). Black Night White Snow. Da Capo Press. p. 117.  .
Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, 25.
Harcave, First Blood, 73.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 15.
Phillip Blom, The Vertigo Years: Europe (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 140.
Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). Black Night White Snow. Da Capo Press. pp. 119–120.  .
Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). Black Night White Snow. Da Capo Press. p. 110.  .
Gapon, Address to the Tsar, February 1905, in Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, Vol. 1
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Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). Black Night White Snow. Da Capo Press. pp. 122–123.  .
Ascher, Abraham. The Revolution of 1905. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1988. p. 91. Print
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, 1984,
Kurth, Peter. Tsar: the Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra. Boston: Back Bay, 1998. p. 81
Rolland, Romain (1911). . London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 212.
Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, 28.
Blom, The Vertigo Years, 148.
Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 274.
Laurel E. Fay, ,
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