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中国十大丑陋建筑历届盘点,丑出了新高度的奇葩造型
文章作者：寒冰
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中国十大丑陋建筑是畅言网主办的一个活动，已在北京成功举办很多届，并且由于最近很多关于中国奇特建筑的风云事件，催生了越来越多的奇葩造型建筑，很多人究根结底都认为，中国人在建筑上面的成就往往都是依靠其他国家借鉴而来的，原因就是中国人缺乏足够的创新力，并且在国外的一些机构，也会评选世界上的那些丑陋建筑，其中就包括了很多中国的建筑，因此也增加了很多人对中国奇异建筑的兴趣，下面就带大家来认识一下中国十大丑陋建筑，并且盘点一下历届的丑陋建筑风格。
中国十大丑陋建筑视频：
中国十大丑陋建筑的评选机构
中国十大丑陋建筑的评选排名是由畅言网评选出来的，畅言网是安徽科大讯飞信息科技股份有限公司在国家语委&十五&重点课题成果基础上研发的智能口语学习平台。主要提供普通话评测和学习服务，其中普通话模拟测试业务与&国家普通话水平智能测试系统&同一核心和界面，有助于普通话水平测试考生进行模拟测试。
而建筑界的畅言网是一家建筑专业综合类网站，旨在为建筑人士提供一个方便、快捷、高效的近距离交流互动平台，&专业性强、信息量大、传播速度快&是建筑畅言网的特点。
网站以专业视角展现建筑界的方方面面，并以&全新的内容、丰富的内容、犀利的风格& 为建站宗旨，力求为广大读者提供最新的行业资讯、即时的市场新闻、权威的专家论点等。
中国十大丑陋建筑的评选标准
标准一：建筑使用功能及不可理
许多评选进入中国十大丑陋建筑的那些奇葩建筑，由于过度的追求建筑的外形，而完全忽略了建筑本身具有的功能，造成了建筑材料的极大浪费，并且建筑本身很大部分无法使用，比如说奇异的造型造成了部分地方无法住人，只能成为美观而用，因此就入选了中国十大丑陋建筑。
标准二：与周边环境和自然条件极不和谐
有些建筑的建筑风格完全不考虑其他的因素，比如说周边的环境，有的城市建筑有其独特的特点，一般会有长期延续下去的风格特点，但是有的人为了能够显得突出，设计出了完全格格不入的建筑造型，或者说设计出和周边的自然环境完全不同的造型。
标准三：抄袭、山寨
在中国的许许多多建筑中，就有很多是通过抄袭来进行设计的，甚至完全就没有任何的设计，完全就是照搬的那种形式，或者说是完全不伦不类的模仿，这样做的结果就是招来了很多人的讽刺，尤其是在现代网络如此发达的现代，一个奇特建筑的出现就很容易招致很多人异样的眼光。
标准四：盲目崇洋、仿古
有一些建筑，由于设计的时候缺乏足够的想法，因此只能借鉴外来的东西，比如说西方的白宫、古代物品的造型等等，这类建筑在&中国十大丑陋建筑&中是层出不穷的，完全的模仿照搬导致的结果就是建筑风格的奇形怪状，设计完全不合理。
标准五：折衷、拼凑
由于一些建筑在设计之初所采用的理念非常的多，但是在最终定案的时候，却没有一个主心骨，这样导致的结果就是往往使得建筑走向了折衷以及拼凑的方向，很多地方以及细节设计完全是非常不合理的形式，既没有达到设计之初的目标，也没有达到设计的基本要求。
标准六：盲目仿生
有些建筑设计的时候完全就是模仿那些从来就不存在的存在或者完全和建筑搭不上关系的物品，比如说日常生活中使用的材料，然后设计师将它们无限的放大，最后形成了这种不伦不类的建筑。原文地址：http://www.ufo-1.cn/article/.html
标准七：刻意象征、隐喻
这类建筑的特点就是为了达到某种宣示的效果，将建筑本身设计成了具有刻意特点的造型，比如说人物、产品等等，都是极度的不考虑建筑风格的做法，这样做的结果就是会造成建筑格局的完全紊乱。
标准八：体态怪异、恶俗
关于这类建筑其实是入选因素最大的，比如说类似&阳具&的建筑，还有其他一些体态怪异、恶俗的建筑风格，因为单独从外观上来说，这种建筑就无法让人接受，更不用说建筑本身的特点了。
标准九：明知不可为而刻意为之
有的建筑为了迎合某些权威人士的想法，故意设计成了某种特定的造型，这样做的结果就是使得建筑本身就极度的不协调。
中国十大丑陋建筑历届盘点
中国十大丑陋建筑第一届盘点：
日，畅言网在北京举办了&中国十大丑陋建筑评选&现场投票活动，经70余名业界专家现场评选，日，&中国十大丑陋建筑&最终名单出炉。具体名单如下：北京盘古大观、沈阳方圆大厦、安徽阜阳市颍泉区政府办公楼、重庆忠县黄金镇政府办公楼、邯郸元宝亭、四川宜宾五粮液酒瓶楼、河北燕郊北京天子大酒店、潍坊市民文化艺术中心、江苏阜宁天鹅港湾酒店、深圳大中华国际交易广场。此十大建筑为&2010中国十大丑陋建筑&，即为第一届&中国十大丑陋建筑&。
北京盘古大观：盘古大观，位于北京市朝阳区北辰桥，紧临&鸟巢&、水立方西侧，整体项目由写字楼、国际公寓、七星酒店和商业龙廊组成，总建筑面积42万平方米。在《变形金刚4》中亮相，引得名气大增。
沈阳方圆大厦：沈阳方圆大厦位于中国辽宁省沈阳市沈河区悦宾街一号，地处沈阳金融商贸开发区，占地面积5,580平方米，总建筑面积48000平方米，建筑高度99.75米，共24层，地上22层，地下2层，钢筋混凝土框架剪力墙结构，室外装修采用天然花岗石、氟碳喷涂印度金色金属铝单板、采用低辐射钢化LOW-E中空玻璃，是一座集国际化金融、贸易、商务洽谈、办公为一体的专业化5A国际甲级写字楼。
天子大酒店：北京东燕郊经济开发区102国道边，在百米外空旷处矗立着高大的彩塑&福禄寿&三星像，乍一看没有什么特别。然而，实际上，这个建筑是一座名为&天子大酒店&的酒店建筑。
中国十大丑陋建筑第二届盘点：
2011年12月中国十大丑陋建筑评选前20名结果产生，分别为：贵州湄潭县茶文化陈列馆、长沙医学院校门、湖北宜昌酒瓶建筑、江华龙头建筑、合肥美术馆、上海上青佳园、临汾尧庙广场天安门、重庆凯旋电梯楼、沈阳金厦广场、华西村山寨美国国会大厦、宝鸡新法门寺、青岛市辽宁路电子信息城居民楼、深圳火车站、四川大学体育馆、南京市雨花台区委区政府大楼、浙江玉环人民法院、北京吉利大学图书馆、无锡国邮大厦、北京中旅大厦。
长沙医学院校门：这个建筑之所以入选的原因是由于这个校门采用的是清华大学的清华园建筑，属于那种完全的照搬的形式。
合肥美术馆：合肥美术馆,位于方兴大道与广西路交口东北角，坐落在塘西河畔，占地约262亩，建筑面积16307平方米，总投资1.88亿元，包括主体建筑、艺术广场、绿化景观等，由深圳市建筑设计研究总院有限公司总建筑师孟建民先生设计。
上青佳园：上青佳园位于路、常德路，在轨道交通7号线长寿路站出入口处，是目前长寿路板块唯一在售的一手房楼盘。该案位于不夜城商圈和静安寺商圈之间，周边的生活氛围相对来说已经成熟，银行、便利店比较多，购物也很方便，亚新生活广场就在对面。
中国十大丑陋建筑第三届盘点：
日，历时8个月的2012第三届中国十大丑陋建筑评选活动正式结束，经历了网友提名、线下调研、网络投票、专家评审等环节后，评选结果顺利产生。具体名单如下：宝鸡新法门寺、成都新行政中心、世博会中国馆、广州塑料交易所有限公司总部大楼、上海仙乐斯广场、苏州东方瀑布大楼、吉林广电中心、河北元宝塔、河南夏邑曹集乡政府办公楼、武汉江城明珠豪生大酒店。
成都新行政中心：成都新行政中心占地255亩左右，建筑面积约37万平方米，建筑楼群由莲花瓣的办公楼和一栋&鸟巢&状办公楼组成，外表蔚为壮观，位于成都南郊，离目前该市政府所在地位于市中心的天府广场约7 .8公里。
上海仙乐斯广场：仙乐斯广场位于上海最繁忙的街区之一南京西路，立面以船首形象塑造，与购物娱乐的大堂进口构成一标志性&旗舰&。凌空百米之上，建造了一个全上海独一无二的纵贯四层楼的玻璃馆。
中国十大丑陋建筑第四届盘点：
安徽合肥万达文化旅游城展示中心、北京兴创大厦、江苏华西村建筑群、上海平安金融大厦、陕西周至县北大门、广西美术馆、贵阳科技大厦、四川成达大厦、重庆少年宫少儿科技大厦、临沂城市展览馆兼科技馆。
兴创大厦：兴创大厦位于北京南五环大兴黄村，是一栋商业写字楼，高80米。日，网友在微博上贴出了兴创大厦的照片，并起名&大肠塔&。迅速走红网络。大厦也被称其为&呼啦圈&。
广西美术馆：主体建筑通过以石膏几何体为母体组合而成的建筑造型，将变化多端的美术流派包容其中。通过壮锦、铜鼓纹饰等民族图案展示浓郁的广西民族特色，体现了一种团结和谐、开放包容的特质。
中国十大丑陋建筑第五届盘点：
通过深入研究与探讨、反复忖度与推敲，评选出2014第五届中国十大丑陋建筑最终结果，它们分别是：北京门头沟区某机关办公楼、成都市新世纪环球中心、苏州东方之门、无锡万达文化旅游城展示中心、广州南丰汇、苏州相城区伦敦塔桥、江苏省南通市景华城8号楼、重庆动力国际主题楼、江苏中洋豪升大酒店、重庆火锅博物馆。而这也意味着第五届丑陋建筑评选活动告一段落。
苏州东方之门：为了与苏州这个充满道统中国园林建筑文化的历史古城相协调，设计选择了黑、白、灰三色作为整个建筑的基色，与古典园林的黛瓦白墙相呼应。门式的建筑形象灵感来源于道统的花瓶门与城门的巧妙结合，并透过简洁的几何曲线生动地表现出来。
南丰汇：南丰汇是琶洲商圈核心地带的大型综合性项目，由香港南丰集团与汇贯基金斥巨资 50 亿元联手打造，项目主要由南丰汇环球展贸中心和南丰国际会展中心两栋物业组成，总规模达 30 万平方米，涵盖高端汽车展示、国际时尚购物、甲级写字楼、专业展馆、五星级酒店等功能模块。
中国十大丑陋建筑第六届盘点：
通过深入研究与探讨、反复忖度与推敲，评选出2015第六届中国十大丑陋建筑最终结果。浙江长兴县政府办公楼、海南三亚美丽之冠大树公馆、山东济南省会文化中心大剧院、南昌万达城展示中心、杭州国际会议中心、新疆大剧院、深圳智慧广场、河北美术学院灰姑娘城堡、山东聊城市民文化中心、江苏涟水县环保局办公楼。
小编结语：值得注意的是，在前不久国家领导人还亲自说明，在建造此类建筑的时候一定要多考虑考虑，不能盲目的追求其他方面的东西，不能让设计出来的东西让人贻笑大方，在设计的时候更应该考虑其他一些方面的事情，比如说功能、风格、格局等等，而不是拍脑袋就决定的。
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还处在倡导古典主义的时期，当时政府要求每一个建筑都要设计成圆顶，所以当人们看到埃菲尔铁塔的图纸时必然会提出反对意见。在建造中，铁塔的巨大基座就用了整整一年半的时间。铁塔的设计图纸有几千张，而且每个地方都计算得非常精确，以至于在整个建造的过程中几乎没有任何改动，也没有发生任何一起事故。整个建造所花费的材料不计其数，然而为了方便快速安装，竟然细致到要在几万颗钉子上打上编号。出乎意料的...
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&(792人关注)第七课爱丑之欲　　几年前的一个冬日，我乘坐宾夕法尼亚铁路公司的一班快车离开匹兹堡，向东行驶一小时，穿越了威斯特摩兰县的煤城和钢都。这是我熟悉的地方，无论是童年时期还是成年时期，我常常经过这一带。但以前我从来没有感到这地方荒凉得这么可怕。这儿正是工业化美国的心脏，是其最赚钱、最典型活动的中心，世界上最富裕、最伟大的国家的自豪和骄傲——然而这儿的景象却又丑陋得这样可怕，凄凉悲惨得这么令人无法忍受，以致人的抱负和壮志在这儿成了令人毛骨悚然的、令人沮丧的笑料。这儿的财富多得无法计算，简直都无法想象——也是在这儿，人们的居住条件又是如此之糟，连那些流浪街头的野猫也为之害羞。&　　我说的不仅仅是脏。钢铁城镇的脏是人们意料之中的事。我指的是所看到的房子没有一幢不是丑陋得令人难受，畸形古怪得让人作呕的。从东自由镇到格林斯堡，在这全长25英里的路上，从火车上看去，没有一幢房子不让人看了感到眼睛不舒服和难受。有的房子糟得吓人，而这些房子竞还是一些最重要的建筑——教堂、商店、仓库等等。人们惊愕地看着这些房子，就像是看见一个脸给子弹崩掉的人一样。有的留在记忆里，甚至回忆起来也是可怕的：珍尼特西面的一所样子稀奇古怪的小教堂，就像一扇老虎窗贴在一面光秃秃的、似有麻风散鳞的山坡上；参加过国外战争的退伍军人总部，设在珍尼特过去不远的另一个凄凉的小镇上。沿铁路线向东不远处的一座钢架，就像一个巨大的捕鼠器。但我回忆里出现的三要还是一个总的印象——连绵不断的丑陋。从匹兹堡到格林斯堡火车调车场，放眼望去，没有一幢像样的房子。没有一幢不是歪歪扭扭的，没有一幢不是破破烂烂的。&　　尽管到处是林立的工厂，遍地弥漫着烟尘，这一地区的自然霉仟并不差。就地形而论，这儿是一条狭窄的河谷，其中流淌着一道道发源自山间的深溪。这儿的人口虽然稠密，但并无过分拥挤的迹象，即使在一些较大的城镇中，建筑方面也还大有发展的余地。这儿很少见到有高密度排列的建筑楼群，几乎每一幢房屋，无论大小，其四周都还有剩余的空地。显然，如果这一地区有几个稍有职业责任感或荣誉感的建筑师的话，他们准会紧依山坡建造一些美观雅致的瑞士式山地小木屋——一种有着便于冬季排除积雪的陡坡屋顶，宽度大于高度，依山而建的低矮的小木屋。可是，他们实际上是怎么做的呢?他们把直立的砖块作为造房的模式，造出了一种用肮脏的护墙板围成的不伦不类的房屋，屋顶又窄又平，而且整个地安放在一些单薄的、奇形怪状的砖垛上。这种丑陋不堪的房屋成百上千地遍布于一个个光秃秃的山坡上，就像是一些墓碑竖立在广阔荒凉的坟场上。这些房屋高的一侧约有三四层，甚至五层楼高，而低的一侧看去却像一群埋在烂泥潭里的猪猡。垂直式的房屋不到五分之一，大部分房屋都是那样东倒西歪，摇摇欲坠地固定在地基上。每幢房屋上都积有一道道的尘垢印痕，而那一道道垢痕的间隙中，还隐隐约约露出一些像湿疹痂一样的油漆斑痕。&　　偶尔也可以看到一幢砖房，可那叫什么砖啊!新建的时候，它的颜色像油煎鸡蛋，然而一经工厂排放出来的烟尘熏染，蒙上一层绿锈时，它的颜色便像那早已无人问津的臭蛋一样了。难道一定得采用这种糟糕的颜色吗?这就与把房屋都建成直立式一样没看攀要。若是用红砖造房，便可以越古老陈旧越气派，即使在钢铁城镇中也是如此。红砖就算被染得漆黑，看起来还是能够使人悦目，尤其是如果用白石镶边，经雨水一洗刷，凹处烟垢残存，凸处本色外露，红黑映衬，更觉美观。可是在威斯特摩兰县，人们却偏偏喜欢用那血尿般的黄色，因此便有了这种世界上最丑陋不堪、最令人恶心的城镇和乡村。&　　 我是在经过一番苦心探究和不断祈祷后才将这顶丑陋之最的桂冠封赠于威斯特摩兰县的。我自信我已见到过世界上所有的丑陋之极的城镇，它们全都在美国。我目睹了日趋衰落的新英格兰地区的工业城镇，也目睹了犹他州、亚利桑那州和得克萨斯州的荒漠城市。我熟悉纽瓦克、布鲁克林和芝加哥的偏街僻巷，并曾对新泽西州的卡姆登和弗吉尼亚州的纽波特纽斯作过科学的考察。我曾安安稳稳地坐着普尔曼卧车，周游了衣阿华州和堪萨斯州那些昏暗凄凉的村镇以及佐治亚州那些乌烟瘴气的沿海渔村。我到过康涅狄格州的布里奇港，还去过洛杉矶市。然而，在世界上的任何一个地方，无论国内国外，我从未见到过任何东西可以与那些拥挤在宾夕法尼亚铁路从匹兹堡调车场到格林斯堡路段沿线的村庄相比。它们无论在色彩上还是在样式上都是无与伦比的。仿佛有什么与人类不共戴天的、能力超常的鬼才，费尽心机，动员魔鬼王国里的鬼斧神工，才造出这些丑陋无比的房屋来。这些房屋不仅丑陋而且奇形怪状，使人回头一看，顿觉它们已变成一个个青面獠牙的恶魔。人们无法想象单凭人的力量如何能造出如此可怕的东西来，也很难想象居然还有人类栖居其中并在那里生儿育女，繁殖人类。&　　这些房屋如此丑陋，难道是因为该河谷地区住满了一些愚蠢迟钝、麻木不仁、毫无爱美之心的外国蛮子吗?若果然如此，为什么那些外国蛮子却并没有在自己的故土上造出这样丑恶的东西来呢?事实上，在欧洲绝对找不到这种丑恶的东西——英国的某些破败的地区也许例外。整个欧洲大陆很难找到一个丑陋的村落。欧洲那儿的农民，不论怎么穷，都会想方设法将自己的居室修造得美观雅致，即使在西班牙也是如此。而在美国的乡村和小城镇里，人们千方百计地追求的目标是丑陋，尤其在那个威斯特摩兰河谷地区，人们对丑的追求已达到狂热的程度。如果说单凭愚昧无知就能造就这样令人毛骨悚然的杰作，那是无法让人信服的。&　　美国某些阶层的人们当中似乎的的确确存在着一种爱丑之欲，如同在另一些不那么虔信基督教的阶层当中存在着一种爱美之心一样。那些把一般美国中下层家庭的住宅打扮得像丑八怪的糊墙纸决不能归咎于选购者的疏忽大意，也不能归咎于制造商的鄙俗的幽默感。那些糊墙纸上的丑陋图案显然真正能使具有某种心理的人觉得赏心悦目。它们以某种莫名其妙的方式满足了这种人的某种晦涩难解的心理需要。人们对这类丑陋图案的欣赏，就同某些人对教条主义神学和埃德加·A格斯特的诗歌的迷恋一样，既不可思议，又让人习以为常。&　　因此，我相信(尽管坦白地说，我不敢绝对肯定)，威斯特摩兰县绝大多数正直诚实的人，尤其是其中的那些百分之百的美国人，确实很欣赏他们居住的房屋并为之感到自豪。虽然他们可以用同样多的建筑成本造出好得多的房屋，他们却宁愿要他们现有的那种丑陋不堪的房屋。可以肯定地说，海外战争退伍军人组织总部将自己的旗帜插在那样一幢丑陋的大楼上绝对不是出于无奈，因为铁路沿线多的是闲置未用的建筑，而且许多建筑都比他们那幢大楼要好得多。他们如果愿意的话，也完全可以自己建造一幢像样一些的大楼。然而，他们却眼睁睁地选择了那幢用护墙板造起来的丑陋的大楼，而且选定之后，还要让它发展演变成现在这副破烂相。他们喜欢的就是这种丑怪样子，如果有人在那附近竖起一座像希腊巴特农神殿那样的漂亮建筑，他们一定会感到恼火。前面提到的那个形如捕鼠器的钢架运动场的设计建造者们也是这样有意地作了一个深思熟虑的选择。在费尽心血，辛辛苦苦地设计并建成那个运动场之后，又想进一步美化完善它，于是便在建筑平项上加造一间极不协调的小棚屋，并涂上鲜艳夺目的黄色油漆。这样造成的效果是使该建筑看起来就像一个肥胖的女人面上带着一只被打肿发青的眼圈，也可以说像一位长老会牧师面上突然露出勉强的笑容的模样。但他们喜欢的就是这种模样。&　　这里涉及到一个心理学家迄今未加重视的问题，即为了丑本身的价值而爱丑(非因其他利益驱动而爱丑)，急欲将世界打扮得丑不可耐的变态心理。这种心理的孳生地就是美国。从美国这个大熔炉中产生出了一个新的种族，他们像仇视真理一样地仇视美。这种变态心理的产生根源值得进行更多的研究，它的背后一定隐藏着某些原因，其产生和发展肯定受到某些生物学规律的制约，而不能简单地看成是出于上帝的安排。那么，这些规律的具体内容究竟是什么呢?为什么它们在美国比在其他任何地方更为盛行?这个问题还是让某位像德国大学的无薪教师那样正直的社会病理学家去研究吧。 &(摘自卡罗琳什罗迪斯，克里福德A约瑟夫逊，詹姆斯R威尔逊编《修辞读物》) &课文练习EXERCISES 7 Ⅰ .Write a short note on H. L. Mencken.　[SRB] 　1. The Author's and Writer’s Who's Who　2. The Oxford Companion to American Literature&Ⅱ .Questions on content: 　1. What activity is the writer referring to in his phrase 'its most lucrative and characteristic activity'? (para 1) 　 2. What 'aspiration' of man is reduced to a depressing joke by the ugliness the writer sees in this region? 　3. What kind of houses cover the hillsides? What kind of houses does the writer suggest for this region? 　4. What does Mencken say about the color of these houses? 　5. Was the valley full of foreigners? (para 6) 　6. Does Mencken believe that these people built such ugly houses because they were just ignorant? What is his explanation for the ugliness in America? 　7. Is the writer serious in his suggestions for research in psychology and pathological sociology in his final paragraph? &Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation: 　1. Why does Mencken use the uncommon word libido in his title? 　2. How is para 1 developed? What effect does the powerful contrast in the last two sentences of para 1 have on the reader? 　3. Why does Mencken refer to other towns and villages in America (para 5), to the villages of Europe (para 6) and to the Parthenon (para 8)? 　4. Besides attacking the ugliness of Westmoreland, what else does Mencken attack in this essay? 　5. Is the satirical power of Mencken's attack simply a result of his choice of words, of his diction? Is his scathing tone also achieved through structure and image? Cite examples. 　6. Are all the similes, metaphors and hyperboles used appropriately and effectively in this essay? 　7. Does Mencken achieve or defeat his own purpose by using so many striking metaphors and hyperboles? &IV. Paraphrase: 　1. boy and man, I had been through it often before (para 1) 　2. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.(para 1) 　3. it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke (para 1 ) 　4. The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. (para 3) 　5. They have taken as their model a brick set on end. (para 3) 　6. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow, low-pitched roof. (para 3) 　7. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (para 4) 　8. Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity. ( para 4) 　9. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. (para 5) 　10. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. (para5) 　11. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. (para 6) 　12. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libido for the ugly (para 7) 　13. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. (para 7) 　14. they made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it (para 8) 　15. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. (para 9) &Ⅴ. Translate paras 1 and 2 into Chinese. &Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words: 　1. coming out of Pittsburgh on one of the expresses of the Pennsylvania Railroad (para 1 ) 　2. I rolled eastward for an hour (para 1) 　3. the sheer revolting monstrousness (para 2) 　4. somewhere further down the line (para 2) 　5. from the Pittsburgh suburbs to the Greensburg yards (para 2) 　6. they are streaked in grime (para 3) 　7. and it is still sightly (para 4) 　8. Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy, Godforsaken villages (para 5) 　9. save perhaps in the more putrid parts of England (para 6) 　10. it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion (para 6) 　11. the pull is always toward ugliness (para 6) 　12. On certain levels of the American race (para 7) 　13. It is impossible to put down the wallpaper . .. to mere inadvertence (para 7) 　14. by putting a completely impossible penthouse (para 8) &Ⅶ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms: 　1. dirt, filth, soot, grime　2. libido, passion, love, lust&Ⅷ. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word hideous (meaning ' ugly' ). Give words of the same part of speech. &Ⅸ. Give ten antonymous and/or contrasted words of the word ugliness. Give words of the same part of speech. &X .Study the suffixes of the following adjectives and list 5 - 10 examples of each: 　1. lucrative　　　　　　　　　　　　　5. swinish　2. characteristic　　　　　　　　　　　6. biological　3. horrible　　　　　　　　　　　　　7. loathsome　4. ghastly　　　　　　　　　　　　　 8. hideous　[SRB] 　1 .Walker' s Rhyming Dictionary　2. any book on lexicology or word building&Ⅺ. Pick out from the text all the words or phrases that are used to describe ugliness. &Ⅻ. Replace the italicized words with simple, everday words or expressions: 　1. Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity ( ) 　2. and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats ( ) 　3. What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness ( ) 　4. there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye ( ) 　5. And the whole they have set upon thin, preposterous brick piers. ( ) 　6. Not a fifth of them are perpendicular. ( ) 　7. They lean this way and that, hanging on to their bases precariously. ( ) 　8. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. ( ) 　9. It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. ( ) 　10 Are they so frightful because the valley is full of foreigners--dull, insensate brutes, with no love of beauty in them? ( ) 　11. Then why didn't these foreigners set up similar abominations in the countries that they came from? ( ) 　12. It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home of the lower middle class to mere inadvertence, or to the obscene humor of the manufacturers. ( ) ( ) 　13.Certainly there was no pressure upon the Veterans of Foreign Wars to choose the dreadful edifice that bears their banner ( ) 　14.The etiology of this madness deserves a great deal more study than it has got. ( ) &XIII. In this essay, the author uses many metaphors and similes to describe the ugliness of Westmoreland county. Comment on the appropriateness of some of them. XIV. This essay abounds in hyperboles. Comment on the effectiveness of some of them&XV. The tone of the essay is extremely sarcastic. Try to point out the places where sarcasm, ridicule or irony is employed. &XVI. Read the following paragraphs and prepare to discuss: 1 ) What is the topic sentence of the paragraph? 2) In what pattern are the specific details arranged? 　1. The &Band Wagon& is a device to make us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandist's program en masse. Here his theme is& &Everybody's doing it. & His techniques range from those of the medicine show to dramatic spectacle. He hires a hall, fills a great stadium, marches a million men in parade. He employs symbols, colors, music, movement, all the dramatic arts. He appeals to the desire, common to most of us, to &follow the crowd.& Because he wants us to &follow the crowd& in masses, he directs his appeal to groups held together by common ties of nationality, religion, race, environment, sex, vocation. Thus progagandists campaigning for or against a program will appeal to us as Catholics, Protestants, or J as members of the Nordic race or as N as farmers o as housewives or as miners. All the artifices of flattery are used to harness the fears and hatreds, prejudices and biases, convictions and ideals thus emotion is made to push and pull the group on to the Band Wagon. In newspaper article and in the spoken word this device is also found. &Don' t throw your vote away. Vote for our candidate. He's sure to win.& Nearly every candidate wins in every election--be- fore the votes are in. 　2. If you pick twenty adults at random, the odds are that fifteen of them drink moderately, two are problem drinkers and one is a desperate alcoholic. Two who use alcohol are also using marijuana, a couple are taking tranquilizers on doctors' orders and one or two have been popping barbiturates to relieve insomnia and are perilously close to addiction. Three or four have taken amphetamines to stay awake or to lose weight and nearly all of them drink caffeine, another stimulant. Ten or twelve of this group of twenty continue to smoke tobacco even after the medical hazards of that habit have been amply documented. One has probably taken acid or mescaline. The children of some have sniffed glue or carbon tet for kicks (thereby risking brain and liver damage), more smoke pot and some have had an LSD trip. The drug culture, as the newspapers call it, doesn't jus everyone's in it together. &ⅩⅦ. Topics for oral work: 　1. Discuss Mencken' s style--its strong points, its weakpoints. 　2. Comment on Mencken's statement: &Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. &&ⅩⅦ. Write a satirical attack on ugliness, describing: 　1. women' s (or men' s) clothing styles　2. any city or village&&习题全解I.　Henry Louis Mencken () was the first American to be widely read as a critic. He was born in Baltimore, Md. , on Sept. 12, 1880, and privately educated there. After graduating from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute at the age of 16, he became a reporter on the Baltimore Herald. He rose repidly, soon he was the Herald's city editor and then edi tor. In 1906 Mencken joined the organization known as the Sunpaper, which he served in a variety of ways until his re- tirement. Mencken' s journalistic skill became his chief hand- icap as a critic. He had also carried out a fruitful study of the American Language, with some comprehensive works pub- lished in this field. By the time of his death on Jan. 29, 1956, in his beloved Baltimore, recognition of his service to the language was everywhere admitted. 　1. The writer is referring to industrial production which is the most lucrative and characteristic activity in the United States. 　2. All the noble aspirations of a man for a better, fuller and more beautiful life here on earth. 　3. All the houses were ugly. The houses look like bricks set on end. They were made of clapboards, with narrow, low- pitched roofs. And the whole house is set upon thin brick piers. All the houses are streaked with grime and many of them are not even perpendicular but they lean this way and that. The writer suggests a chalet-type house for the hill sides. A chalet with high-pitched roof, to throw off theheavy winter snows, but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall. 　4, According to the writer, the house has the most loathsome color. The color of a fried egg when and after some time they take on the color of uremic yellow. 　5. Strictly speaking, no. Most of them were most probably U.S. citizens of European origin, with perhaps a few re- cent immigrants from Europe. 　6. Mencken doesnI t believe that mere ignorance was the rea son for such ugliness. He believes on certain levels of the American race, there seems to be a great passion for the ugly. Ugliness seems to give some sort of satisfaction to this type of mind. Mencken, however, doesnf t understand they have such tastes. 　7. No. he is only implying in a sarcastic tone, that he does- n~t understand why so many Americans seem to love ugli ness for its own sake. He doesn~ t understand the psycholo gy of these people who lust to make the world intolerable. He thinks these people have a diseased mind. 　1. Mencken deliberately uses the word &libido&, a specialterm in psychoanalysis, in his title to create the impres sion that his description and analysis has some scientific foundation. 　2. Paragraph 1 is developed by contrasting the great wealth of this region to the abominable human habitations seen everywhere. The last two sentences bring home to readers that ugliness is not due to poverty, but to something in- nate in the American character--a love of ugliness for its own sake, or, as the title says, the libido for the ugly. 　3. Meneken refers to other towns and villages in America, to the villages of Europe and to the Parthenon in order to em- phasize the ugliness of Westmoreland County. He means to say Westmoreland is the ugliest spot on earth and the United States as a whole is uglier than Europe. 　4. The author also attacks the whole American raee　a race that loves ugliness for its own sake, that lusts to make t a race which hates beauty as it hates truth (see the text, para. 9) 　5. The satirical power of the authorr s attack in this essay is not only a result of his choice of words, of his diction, but also his masterly employment of the various rhetoric means such as metaphors, similes, hyperboles and so on. Examples may be referred to the answers to Exs. XIII, XIV,XV. 　6. So far as the point which the author wanted to make is concerned, all the metaphors, similes and hyperboles are used appropriately and effectively. 　7. As a rule, an excessive use of strong language in writing tends to be self-defeating. Mencken uses a lot of hyper boles to exaggerate and also makes abundant use of sar casm, ridicule and irony to taunt the jeer in the essay. It may lead the average reader to doubt the objectivity and fairness or even the honesty of the writer. He may feel the writer perhaps has a special axe to grind and lose interest in what he has to say. So one might say Mencken employs all the force of diction, structure and figures only to batter his readers into insensitivity. &IV. 　1. As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region. 　2. But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was. 　3. This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advanceand improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke. 　4. The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region. 　5. The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built iooked like bricks standing upright. 　6. These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope. 　7. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 　8. Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye. 　9. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying. 　10. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself. 　11. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like. 　12. People in certain strata of American society seem definite- ly to hung while in other less Chris- tian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 　13. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot un- derstand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind. 　14. They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 　15. From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．&V．See the translation of the text．&Ⅵ．　1．express：a fast，direct train。Making few stops　2．roll：travel in a wheeled vehicle(here an express train) 　3．revolting：disgusting　4.line：railway line 　5．yard：a railway center where trains are made up，serviced， switched from track to track。etc．　6．streak：mark with streaks(a line or long，thin mark)　7．sightly：pleasant to the sight　8．pullman：a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into berths for sleeping．It is so—called after the U．S．inventor，George。M．Pullman(1831— 1897)．　9．save：except。but　10．yield：surrender，give into border upon：be like，almost be 　11．pull：drawing force．appeal　12．1evel：position。elevation，or rank considered as one of the planes in a scale of values　13．put down(to)：attribute(to) 　14．impossible：not capable of being endured，used。agreed to，etc．，because of being disagreeable or unsuitable： hard to tolerate&Ⅶ.　1．dirt指任何不清洁的或玷污之物，如泥土、灰尘、粪便、垃圾； filth一词用来表示脏得令人作呕的东西；soot是指主要由炭粒构成，由物质的不完全燃烧所形成的一种黑色物质； grime指沉积在表面上或嵌入表面之中的煤烟或小颗粒状污秽。　2．love意指强烈的喜爱或深刻的倾心，可用于表示各种不同的关系或用于各种对象(如性爱、手足之爱、对工作之爱等)； passion通指一种具有压倒或强制性的强烈情绪，如：His passions overcame his reason．(他的激情压倒了他的理智。)；lust指一种欲望，特别是那种寻求不。受拘束的满足 ——感官满足，尤其是性满足的欲望；libido是精神分析学上的一个术语，能指精神上的能量，通指精神能量的一种基本形式，包含积极的、爱的本能，并在性格发展的不同阶段中表现出来。&Ⅶ．hideous。horrid。horrible，frightful，dreadful，terrible，awful，repulsive，repugnant，ghastly，revolting&Ⅸ．beauty．beautifulness。prettiness，handsomeness，attractiveness，loveliness，charm，pulchritude，grace，elegance， exquisiteness&X．　1．1ucrative，creative，destructive，indicative，fricative，e vocative，sedative，negative，interrogative，relative，con templative　2．characteristic，realistic，artistic，egotistic，altruistic，im pressionistic，antagonistic，chauvinistic，humanistic，opti mistic，pressimistic　3．horrible，divisible，legible，invincible，edible，incredible， elegible。negligible，audible，intelligible，infallible　4．ghastly，harshly，finely，loosely，delicately，tersely，fear somely，deathly，steadfastly，curtly，eloquently　5．swinish，piggish，sluggish，doggish，hoggish，kittenish， owlish，ghoulish，girlish”fiendish，devilish　6．biological，theological，physiological，etymological，an thropological，astrological，bacteriological，psychologi cal，geological，archeological，mythological　7．10athsome，gladsome，ti’resome，venturesome，trouble some。burdensome，cumbersome，frolicsome，gruesome， quarrelsome，fearsome　8．hideous，outrageous，courageous，advantageous，contem poraneous．extemporaneous，simultaneous，spontaneous' instantaneous, extraneous, erroneous&XI. appalling desolation, dreadfully, hideous, intolerably, bleak, forlorn, abominable, filth, dirty, ugliness, revolt ing, monstrousness, horrible, leprous, hideousness, mis shapen, shabby, uncomely, grime, dingy, decaying, swin ishly, eczematous patches, shocking, uremic yellow, loath- some, unlovely, decomposing, gloomy, God-forsaken, malarious, grotesqueries of ugliness, diabolical, frightful, abominations, putrid, horror, deface, ghastly, depravity, etc. &XI. 1. profitable 2. dwellings, homes 3. refer to 4. wound, hurt 5. absurd, ridiculous 6. exactly upright, vertical　7. unsafely, insecurely　8. continual, repeated 9. unfriendly, hostile 10. insensitive, without feelings 11. hateful or dis gusting things 12. spoil the appearance of, disfigure care- lessness, oversight 13. building 14. causes&XI. The many metaphors and similes in the essay are largely ap propritately used in describing the ugliness of Westmoreland County. For example, in para. 3 the metaphor of comparing the houses there to pigs wallowing in the mud~ the metaphor in the same para. of comparing the patches of paint to dried up scales formed by a skin disease~ and the simile in para. 2 as shown in the sentence &one blinks ... shot away&, the sim ile in the same para. as shown in the sentence &a steel stadi um ~ -- the line&, just to mention a few. Hyperboles are profusely used in the essay. They are mostly very effective in conveying what the author had to say. In para. 1, we read the sentence &Here was wealth ... alley cats&, exaggerating the richness and grandeur of this region and of America as a whole, the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation in para. 5 we read &It is as if ... of them&, which implies exaggeratedly that it is as if some genius of great power, who didn' t like to do the right things and who was an inflexible enemy of man, em ployed all the cleverness and skill of hell to bui and again in para. 2 there is the sentence &What al lude to & in sight&, which suggests an exaggeration that is hard to believe. Not every house could have been that ugly. &XV. In the essay, sarcasm, ridicule or irony is employed profuse The following are just a few examples:　l. (Para. 2) &a steel stadium && the line. & This description sounds ridiculous. 　2. (Para. 3) &Obviously &-& the hillside. & We read evident sar- casm in this sentence. 　3. (Para. 4) &When it was taken -'& or caring. & Here both ridicule and irony are suggested. 　4. (Para. 5) &I award && prayer. & We read both sarcasm and irony in this sentence. 　5. (Para. 5) &They are && in design. & Sarcasm is most appar- ent in the description. 　6. (Para. 6) &It is incredible && of horror. & Here the author obviously means to present the picture sarcastically and ironically. &XVI. 　1. The topic sentence is: The &Band Wagon& is a device to make us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandistr s program enrnasse. The paragraph beginning with a topic sentence is a high level generalization. Each sentence in the rest of the paragraph states specific details that develop the main idea. This paragraph has a simple deductive arrangement. 　2. The main idea in this paragraph is stated in the last sen- tence :The drug culture, as the newspapers call it, doesnrt jus everyoner s in it together. The writ- er reverses the usual rule &go from the general to the par- ticular&. He develops his topic sentence by specific, con crete detail--but he places the topic sentence at the end o the paragraph. That is, he follows an inductive pattern. &XlI. Omitted. &XVlI.　A Sickening Village This is a village you will never want to revisit once you had been there. The road is grit-paved and dotted with sand and small stones here and there. If you happen to have a pair of thin-sole shoes, your feet are certain to suffer. On a sunny day, if a truck or a tractor passes by, you are covered with dust left behind. On a rainy day, your trouser legs soon get dirty with muddy water. Here and there, you may find a pile of building materials such as bricks, cement boards, sand ca- sually lying in a disorderly way. There are trees on one side of the road. Some are a little tall, some quite short, and on each tree you cannot fail to find broken branches. As for the hous- es, they are in different size, different height, and different colour. They Stand there one after another with no harmony. If you want your students to seareh for the antonym of &unity&, just bring them here. You can see a pond at the end of the road. Actually you needn't see it. Use your nose and the smell will make you sicken. Floating on the brownish filthy water are used wrapping paper, plastic bags, foams, and one or two dead dogs or mice
第七课爱丑之欲　　几年前的一个冬日，我乘坐宾夕法尼亚铁路公司的一班快车离开匹兹堡，向东行驶一小时，穿越了威斯特摩兰县的煤城和钢都。这是我熟悉的地方，无论是童年时期还是成年时期，我常常经过这一带。但以前我从来没有感到这地方荒凉得这么可怕。这儿正是工业化美国的心脏，是其最赚钱、最典型活动的中心，世界上最富裕、最伟大的国家的自豪和骄傲——然而这儿的景象却又丑陋得这样可怕，凄凉悲惨得这么令人无法忍受，以致人的抱负和壮志在这儿成了令人毛骨悚然的、令人沮丧的笑料。这儿的财富多得无法计算，简直都无法想象——也是在这儿，人们的居住条件又是如此之糟，连那些流浪街头的野猫也为之害羞。&　　我说的不仅仅是脏。钢铁城镇的脏是人们意料之中的事。我指的是所看到的房子没有一幢不是丑陋得令人难受，畸形古怪得让人作呕的。从东自由镇到格林斯堡，在这全长25英里的路上，从火车上看去，没有一幢房子不让人看了感到眼睛不舒服和难受。有的房子糟得吓人，而这些房子竞还是一些最重要的建筑——教堂、商店、仓库等等。人们惊愕地看着这些房子，就像是看见一个脸给子弹崩掉的人一样。有的留在记忆里，甚至回忆起来也是可怕的：珍尼特西面的一所样子稀奇古怪的小教堂，就像一扇老虎窗贴在一面光秃秃的、似有麻风散鳞的山坡上；参加过国外战争的退伍军人总部，设在珍尼特过去不远的另一个凄凉的小镇上。沿铁路线向东不远处的一座钢架，就像一个巨大的捕鼠器。但我回忆里出现的三要还是一个总的印象——连绵不断的丑陋。从匹兹堡到格林斯堡火车调车场，放眼望去，没有一幢像样的房子。没有一幢不是歪歪扭扭的，没有一幢不是破破烂烂的。&　　尽管到处是林立的工厂，遍地弥漫着烟尘，这一地区的自然霉仟并不差。就地形而论，这儿是一条狭窄的河谷，其中流淌着一道道发源自山间的深溪。这儿的人口虽然稠密，但并无过分拥挤的迹象，即使在一些较大的城镇中，建筑方面也还大有发展的余地。这儿很少见到有高密度排列的建筑楼群，几乎每一幢房屋，无论大小，其四周都还有剩余的空地。显然，如果这一地区有几个稍有职业责任感或荣誉感的建筑师的话，他们准会紧依山坡建造一些美观雅致的瑞士式山地小木屋——一种有着便于冬季排除积雪的陡坡屋顶，宽度大于高度，依山而建的低矮的小木屋。可是，他们实际上是怎么做的呢?他们把直立的砖块作为造房的模式，造出了一种用肮脏的护墙板围成的不伦不类的房屋，屋顶又窄又平，而且整个地安放在一些单薄的、奇形怪状的砖垛上。这种丑陋不堪的房屋成百上千地遍布于一个个光秃秃的山坡上，就像是一些墓碑竖立在广阔荒凉的坟场上。这些房屋高的一侧约有三四层，甚至五层楼高，而低的一侧看去却像一群埋在烂泥潭里的猪猡。垂直式的房屋不到五分之一，大部分房屋都是那样东倒西歪，摇摇欲坠地固定在地基上。每幢房屋上都积有一道道的尘垢印痕，而那一道道垢痕的间隙中，还隐隐约约露出一些像湿疹痂一样的油漆斑痕。&　　偶尔也可以看到一幢砖房，可那叫什么砖啊!新建的时候，它的颜色像油煎鸡蛋，然而一经工厂排放出来的烟尘熏染，蒙上一层绿锈时，它的颜色便像那早已无人问津的臭蛋一样了。难道一定得采用这种糟糕的颜色吗?这就与把房屋都建成直立式一样没看攀要。若是用红砖造房，便可以越古老陈旧越气派，即使在钢铁城镇中也是如此。红砖就算被染得漆黑，看起来还是能够使人悦目，尤其是如果用白石镶边，经雨水一洗刷，凹处烟垢残存，凸处本色外露，红黑映衬，更觉美观。可是在威斯特摩兰县，人们却偏偏喜欢用那血尿般的黄色，因此便有了这种世界上最丑陋不堪、最令人恶心的城镇和乡村。&　　 我是在经过一番苦心探究和不断祈祷后才将这顶丑陋之最的桂冠封赠于威斯特摩兰县的。我自信我已见到过世界上所有的丑陋之极的城镇，它们全都在美国。我目睹了日趋衰落的新英格兰地区的工业城镇，也目睹了犹他州、亚利桑那州和得克萨斯州的荒漠城市。我熟悉纽瓦克、布鲁克林和芝加哥的偏街僻巷，并曾对新泽西州的卡姆登和弗吉尼亚州的纽波特纽斯作过科学的考察。我曾安安稳稳地坐着普尔曼卧车，周游了衣阿华州和堪萨斯州那些昏暗凄凉的村镇以及佐治亚州那些乌烟瘴气的沿海渔村。我到过康涅狄格州的布里奇港，还去过洛杉矶市。然而，在世界上的任何一个地方，无论国内国外，我从未见到过任何东西可以与那些拥挤在宾夕法尼亚铁路从匹兹堡调车场到格林斯堡路段沿线的村庄相比。它们无论在色彩上还是在样式上都是无与伦比的。仿佛有什么与人类不共戴天的、能力超常的鬼才，费尽心机，动员魔鬼王国里的鬼斧神工，才造出这些丑陋无比的房屋来。这些房屋不仅丑陋而且奇形怪状，使人回头一看，顿觉它们已变成一个个青面獠牙的恶魔。人们无法想象单凭人的力量如何能造出如此可怕的东西来，也很难想象居然还有人类栖居其中并在那里生儿育女，繁殖人类。&　　这些房屋如此丑陋，难道是因为该河谷地区住满了一些愚蠢迟钝、麻木不仁、毫无爱美之心的外国蛮子吗?若果然如此，为什么那些外国蛮子却并没有在自己的故土上造出这样丑恶的东西来呢?事实上，在欧洲绝对找不到这种丑恶的东西——英国的某些破败的地区也许例外。整个欧洲大陆很难找到一个丑陋的村落。欧洲那儿的农民，不论怎么穷，都会想方设法将自己的居室修造得美观雅致，即使在西班牙也是如此。而在美国的乡村和小城镇里，人们千方百计地追求的目标是丑陋，尤其在那个威斯特摩兰河谷地区，人们对丑的追求已达到狂热的程度。如果说单凭愚昧无知就能造就这样令人毛骨悚然的杰作，那是无法让人信服的。&　　美国某些阶层的人们当中似乎的的确确存在着一种爱丑之欲，如同在另一些不那么虔信基督教的阶层当中存在着一种爱美之心一样。那些把一般美国中下层家庭的住宅打扮得像丑八怪的糊墙纸决不能归咎于选购者的疏忽大意，也不能归咎于制造商的鄙俗的幽默感。那些糊墙纸上的丑陋图案显然真正能使具有某种心理的人觉得赏心悦目。它们以某种莫名其妙的方式满足了这种人的某种晦涩难解的心理需要。人们对这类丑陋图案的欣赏，就同某些人对教条主义神学和埃德加·A格斯特的诗歌的迷恋一样，既不可思议，又让人习以为常。&　　因此，我相信(尽管坦白地说，我不敢绝对肯定)，威斯特摩兰县绝大多数正直诚实的人，尤其是其中的那些百分之百的美国人，确实很欣赏他们居住的房屋并为之感到自豪。虽然他们可以用同样多的建筑成本造出好得多的房屋，他们却宁愿要他们现有的那种丑陋不堪的房屋。可以肯定地说，海外战争退伍军人组织总部将自己的旗帜插在那样一幢丑陋的大楼上绝对不是出于无奈，因为铁路沿线多的是闲置未用的建筑，而且许多建筑都比他们那幢大楼要好得多。他们如果愿意的话，也完全可以自己建造一幢像样一些的大楼。然而，他们却眼睁睁地选择了那幢用护墙板造起来的丑陋的大楼，而且选定之后，还要让它发展演变成现在这副破烂相。他们喜欢的就是这种丑怪样子，如果有人在那附近竖起一座像希腊巴特农神殿那样的漂亮建筑，他们一定会感到恼火。前面提到的那个形如捕鼠器的钢架运动场的设计建造者们也是这样有意地作了一个深思熟虑的选择。在费尽心血，辛辛苦苦地设计并建成那个运动场之后，又想进一步美化完善它，于是便在建筑平项上加造一间极不协调的小棚屋，并涂上鲜艳夺目的黄色油漆。这样造成的效果是使该建筑看起来就像一个肥胖的女人面上带着一只被打肿发青的眼圈，也可以说像一位长老会牧师面上突然露出勉强的笑容的模样。但他们喜欢的就是这种模样。&　　这里涉及到一个心理学家迄今未加重视的问题，即为了丑本身的价值而爱丑(非因其他利益驱动而爱丑)，急欲将世界打扮得丑不可耐的变态心理。这种心理的孳生地就是美国。从美国这个大熔炉中产生出了一个新的种族，他们像仇视真理一样地仇视美。这种变态心理的产生根源值得进行更多的研究，它的背后一定隐藏着某些原因，其产生和发展肯定受到某些生物学规律的制约，而不能简单地看成是出于上帝的安排。那么，这些规律的具体内容究竟是什么呢?为什么它们在美国比在其他任何地方更为盛行?这个问题还是让某位像德国大学的无薪教师那样正直的社会病理学家去研究吧。 &(摘自卡罗琳什罗迪斯，克里福德A约瑟夫逊，詹姆斯R威尔逊编《修辞读物》) &课文练习EXERCISES 7 Ⅰ .Write a short note on H. L. Mencken.　[SRB] 　1. The Author's and Writer’s Who's Who　2. The Oxford Companion to American Literature&Ⅱ .Questions on content: 　1. What activity is the writer referring to in his phrase 'its most lucrative and characteristic activity'? (para 1) 　 2. What 'aspiration' of man is reduced to a depressing joke by the ugliness the writer sees in this region? 　3. What kind of houses cover the hillsides? What kind of houses does the writer suggest for this region? 　4. What does Mencken say about the color of these houses? 　5. Was the valley full of foreigners? (para 6) 　6. Does Mencken believe that these people built such ugly houses because they were just ignorant? What is his explanation for the ugliness in America? 　7. Is the writer serious in his suggestions for research in psychology and pathological sociology in his final paragraph? &Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation: 　1. Why does Mencken use the uncommon word libido in his title? 　2. How is para 1 developed? What effect does the powerful contrast in the last two sentences of para 1 have on the reader? 　3. Why does Mencken refer to other towns and villages in America (para 5), to the villages of Europe (para 6) and to the Parthenon (para 8)? 　4. Besides attacking the ugliness of Westmoreland, what else does Mencken attack in this essay? 　5. Is the satirical power of Mencken's attack simply a result of his choice of words, of his diction? Is his scathing tone also achieved through structure and image? Cite examples. 　6. Are all the similes, metaphors and hyperboles used appropriately and effectively in this essay? 　7. Does Mencken achieve or defeat his own purpose by using so many striking metaphors and hyperboles? &IV. Paraphrase: 　1. boy and man, I had been through it often before (para 1) 　2. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.(para 1) 　3. it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke (para 1 ) 　4. The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. (para 3) 　5. They have taken as their model a brick set on end. (para 3) 　6. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow, low-pitched roof. (para 3) 　7. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (para 4) 　8. Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity. ( para 4) 　9. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. (para 5) 　10. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. (para5) 　11. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. (para 6) 　12. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libido for the ugly (para 7) 　13. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. (para 7) 　14. they made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it (para 8) 　15. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. (para 9) &Ⅴ. Translate paras 1 and 2 into Chinese. &Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words: 　1. coming out of Pittsburgh on one of the expresses of the Pennsylvania Railroad (para 1 ) 　2. I rolled eastward for an hour (para 1) 　3. the sheer revolting monstrousness (para 2) 　4. somewhere further down the line (para 2) 　5. from the Pittsburgh suburbs to the Greensburg yards (para 2) 　6. they are streaked in grime (para 3) 　7. and it is still sightly (para 4) 　8. Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy, Godforsaken villages (para 5) 　9. save perhaps in the more putrid parts of England (para 6) 　10. it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion (para 6) 　11. the pull is always toward ugliness (para 6) 　12. On certain levels of the American race (para 7) 　13. It is impossible to put down the wallpaper . .. to mere inadvertence (para 7) 　14. by putting a completely impossible penthouse (para 8) &Ⅶ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms: 　1. dirt, filth, soot, grime　2. libido, passion, love, lust&Ⅷ. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word hideous (meaning ' ugly' ). Give words of the same part of speech. &Ⅸ. Give ten antonymous and/or contrasted words of the word ugliness. Give words of the same part of speech. &X .Study the suffixes of the following adjectives and list 5 - 10 examples of each: 　1. lucrative　　　　　　　　　　　　　5. swinish　2. characteristic　　　　　　　　　　　6. biological　3. horrible　　　　　　　　　　　　　7. loathsome　4. ghastly　　　　　　　　　　　　　 8. hideous　[SRB] 　1 .Walker' s Rhyming Dictionary　2. any book on lexicology or word building&Ⅺ. Pick out from the text all the words or phrases that are used to describe ugliness. &Ⅻ. Replace the italicized words with simple, everday words or expressions: 　1. Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity ( ) 　2. and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats ( ) 　3. What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness ( ) 　4. there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye ( ) 　5. And the whole they have set upon thin, preposterous brick piers. ( ) 　6. Not a fifth of them are perpendicular. ( ) 　7. They lean this way and that, hanging on to their bases precariously. ( ) 　8. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. ( ) 　9. It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. ( ) 　10 Are they so frightful because the valley is full of foreigners--dull, insensate brutes, with no love of beauty in them? ( ) 　11. Then why didn't these foreigners set up similar abominations in the countries that they came from? ( ) 　12. It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home of the lower middle class to mere inadvertence, or to the obscene humor of the manufacturers. ( ) ( ) 　13.Certainly there was no pressure upon the Veterans of Foreign Wars to choose the dreadful edifice that bears their banner ( ) 　14.The etiology of this madness deserves a great deal more study than it has got. ( ) &XIII. In this essay, the author uses many metaphors and similes to describe the ugliness of Westmoreland county. Comment on the appropriateness of some of them. XIV. This essay abounds in hyperboles. Comment on the effectiveness of some of them&XV. The tone of the essay is extremely sarcastic. Try to point out the places where sarcasm, ridicule or irony is employed. &XVI. Read the following paragraphs and prepare to discuss: 1 ) What is the topic sentence of the paragraph? 2) In what pattern are the specific details arranged? 　1. The &Band Wagon& is a device to make us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandist's program en masse. Here his theme is& &Everybody's doing it. & His techniques range from those of the medicine show to dramatic spectacle. He hires a hall, fills a great stadium, marches a million men in parade. He employs symbols, colors, music, movement, all the dramatic arts. He appeals to the desire, common to most of us, to &follow the crowd.& Because he wants us to &follow the crowd& in masses, he directs his appeal to groups held together by common ties of nationality, religion, race, environment, sex, vocation. Thus progagandists campaigning for or against a program will appeal to us as Catholics, Protestants, or J as members of the Nordic race or as N as farmers o as housewives or as miners. All the artifices of flattery are used to harness the fears and hatreds, prejudices and biases, convictions and ideals thus emotion is made to push and pull the group on to the Band Wagon. In newspaper article and in the spoken word this device is also found. &Don' t throw your vote away. Vote for our candidate. He's sure to win.& Nearly every candidate wins in every election--be- fore the votes are in. 　2. If you pick twenty adults at random, the odds are that fifteen of them drink moderately, two are problem drinkers and one is a desperate alcoholic. Two who use alcohol are also using marijuana, a couple are taking tranquilizers on doctors' orders and one or two have been popping barbiturates to relieve insomnia and are perilously close to addiction. Three or four have taken amphetamines to stay awake or to lose weight and nearly all of them drink caffeine, another stimulant. Ten or twelve of this group of twenty continue to smoke tobacco even after the medical hazards of that habit have been amply documented. One has probably taken acid or mescaline. The children of some have sniffed glue or carbon tet for kicks (thereby risking brain and liver damage), more smoke pot and some have had an LSD trip. The drug culture, as the newspapers call it, doesn't jus everyone's in it together. &ⅩⅦ. Topics for oral work: 　1. Discuss Mencken' s style--its strong points, its weakpoints. 　2. Comment on Mencken's statement: &Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. &&ⅩⅦ. Write a satirical attack on ugliness, describing: 　1. women' s (or men' s) clothing styles　2. any city or village&&习题全解I.　Henry Louis Mencken () was the first American to be widely read as a critic. He was born in Baltimore, Md. , on Sept. 12, 1880, and privately educated there. After graduating from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute at the age of 16, he became a reporter on the Baltimore Herald. He rose repidly, soon he was the Herald's city editor and then edi tor. In 1906 Mencken joined the organization known as the Sunpaper, which he served in a variety of ways until his re- tirement. Mencken' s journalistic skill became his chief hand- icap as a critic. He had also carried out a fruitful study of the American Language, with some comprehensive works pub- lished in this field. By the time of his death on Jan. 29, 1956, in his beloved Baltimore, recognition of his service to the language was everywhere admitted. 　1. The writer is referring to industrial production which is the most lucrative and characteristic activity in the United States. 　2. All the noble aspirations of a man for a better, fuller and more beautiful life here on earth. 　3. All the houses were ugly. The houses look like bricks set on end. They were made of clapboards, with narrow, low- pitched roofs. And the whole house is set upon thin brick piers. All the houses are streaked with grime and many of them are not even perpendicular but they lean this way and that. The writer suggests a chalet-type house for the hill sides. A chalet with high-pitched roof, to throw off theheavy winter snows, but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall. 　4, According to the writer, the house has the most loathsome color. The color of a fried egg when and after some time they take on the color of uremic yellow. 　5. Strictly speaking, no. Most of them were most probably U.S. citizens of European origin, with perhaps a few re- cent immigrants from Europe. 　6. Mencken doesnI t believe that mere ignorance was the rea son for such ugliness. He believes on certain levels of the American race, there seems to be a great passion for the ugly. Ugliness seems to give some sort of satisfaction to this type of mind. Mencken, however, doesnf t understand they have such tastes. 　7. No. he is only implying in a sarcastic tone, that he does- n~t understand why so many Americans seem to love ugli ness for its own sake. He doesn~ t understand the psycholo gy of these people who lust to make the world intolerable. He thinks these people have a diseased mind. 　1. Mencken deliberately uses the word &libido&, a specialterm in psychoanalysis, in his title to create the impres sion that his description and analysis has some scientific foundation. 　2. Paragraph 1 is developed by contrasting the great wealth of this region to the abominable human habitations seen everywhere. The last two sentences bring home to readers that ugliness is not due to poverty, but to something in- nate in the American character--a love of ugliness for its own sake, or, as the title says, the libido for the ugly. 　3. Meneken refers to other towns and villages in America, to the villages of Europe and to the Parthenon in order to em- phasize the ugliness of Westmoreland County. He means to say Westmoreland is the ugliest spot on earth and the United States as a whole is uglier than Europe. 　4. The author also attacks the whole American raee　a race that loves ugliness for its own sake, that lusts to make t a race which hates beauty as it hates truth (see the text, para. 9) 　5. The satirical power of the authorr s attack in this essay is not only a result of his choice of words, of his diction, but also his masterly employment of the various rhetoric means such as metaphors, similes, hyperboles and so on. Examples may be referred to the answers to Exs. XIII, XIV,XV. 　6. So far as the point which the author wanted to make is concerned, all the metaphors, similes and hyperboles are used appropriately and effectively. 　7. As a rule, an excessive use of strong language in writing tends to be self-defeating. Mencken uses a lot of hyper boles to exaggerate and also makes abundant use of sar casm, ridicule and irony to taunt the jeer in the essay. It may lead the average reader to doubt the objectivity and fairness or even the honesty of the writer. He may feel the writer perhaps has a special axe to grind and lose interest in what he has to say. So one might say Mencken employs all the force of diction, structure and figures only to batter his readers into insensitivity. &IV. 　1. As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region. 　2. But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was. 　3. This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advanceand improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke. 　4. The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region. 　5. The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built iooked like bricks standing upright. 　6. These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope. 　7. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 　8. Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye. 　9. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying. 　10. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself. 　11. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like. 　12. People in certain strata of American society seem definite- ly to hung while in other less Chris- tian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 　13. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot un- derstand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind. 　14. They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 　15. From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．&V．See the translation of the text．&Ⅵ．　1．express：a fast，direct train。Making few stops　2．roll：travel in a wheeled vehicle(here an express train) 　3．revolting：disgusting　4.line：railway line 　5．yard：a railway center where trains are made up，serviced， switched from track to track。etc．　6．streak：mark with streaks(a line or long，thin mark)　7．sightly：pleasant to the sight　8．pullman：a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into berths for sleeping．It is so—called after the U．S．inventor，George。M．Pullman(1831— 1897)．　9．save：except。but　10．yield：surrender，give into border upon：be like，almost be 　11．pull：drawing force．appeal　12．1evel：position。elevation，or rank considered as one of the planes in a scale of values　13．put down(to)：attribute(to) 　14．impossible：not capable of being endured，used。agreed to，etc．，be}