当前位置： >
英语语法学习 之 名词性从句
巨人雷式雷式 爱侃英语
[来源]:南昌巨人雷式学校 [作者]:爱侃英语
&名词性从句
一、引导名词性从句的关联词
1. 连接词that, whether 和if
1)连词that 本身无意义, 有时可省略; whether 和if 本身有意义, 均不能省略that 和whether 可以连接所有的名词性从句, 而if 引导名词性从句时, 只能引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句。
2)whether 可以作介词宾语, 而if 则不能
3)whether 引导的句子可以放在复合句的句首, 而if 引导的从句只能放在主句谓语动词后面。连接宾语从句时, if 和whether 可以互换
4)whether 后可以接不定式, 而if 则不能
5)whether or no 意为&无论如何, 不管&, 不可说if or no
6)动词wonder 可以接if 或whether 从句; 也可以接that 从句
7)动词doubt (怀疑, 不知道)的肯定句接if 或whether 从句, 但否定式don&t doubt 和疑问式Do you doubt 要接that 从句; doubt 作&不信&解, 表示强烈的不相信时, 在陈述句中可接that 从句
8) if 和whether 常用在see, ask, try, wonder, know 等动词后
9)可以说no matter whether 或no matter if
10)这三个连词在句中只起连接作用, 不担任句子成分
That he survived the accident is a miracle. 他在这场事故中幸免于难, 真是奇迹。(主语从句)
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来都没有关系。(句首主语从句, 不用if 引导)
It is doubtful whether(可用if) he is coming. 他是否来不得而知。(主语从句, 但不在句首)
I don&t know whether(可用if) he will attend the concert. 我不知道他是否去参加音乐会。(宾语从句)
The problem is(that )we can&t get there early enough. 问题是我们不能很早到达那里。(表语从句)
I haven&t settled the question of whether(不用if ) I&ll lend him the money. 我还没有决定是否把钱借给他。(作介词的宾语)
He didn&t know whether(不用if) to get married or to wait. 他不知道是现在结婚, 还是等等再说。
The question whether (不用if ) he should join the team has not been decided upon. (同位语从句)
The question is whether (不用if) it is worth trying. (表语从句)
No matter whether (可用if) she comes or not, we&ll go there. 不管她来不来, 我们都将去那儿。
The problem is whether you love her. (正)
The problem is i f you love her. (误)
It remains to be seen i f we are wrong in the matter. (正) (主语从句, 不在句首)
I f we are wrong in the matter remains to be seen. (误)
Tell him whether you need the book.告诉他你是否需要这本书。(宾语从句&, 是否&)
Tell him i f you need the book.如果你需要这本书,就告诉他。(状语从句&, 如果&)
I doubt that she will stay there. 我不信她会留在那里。(不相信)
I doubt whether she will stay there. 我怀疑她是否会留在那里。(怀疑)
I doubt that she is guilty. 我不信她有罪。(= I don&t think...)
I doubt whether(可用if) she is guilty. 我不知道她是否有罪。(= I am not sure...)
I suspect that she is guilty. 我怀疑她有罪。(= I think...)
I doubt that it&s true. 我不信那是真的。(不信= I don&t think it is true. )
I doubt whether it&s t rue. 我怀疑那是不是真的。(怀疑)
I don&t doubt that you are innocent. 我相信你是清白的。
She never doubted that she was right. 她从不怀疑自己是正确的。
I don&t doubt that (不用if 或whether ) he will come soon. 我不怀疑他不久会来。
Can you doubt that she will win? 你怀疑她会赢吗?
Nobody can possibly doubt that he will succeed. 没有人会怀疑他会成功。
Note: ①whether 和that 都可以引导宾语从句, 但有所不同。如果宾语从句表示两种可能
性居其一时, 只能用whether (or not 可省), 不可用that。例如:
I doubt whether the news is true or not.
= I doubt whether or not the news is t rue.
I wonder whether he knew the manager (or not ).
------ &如果宾语从句表示的是一种事实, 不带有两种可能的性质, 要用that, 不用whether。例如:
I do not doubt that she will wait for you.
I asked that she (should) come this evening.
Please see that he does the work well.
I wonder whether he did it. 我想知道他是否做了那件事。(后可加or not。)
I wonder that he did it. 他竟然做了那件事, 我感到很奇怪。(后不用or not )
②whether...or 可以引导让步状语从句, 意为&无论, 不论&, 这时or 不可省, 而if 则不可。例如:
Whether(不用if) it rains or snows, I don&t care. 不管是下雨还是下雪, 我都不在乎。(= I don&t care whether...)
③在现代英语中, 既可以用whether...or, whether...or not 引导宾语从句, 也可以用if...or, if...or not 引导宾语从句。例如:
I don&t care whether(可用if ) you come or not.
Please try to find out whether(可用if) he is at home or at the office.
I asked her i f she wanted tea or coffee or ice-cream.
④whether 后可以直接跟or not 或or no, 构成whether or not 或whether or no, if 则不可。例如:
He will write you whether(不用if) or not he can do it.
Whether(不用if) or not she did it, I can&t tell.
He will leave for Paris tomorrow, whether or no.
他明天无论如何要动身去巴黎了。
⑤whether 和if 引导的宾语从句, 可以用肯定式, 也可以用否定式, 但含义时常不同。比较:
He asked whether she could help.
他问她是否能帮忙。(表示疑问, 可加or not )
He asked whether she couldn&t help.
他认为她能帮忙。(表示肯定, 后不可加or not)
She considered whether it would be wiser to remain silent.
她考虑保持沉默是否更明智。(表示疑问)
She considered whether it wouldn&t be wiser to remain silent.
她认为保持沉默会更明智。(表示肯定)
He wondered i f he had better break up the relation with her.
他想知道是否最好同她断绝关系。(表示疑问)
He wondered i f he hadn&t better break up the relation with her.
他知道最好还是同她断绝关系。(表示肯定)
I don&t know whether she is well or not. (不知是否安好)
I don&t know whether she is well. (怀疑身体不好)
I don&t know whether she is not well. (想来非常不好)
⑥ask, wonder, discover, see, consider, doubt 后的whether 或if 引导的宾语从句常有这种区别。但有时候, if...not 意同if + 肯定式。例如:
I wonder i f he isn&t mistaken.
我想他是错了。
= I wonder i f he is mistaken.
⑦下面一句中, if 引导的否定句应看作条件状语从句, 这里不可用whether。
I don&t care if (不用whether ) he doesn&t pay the money.
如果他不付钱, 我也不介意。
------ &分析下面一个歧义句:
I shall tell you later if I have enough money.
A. 我晚些时候将告诉你我是否有足够的钱。(if 表示&是否&, 引导宾语从句)
B. 如果我有足够的钱,我晚些时候将会告诉你。(if 表示&如果&,引导条件状语从句)
------ &但是, 下面两句则不会产生歧义:
I shall tell you later, i f I have enough money. (只表示条件, 意为&如果&)
I shall tell you later whether I have enough money. (只表示&是否&)
2. 关系代词
在传统英语语法中, 有连接代词、连接副词和关系代词、关系副词之分; 连接代词和连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句或宾语从句, 关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句; 本书据英语语法研究最新资料, 不再作此分类, 通称为关系代词和关系副词。引导名词性从句的关系代词有: who 谁(主格), whom 谁(宾格), whose 谁的(所有格), what 什么&&的东西, which 哪一个(些) (指人或物), whatever 无论什么, whichever 无论哪一个,whoever 无论谁。
------ &关系代词在句中既起连接作用, 同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。例如:
Who will preside at the meeting has not been decided yet.
由谁主持会议还没有决定。(引导主语从句同时作从句的主语)
He asked whom I borrowed the money from.
他问我向谁借的钱。(引导宾语从句同时作从句的宾语)
Which team has won the game is not known yet.
还不知道哪个队赢了这场比赛。(引导主语从句同时作从句的定语)
This is what he said to me.
这就是他对我说的。(引导表语从句同时作从句的宾语)
①whatever = no matter what (anything that)
whoever = no matter who(anyone who)
whichever = no matter which(anything which)
------ &既然这些关系代词起着连词和充当句子成分的双重作用, 其后不能再用连词。
Whatever that is worth doing should be done well. (误)
Whatever is worth doing should be done well.
(正)值得做的事就应该做好。
The gold medal will be presented to whoever that comes out first. (误)
The gold medal will be presented to whoever comes out first.
(正)谁得第一名谁得金牌。
②what 有时保留它原有的疑问意义, 表示&什么&, 有时作双重关系代词, 等于& the thing which(that)&, 这时,what 前面不能再加that 或all。例如:
He asked the pupils what water was composed of.
他问学生们水是由什么组成的。
The picture reminded me of what that I had ever seen near a lake. (误)
The picture reminded me of what I had ever seen near a lake.
(正) (= the things which)这幅画使我想起了我曾经在一个湖边看到的景色。
All what she said is true. (误)
What she said is true. (正)
All that she said is t rue. (正)她所说的是真的。
She offered a reward to who would find her lost ring. (误)
She offered a reward to whoever would find her lost ring. (正)
Who it is, I don&t want to see him. (误)
Whoever it is, I don&t want to see him. (正)
------ &作不带先行词的关系代词时, 只能用whoever, 不能用 因为whoever 本身兼有先行词和关系代词(anyone who), 若用who, 缺少先行词, 故不成立, 如上例。whoever 还可以引导让步状语从句, 相当于no matter who, 这时也不可用who, 如上例。再如: He will give the book to whomever he likes. (whomever 作宾语, 不可用whoever, who 或whom)
④what 既可以是疑问代词, 也可以是关系代词, 其区别是: what 从句的谓语动词含有怀疑、询问、不肯定的意义时, what 为疑问代词; 反之, 指具体的事件, 表示肯定意义时,what 就是关系代词。比较:
I don&t know what he is writing.
我不知道他在写什么。(疑问代词)
I know what he meant.
我知道他的意思。(关系代词)
What is happening outside is not known.
不知道外面在发生什么事。(疑问代词)
What is happening outside does not concern us.
外面发生的事与我们无关。(关系代词)
What follows is doubtful.
接着会发生什么还难以料定。(疑问代词)
What follows is satisfactory.
接着发生的事是令人满意的。(关系代词)
The question is what she told her son before she died.
问题是她临死之前告诉了她儿子什么。(疑问代词)
The decision is what she told her son before she died.
决定就是她临死之前告诉她儿子的。(关系代词)
3. 关系副词
------ &引导名词性从句的关系副词有:
when(= the time when 什么时候, 何时)
where(= the place where 什么地方, 何时)
how(= the way in which 如何, 怎样)
why(= the reason why 为什么)
------ &这些关系副词起双重作用, 在句中既是连接词, 又作状语。这类词引导的从句在句中可以用作主语、宾语或表语。例如:
When we can begin the expedition is still a question.
我们何时才能开始这次考察仍悬而未决。(引导主语从句同时作从句的时间状语)
We didn&t know why she didn&t come.
我们不知道她为什么没来。(引导宾语从句同时作从句的原因状语)
The question is how we can get the loan.
问题是我们如何才能弄到贷款。(引导表语从句同时作从句的方式状语)
I remember when it used to be a quiet village.
我记得它曾经是个安静的村庄。(引导宾语从句同时作从句的状语)
Fall is when fruits become ripe.
秋天是果实成熟的季节。(引导表语从句同时作从句的状语)
They are waiting outside for when they should be wanted.
他们在外面等着, 随时听候指派。(作介词for 的宾语)
That&s where he used to live.
那就是他从前住的地方。(引导表语从句)
------ &考察下面一个歧义句:
I don&t remember when the meeting was held.
A. 我不记得那个会议是什么时候开的。(when 作疑问副词, 意为&什么时候&)
B. 我不记得开那个会议的时间了。(when 作关系副词, 相当于the time when)
Note: 名词性从句一律都用陈述语序。例如:
How is he going to do it is a mystery. (误)
How he is going to do it is a mystery. (正)他准备怎样做这件事是个迷。
It is still a question whether can he buy a railway ticket. (误)
It is still a question whether he can buy a railway ticket.
(正)他能否买到火车票仍然是个问题。
4. but, but that 和but what
1)用于no doubt 和not deny 之后, 等于that
There can be no doubt but that it is the best choice.
这无疑是最好的选择。
She didn&t doubt but that (或but) he was a responsible man.
她不怀疑他是个有责任心的人。
I cant not deny but what it is an urgent matter.
我不否认这是一件急迫的事情。
2)用于特殊疑问句中或否定词之后, 相当于that...not
Who knows but that it may be true?
谁知道这是不是真的呢?
= Who knows that it may not be true?
I can hardly believe but that the answer is right.
我简直不能相信这答案不正确。
= I can hardly believe that the answer is not right.
3) but that 可以引导条件状语从句
这时, but that 表示&若不是&, 相当于if 从句, 主句常用虚拟语气。例如:
He would have helped you but that he was short of money at the time.
如果不是当时没有钱的话, 他会帮助你的。
He would have said no but that he was afraid.
若不是害怕的话, 他会说不的。
But that she aided me, I might have gone bankrupt.
要不是她帮助我的话, 我可能已破产了。(= If she hadn&t aided me...)
Note: but, but that 和but what 还可引导结果状语从句。
二、主语从句
1. 主语从句在复合句中充当主语
大多数主语从句都可以用it 代替, 作形式主语, 把主语从句置于句尾。that 引导的主语从句可用it 代替, that 不可省。但是, 当what 引导的主语从句表示&------ 的东西&时, 一般不用it 作形式主语。whatever, whoever, whichever 一般也不用it 作形式主语。比较:
That she should be ungrateful cut him to the heart.
她竟忘恩负义, 这使他很伤心。
That she will succeed is certain. (正)
It is certain that she will succeed.
(正)她会成功是确实的。
She will succeed is certain. (误)
What he needs is more experience.
(正)他所需要的是更多的经验。
It is more experience what he needs. (误)
That a round-trip to Mars would take more than a year is estimated. (正)
It is estimated that a round-trip to Mars would take more than a year.
(正)据估计, 飞到火星来回的时间要超过一年。
Whether she would play the part is still doubtful. (正)
It is still doubtful whether she would play the part.
(正)她是否要扮演这个角色值得怀疑。
How the prisoner escaped is a mystery. (正)
It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.
(正)犯人是如何逃跑的是个谜。
2. it 作形式主语和it 引导强调句的比较
it 作形式主语代替主语从句, 主要是为了平衡句子结构(特别是谓语较短时), 主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对某一句子成分的强调(这一成分可以是词、词组或句子), 其结构是&It is (was ) + that&。无论强调的是什么成分, 都要求用连接词that (强调人时, 也可以用who, whom, whose)。要特别注意的是, 当强调部分是状语时, 也只能用that, 不要误用when, where, how, why 等。比较:
It was in Paris where they met for the first time. (误)
It was in Paris that they met for the first time. (正)
It was last summer when he graduated from the college. (误)
It was last summer that he graduated from the college. (正)
It was because of the heavy snow why the train was late. (误)
It was because of the heavy snow that the train was late. (正)
------ &但: It is Mr. Smith that (who) invited Professor Li to Harvard University.
3. 用it 作形式主语的主语从句结构
在本部分第4 类结构或某些其他结构中, 有时也可用关系代词或关系副词引导的从句。
1)主语+ 名词+ 从句
It is a pity that... 遗憾的是......
It is a fact that... 事实是......
It is good news that... ------ 是好消息
It is no wonder that... ------ 不足为奇
It is a wonder that... 真是个奇迹......
It is a shame that... ------ 真是可耻
It is an honor that... ------ 非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that... ------ 是常识
2)主语+ 形容词+ 从句
It is natural that... 很自然......
It is obvious that... 显而易见......
It is fortunate that... 幸运的是......
It is possible that... 很可能......
It is unlikely that... 不可能......
It is strange that... 奇怪的是......
3) It + 不及物动词+ 从句
It seems that... 似乎......
It turned out that... 结果......
It appears that... 看来......
It happened that... 碰巧......
4) It + 过去分词+ 从句
It is not known that... ------ 不得而知
It is not decided that... ------ 尚未决定
It is said that... 据说......
It is reported that... 据报道......
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出......
It is to be discussed that... ------ 有待讨论
It has been proved that... 已证明......
It is estimated that... 据估计......
It is to be noted that... 值得注意的是......
It is believed that... 据认为......
It is universally believed... 普遍认为......
It is announced that... 据宣布......
It can safely be said that... 完全可以说......
It must be admitted that... 必须承认......
It can thus be concluded that... 可以由此得出结论
It doesn&t matter... 是无关紧要的......
It makes no difference... 毫无区别......
It doesn&t make too much difference that... ------ 关系不大
It doesn&t need to be bothered that... 不必担忧......
It is of little consequence that... ------ 无关紧要
It suddenly struck me(occur red to me ) that... 我突然想到(感觉到)......
4. 主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况
除上文讲到的if 引导的主语从句不可居复合句的句首外, 在下列情况下, 主语从句亦不可提前:
1) It doesn&t matter + how/ whether...结构中的主语从句不可提前
It doesn&t matter whether he likes it or not. (正)
Whether he likes it or not doesn&t matter. (误)
2) It is said/ reported...结构中的主语从句不可提前
It is said that the expressway will be open to traffic next year. (正)
That the expressway will be open to traffic next year is said. (误)
3) It happens/ occurs...结构中的主语从句不可提前
It occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door. (正)
That she had forgotten to lock the door occur red to her. (误)
4)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时, 主语从句不可提前
Is it likely that it will snow in the afternoon? (正)
Is that it will snow in the afternoon likely? (误)
三、宾语从句
1. 作动词的宾语
1)由that 引导的宾语从句
I wish (that) she would understand me. (that 可省)
I don&t think (that) he is right. (that 可省)
Jim suggested that we go to the Rocky Mountains during the summer. (that 一般不可省)
He ordered that we should start at once. (that 一般不可省)
------ &下列动词后常跟that 引导的宾语从句:
admit, agree, answer, believe, complain, confess, decide, declare, deny, dream, expect, explain, feel, hear, hope, imagine, intend, insist, mean, notice, order, propose, remember, reply, request, require, say, see, suggest, think, wish 等。
2)由what, when, how, which, why, how many, how much, who, whom, whether (if)引导的宾语从句
I don&t know what she has bought for Father&s birthday.
He wondered i f the letter was miscarried.
------ &下列动词(词组)后常跟what, whether (if)引导的宾语从句:
advise, ask, discover, discuss, doubt, find out, imagine, inform, inquire, know, question , show 展示, tell, understand 明白,wonder 想知道, 等。
Note: explain 后跟that 从句时, 表示&说明, 告诉&, 相当于 explain 后跟why 从句时, 表示&解释&。比较:
She explained that she came late. 她说明她来迟了。
She explained why she came late. 她解释她为什么来迟了。
You don&t seem to know when you can get the work done.
你似乎不知道什么时候才能把这项工作完成。(句中的when 为关系副词, 意为&什么时候&)
You don&t seem to know when you&re lucky.
你是幸运的, 而你似乎不知道。(你似乎是身在福中不知福。) (句中的when 由the time when 缩合而成, 可以看作前面省略了the time, 为缩合关系副词, 不表示&什么时候&)
------ &在when = the time when 这一用法上,when 还可引导用作介词宾语的宾语从句。例如:
John will leave in a month, by when everything will be ready.
They were talking from when the snow began to fall.
Do you know that she is a poet?
她是一位诗人, 你知道吗?
Do you know i f she is a poet?
她是否是一位诗人, 你知道吗?
I don&t know that he swam across the river.
我不知道他游过了那条河。
I don&t know how he swam across the river.
我不知道他是怎样游过那条河的。
3)动词+ 间接宾语+ 宾语从句
有些宾语从句前可有一个间接宾语, 这个间接宾语有的可省, 有的则不能省。例如:
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.
(me 不可省)他已经通知我他们将在什么时候讨论我的建议。
She promised (us) that she would give us more help later on.
她答应以后给我们更多的帮助。
------ &这类动词常见的有:
advise, ask, assure, inform, promise, question, remind, show, teach, tell, warn 等。
2. 作介词的宾语
Whether we can succeed depends on how well we cooperate.
He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.
I was curious as to what we would do next.
我很想知道下一步我们该做什么。
Note: 只在in, but, except, save, notwithstanding 等少数几个介词后可用由that 引导的宾语从句, 已形成固定搭配, 即
in that 在于(因为),
but that 要不是&&(只是&&),
except (save) that 除了&&,
notwithstanding that 虽然。例如:
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
所得税过高是有害的, 因为它可能使人不愿意多赚钱。(= because)
He differed from his colleagues in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
他与同事们的不同之处在于, 他把业余时间花在学习上。
The paper was perfect except that there were some misprints.
除了一些印刷错误之外, 这篇论文很好。
I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then.
若不是当时有些急事要办的话, 我本来会来看你的。
I shall go notwithstanding that I am long delayed.
虽然我耽误了很久, 但我还是要去。
3. 作形容词的宾语
I am afraid (that) I&ve made a mistake.
恐怕我犯了一个错误。
I&m delighted (that) you get good grades in school.
你在学校成绩优秀, 我很高兴。
We are not sure whether(或i f ) we can persuade him out of smoking.
我们不敢肯定能否说服他戒烟。
Note: that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语, that 可省略。
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, proud 等。
------ &但也可将某些这类词后的that 从句看作原因状语从句。
4. 动词+ it + that 结构
正如我们常用it 作形式主语, 代替真正的that 主语从句一样, 我们也常用it 作形式宾语, 把作为真正宾语的that 从句放在句尾, 特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。这种结构中的that 不可省。例如:
I heard it said that she had gone abroad.
听说她到国外去了。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的时候, 我负责把他照顾好。
We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.
打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的。
He has made it clear that he won&t agree to the plan.
他说得很清楚, 他不会同意这个计划的。
I found it strange that he has not come yet. (正)
他现在还没有来, 我感到很奇怪。
I found it strange he has not come yet. (误)
5. 不可直接跟that 从句的动词
下列动词后不可接that 从句: ask, refuse, let, like, cause, force, condemn, admire, celebrate, entreat 恳求, dislike, loathe 厌恶, overlook 忽视, love, help, take 认为, forgive, behold 看到, bid 命令, hate 憎恨, hear 听见, see 看见, want 想要, 等。但上述某些词可用it 或the fact 作为媒介, 后跟that 从句。例如:
He overlooked that he had made another mistake. (误)
He overlooked the fact that he had made another mistake. (正)
I take that you should rewrite the paper. (误)
I take it that you should rewrite the paper. (正)
I admire that they won the match. (误)
I admire their winning the match. (正) (可接动名词)
I saw that she left the room. (误)
I saw her leave the room. (正) (可接宾语+ 不定式)
She does not like that the two boys play together. (误)
She does not like the two boys to play together. (正)
I want that he comes at once. (误)
I want him to come at once. (正) (可接宾语+ 不定式)
Note: 上述某些词在某层意思上可接that 从句, 比如, hear 表示&听说&, see 表示&发现, 觉
得&, 后可接that 从句。例如:
He heard that business was on the upgrade.
他听说生意很兴旺。
I saw that she would not lend us money.
我觉得她不会把钱借给我们。(= felt )
I saw that the light was still on in his room.
我发现他房间里的灯还亮着。
6. 不可以that 从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可以that 从句作直接宾语, 不用于&动词+ 间接宾语+ that 从句&结构。常见的有: envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce 指责, advise, congratulate 等。这些动词后要用动名词等。例如:
She forgave him that he had broken his promise. (误)
She forgave him f or breaking his promise. (= his breaking) (正)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (误)
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (= with his honesty) (正)
He advised that I should do it. (误)
He advised me to do it. (正)
Don&t blame me that I did not come on time. (误)
Don&t blame me f or not coming on time. (正)
I envy her that she speaks English so well. (误)
I envy her speaking English so well.
Excuse me that I come late. (误)
Excuse me for coming late. (正)
Excuse me coming late. (正)
I congratulate you that you have succeeded. (误)
I congratulate you upon your success. (正)
7. that 引导宾语从句时的省略
1)主句谓语动词是agree, argue, hold, learn, maintain, observe, contend, conceive, reckon, remark , state, suggest, assume, announce, calculate, indicate 等时, 其后宾语从句的引导词that 通常不可省略
2)主句谓语动词是hear (听说), know, grant, say, see (觉得), perceive, confess, consider, declare, understand, propose, be told 等时, 其后宾语从句的引导词that 可省, 也可不省
3)主句谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, presume, dare say 等时, 其后宾语从句的引导词that 通常要省略
I hear (that ) she has joined the club.
I remember (that) he once told you about that.
------ &但是, 当一个句子很复杂, 句中有多个状语时, that 不可省略; 或者当一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时, 特别是第一个宾语从句特别长, 后面宾语从句前的that 不可省略。例如:
We hoped, in case that the mother could not be back, that the children would stay with us for the night.
假如孩子的母亲不能回来, 我们希望孩子们在我们这里过夜。
I wished (that ) we could go sightseeing in Hangzhou this summer and that we could buy some books on our way back in Shanghai.
我希望今年夏天到杭州去玩玩, 并在返回的路上到上海买点书。
8. I don&t think he is right---------------否定主句还是否定从句
1)如果主句谓语动词表示的是&认为、相信、猜测&等的概念, 如: think, consider, suppose, believe,
expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine, feel, seem, appear 等, 其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义, 一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上, 从句谓语用肯定式
I don&t think he can do it better than me.
我想他不会比我干得更好。
I don&t believe he treated the child like that.
我相信他不会那样对待那孩子的。
I don&t suppose she likes the book.
我认为她不喜欢这本书。
2)在下列场合, 通常是从句中的谓语动词采用否定式: ① think 等前有副词或表示强调的do, does, ② think 等同其他词构成并列谓语; ③ think 等动词不是以一般现在时出现; ④think, reckon 等动词用作插入语中
I really expect she didn&t say that to him.
I think and hope that he won&t be deceived by the man.
He imagined that you wouldn&t be going with him.
You won&t have any objection, I reckon.
Note: ①在not doubt 不怀疑, not deny 不否认, There can be no doubt 等结构后, 用but that 或but what 均可, 也可用but, 相当于that。
②在Who knows..., I can hardly believe...等结构后, 也可用but that 或but what, 相当于that...not。参见上文。再如:
I do not deny but that(或but what ) I have read the book.
我不否认我读过那本书。
There can be no doubt but that he is rather narrow-minded.
他心胸狭窄是无可置疑的。
Who knows but what he may have escaped? (= Who knows that he may not have escaped?)
谁晓得他不会已经逃跑了呢?
四、表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词后, 充当复合句中的表语, 一般结构是&主语+ 连系动词+ 表语从句&。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem 等。引导表语从句的that 常可省略。另外, 还有常用的&the reason...that&(不用because)和&it (this, that ) is because...结构。例如:
It seems that (as if ) it is going to snow.
看起来天要下雪了。
The question remains whether we can win the majority o f the people.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。
This is how Jane lives.
珍妮就是这样生活的。
That is why Jack got scolded.
这就是杰克受训斥的原因。
The reason why(或that )he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible.
他被开除的原因是工作马虎, 不负责任。
The reason he did not come is that he was ill.
他没来的原因是他病了。
Note: 注意下面两个表语从句:
The years of peace are when everyone can lead a happy life.
和平年代是人人都过上幸福生活的年代。(= the time when)
You are why his hair becomes grey. 是你使他的头发灰白了。
五、同位语从句
1. 同位语从句用于对名词作进一步解释, 说明名词的具体内容
能接同位语从句的名词有: belief 相信, fact 事实, hope 希望, idea 想法, doubt 怀疑, news 消息, rumour 传闻, conclusion 结论, evidence 证据, suggestion 建议, problem 问题, order 命令, answer 回答, decision 决定, discovery 发现, explanation 解释, information 消息,knowledge 知识, law 法律, opinion 观点, possibility, principle 原则, truth 真理, promise 许诺, report 报告, thought 思想, statement 声明, rule 规定, certainty 肯定, probability 可能, likelihood 可能, 等。同位语从句一般由that 引导, 但也可以用关系代词(what, which, who)、关系副词(when, where, why, how)或whether (if)引导。例如:
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
我们被邀请去参加会议的消息令人鼓舞。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.
爱因斯坦得出的结论是, 宇宙中的最大速度是光速。
There arose the question where we could get the loan.
这样就产生了一问题: 我们到哪里弄到贷款。
There is a possibility that he is a spy.
他可能是个间谍。
The rumour that he was arrested was unfounded.
关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。
Is there any certainty that she will win the match?
她有把握赢得这场比赛吗?
A story goes that the emperor was killed by his son.
据传说, 那位皇帝是被他儿子杀死的。
Nobody can explain the mystery why he suddenly disappeared.
没有人能解开他突然消失了这个谜。
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。
There is some doubt (as to) whether he will come. 有点怀疑他是否会来。
Note: 下面作同位语的句子放在句首, 后要用破折号。
The man is narrow-minded and rather selfish-----a f act many people know.
许多人都知道那人心胸狭窄, 非常自私。
What he should do, when he should do, how he should do----- these questions puzzled him all day long.
他该做什么, 什么时候做, 怎样做---------------这些问题整天困扰着他。
Ice began to melt, the grass began to sprout----- sure signs that spring is coming on.
冰开始融化, 草开始发芽---------------春天已经来到。
2. 在on condition that, on the supposition, on (the) ground(s),with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the understanding, on the assumption, on the pretence 等后可以跟同位语从句
I lent him the dictionary on condition that he would return it before Friday.
They rejected the proposal on the ground that it was unpractical.
3. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面, 而是被别的词隔开
An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
她突然想起可以用另一种方法做这个实验。
He got a message from Mr. Johnson that the manager could not see him that afternoon. &
他从约翰逊先生那里得到消息, 经理那天下午不能同他会面了。
4. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1)定语从句中的that 既代替先行词, 同时又在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语), that 作宾语时常可省略; 而同位语从句中的that 是连词, 只起连接主句和从句的作用, 不充当句中任何成分, that 一般不可省(the fact that 结构中的that 有时可省略)
2)定语从句是形容词性的, 其功能是修饰先行词, 对先行词加以限定, 描述它的性质或特征; 同位语从句等同于先行词, 是名词性的, 其功能是对名词作补充说明
3)同位语从句的先行词应是表示抽象概念的词, 如idea, belief, conclusion, impression 等, 而定语从句的先行词可以是各种表示抽象概念或具体概念的词
The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.
他提出的建议将在会上讨论。(定语从句, that 在从句中作宾语)
The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.
我们应当从国外进口更多设备这个建议将在会上讨论。(同位语从句, that 在从句中不作任何成分)
It is a fact that she has done her best.
她尽了最大努力,这是一个事实。(同位语从句)
It is a fact that you can&t deny.
这是一个你不能否认的事实。(定语从句)
She expressed the hope that she would write a novel someday.
她表示希望有一天能写一部小说。(同位语从句)
Why did she give up the hope that she cherished so long?
她为什么放弃了长期怀有的希望? (定语从句)
The news that he has succeeded inspired them all.
他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞。(同位语从句)
What&s the news that upset her so much?
什么消息使她如此烦恼? (定语从句)
The rumour that he stole the ring proved groundless.
他偷了戒指的谣传被证明毫无证据。(同位语从句, 意义等同, that 不可省)
The rumour (that) he spread among the students has been denied.
他在学生中间散布的谣言被否定了。(定语从句, 意义不等同, that 可省)
The conclusion that no man but errs is well-grounded.
人皆有错这一结论是极有道理的。(同位语从句, 意义等同, that 不可省)
The conclusion (that) they arrived at after much discussion is right.
他们经过多次讨论得出的结论是正确的。(定语从句, 意义不同, that 可省)
She received the message that he would come by plane.
她收到了他将乘飞机来的消息。(同位语从句)
She received the message (that) you sent her a few days ago.
你几天前给她发的消息她收到了。(定语从句)
5. 可以充当同位语的其他词组或短语
1)名词词组(有时有逗号隔开)
限制性名词同位语与前面的词关系密切, 中间不用逗号; 非限制性名词同位语与前面的词关系松散, 常用逗号隔开; 代词同位语和数词同位语一般不同逗号隔开。例如:
We none o f us want to go there.
我们谁也不想去那里。
You may leave it to them three.
你可以把这事交给他们三人。
We all have our shortcomings.
我们大家都有弱点。
My old friend John came this morning.
我的老朋友约翰今天早上来了。
Last autumn, they had six days& travel in Hangzhou, a holiday resort in southeast China.
去年秋天, 他们在中国东南部的度假胜地杭州游览了六天。
He has everything a man can aspire: love, wealth and position.
一个人所能向往的他都有: 爱情, 财富和地位。
Always a diligent student, Henry studied even harder after he entered the university.
亨利一向是个勤奋的学生, 上大学后学习更加努力了。
He liked to read books on Chinese history, particularly books on ancient Chinese history.
他喜欢读有关中国历史方面的书, 特别是中国古代史方面的书。
Formerly a salesman, John is now a manager.
约翰以前是个推销员, 现在当了经理。
He enjoys reading modern American novels, especially those by Earnest Hemingway.
他喜欢读美国现代小说, 尤其是欧内斯特&海明威的小说。
He is neglected and laughed at, that poor poet.
They lost the support of the people, those corrupt officials.
She is a good teacher, the friend o f yours.
Winston Churchill, Britain&s Prime Minister during the Second World War, died in 1965.
And because he was Aristotle, the great thinker, no one questioned his idea.
In a sense nouns can be divided into two kinds: the countable noun and the uncountable noun.
2)动名词短语(常有逗号隔开)
He enjoys the exercise, swimming in winter.
Asking him to join us, that&s a good idea.
That&s my pleasure, doing you a favour.
Cursing your children and beating them-----is this the only way to teach them?
He tried to achieve the impossible----- earning a million dollars in a day.
3)不定式短语(有时用逗号隔开)
There&s one thing he&ll never do----- tell lies.
To wander into the hills, that&s a good idea.
To talk about things you don&t know-----that is foolish.
The question what to do next hasn&t been solved.
He could not do anything more than what he promised namely, to look after Charlotte&s estate.
他只能做到自己答应的事, 那就是照看夏洛蒂的庄园。
The problem where to get enough money is to be discussed at the meeting.
Her proposal----- for us to delay the meeting till next week-----seems reasonable.
The suggestion----- for us to stay here for another year-----was accepted.
Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished? 逃避惩罚--------这是你的目的吗?
4)形容词词组(有逗号隔开)
All the countries, big or small, are equal.
All the people, Chinese and foreign, must obey the new law.
------ &有时, 形容词同位语也可看作定语。例如:
Full of vigor and vitality, Mr. Brown is a key person in the company.
布朗先生精力充沛, 充满活力, 是公司里的关键人物。
The hills, green with trees 10 years ago, have now become bare.
这些小山十年前还树木葱郁, 现在已是光秃秃的了。
People, old and young, enjoy watching the TV play.
5)同位语的歧义
They sent Mary a waitress from the hotel.
= They sent a waitress from the hotel to Mary.
他们派了一个饭店的女服务员给玛丽。(双宾语)
= They sent Mary, a waitress from the hotel.
他们派去了玛丽, 饭店的一位女服务员。(同位语)
&They considered John a good musician.
= They considered John to be a good musician.
他们把约翰看作一位优秀的音乐家。(宾语补足语)
= They considered John, a good musician.
他们考虑到了约翰, 他是一位优秀的音乐家。(同位语)
6. 同位语的引导词
常用的同位语引导词有namely(或viz. ), that is(或i. e., ie), or, for short, or better, In particular, particularly, in other words, that is to say, such as, say, including, for example, for instance(或e. g., eg), chiefly, especially, mostly, or rather, in short, to wit, let us say, mainly 等。另外, 破折号也可用于引导同位语。例如:
A pronoun is a pro-form, i. e. a form used to refer to a person or a thing.
Any dictionary, say Hornby&s Advanced Learner&s Dictionary, will serve my purpose for the time being.
We have four seasons, viz. spring, summer, autumn and winter.
Their daily necessities----- that is(或namely) clothes, food, etc. -----were supplied by the old sailor.
Her son-----her only son-----was killed in the war. 她唯一的儿子在战争中死去了。
A Christmas gift, or(或or rather ) a book on American history, will be given to you.
There remains only one problem, namely who they should send to head the research there.
7. Singer Jackson 和the Lady Mary---------------人名同位语问题
对人称呼, 由于种种原因(如表示尊敬、亲昵, 或表示身份、职业等), 往往不宜直呼其名, 需要在人名前加表示职业、身份等的名词, 其结构有如下两种:
1)普通名词+ 专有名词
这种结构前不可加冠词、指示代词、物主代词等限定词。这种结构中的专有名词为教名或姓氏。在king, queen, prince, pope 等后要用教名, 其他名词后通常用姓氏。例如:
King George 乔治国王
Queen Mary 玛丽女王
President Lincoln 林肯总统
General Grant 格兰特将军
Cousin Jim 吉姆表兄
Brother Henry 亨利兄弟
Cook Zhang 张厨师
Nurse Zhou 周护士
Butcher Cao 曹屠户
Widow Zhao 赵寡妇
Singer Jackson 歌星杰克逊
Translator Li 李翻译
Lady Wang 王女士
Master Qi 齐大师
Shepherds Lin and Jin 牧羊人林和金
British scientist Newton 英国科学家牛顿
2)限定词+ 普通名词+ 人名
这种结构中的名词前可加冠词、指示代词、物主代词等限定词。例如:
the lady Mary 玛丽女士
your niece Helen 你的侄女海伦
his colleague Jack 他的同事杰克
the Emperor Henry Ⅱ 皇帝亨利二世
the poet Virgil 诗人维吉尔
the engineer Hudson 哈德森工程师
the lawyer Jack 律师杰克
the painter Black 画家布莱克
Note: ①如果表示职业的名词放在人名后, 则强调职业名词。例如:
Jack the lawyer Black the painter
②下面的称号并不表示亲属:
Father Sam 萨姆神父
Mother Riley 赖利大妈
Brother John 约翰修士
Sister Ruth 露丝修女(须用教名)
③在报刊文章中, 称号常用小写。例如:
baker Michael 面包师迈克尔
wife Catherine 妻子凯瑟琳
④注意下面两种结构均为正确:
银行家沃克& Banker Walker (结构紧密, 重读人名)
The banker Walker(结构松散, 重读称号, 且称号一般小写)
施洗者约翰& John Baptist &John the Baptist
⑤人名同位语还有一种结构是: 人名(专有名词) + 称号(普通名词)。例如:
Donald Duck 唐老鸭Mickey Mouse 米老鼠
Susan Chambermaid 女佣苏姗Edward Prince of Wales 威尔士王子爱德华
3)不用of 的同位语
表示动物名称、实物名称或职业名称的同位语, 中间不加of。例如:
the dog Funny,
the cat Mummy,
the satellite Sputnik,
the ship Titanic,
the singer Mary,
the carpenter
4)用of 的同位语
地点名词、时间名词、集体名词、抽象名词作同位语时, 中间通常要加of。例如:
the city of Nanjing, the Province of Jiangsu, the County of Kent (肯特郡), the lake of Geneva, the district of Delhi (德里区), the family of Jackson, the firm of Macmillan, the month of May, the year (of ) 2010, the habit of smoking, the game of hide-and-seek, the subject of industrial management
Note: ①但也可以说Jiangsu Province, Kent County, Delhi District。
②下面表示文艺作品的同位语, 中间用不用of 均可:
the fairy tale (of)& Alice In Wonderland&
the novel (of)& Pride and Prejudice&
the play (of)& Hamlet&
the song (of)&Endless Love&
the poem (of)&A Red, Red Rose&
the Sonata (of)& Moonlight&
报名咨询：5966 / (8)8333738 / (8)7535988
一对一专线： 400-666-8838　
Copyright &雷式学校
All Rights Reserved 雷式教育 版权所有}