主语补足语_百度百科
主语补足语
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对于主语补足语，语法家们各有不同的看法。有的把后面的部分称作主语补足语；有的又把后的补足语称作，与被动语态一起称作。如果把带有宾语补足语的句子变成，原来补充说明宾语的部分就变成补充说明主语了。
中的，可以转化为中的主语补足语。
eg. They caught the boy stealing. （stealing 作为宾语补足语）
转化为被动语态The boy was caught stealing. （stealing转化为主语补足语）
被动语态的主语补足语与的是密切相关的。例如：
(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.
(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday.
句（1）中的含义不是我看见他，而是我看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。所以叫宾语补足语。
句（2）中的含义也不是他被看，而是别人看见他正在打篮球。这里的playing basketball是主语he的补足语，故称作主语补足语。主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语。所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是，是可以接（宾语+）的。句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。
1. 动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词用作主语补足语。例如：
① The dog is called Karl.
② Coal is sometimes called stored-up sunlight.
③ He was found the right man for the job.
2. 动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。例如：
① The door was painted white.
② The old man was found weak.
③ The classroom is always kept clean every day.
3. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接用作主语补足语。例如：
① He is often heard reading English.
② The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab.
③ The glass was found broken.
④ The classroom was found crowded with people.
4.see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的用作主语补足语。例如：
① He was seen to come upstairs.
② Ice is known to be in a solid state.
③ The spy was ordered to be hanged.
5.用作主语补足语。例如：
① The books in the study must be kept in good order.
② He was found in good health.
③ English is considered of great importance for us.
6. as后面接名词、形容词、等用作主语补足语。例如：
① English is taken as a useful means for research work.
② The news is considered as true.
③ The stool is usually thought as having four legs
④ The vase is thought as broken.
7. 由what引导的用作主语补足语。例如：
The boy has been made what he is.
1.看句中的动词是不是可接，而且是不是，与此同时还要看其后部分的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语。
2. 另一种最简单的方法是：如果还不能看出来就可以把全句改成，加上一个主语we或people等。改成主动语态后，看后面是不是变成了“宾语+”了，这样我们就可以判别原句后面是不是主语补足语。例如：
：She was found reading in the library. (主语补足语)
主动句：We found her reading in the library. (宾语+宾语补足语)
一、的用法：
1.的被动语态构成：is / am / are +的
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.的被动语态构成：was / were +及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.的构成：has / have + been +的
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.的被动语态构成：will+ be +及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有的构成：情态动词+ be +的
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.的构成：am / is / are + being +的
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.的被动语态：to + be +及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read.
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、 怎样把改成?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→The door must be locked when you leave.
三、 使用应注意的几个问题：
1.无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.或使用省略to的，中不带to ，但变为时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接的动词改为时，(物)作主语，那么动词后要用，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些用于时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或。
We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.&/CA&
系动词连接了主语和。这种结构中的补语是说明主语性状的，所以称为主语补足语。作为的一类，具有本身的意义，但是在起到桥梁作用的同时，有些系动词会保持本身具有的意义，有些意义则会减弱或消失。例如：
1. I tasted the soup. ( taste 为，意思为“品尝”。)
2. The soup tastes wonderful. (taste 为系动词，意思为“尝起来，吃起来”，意思基本未变。)
3. He went to the cinema yesterday evening. ( go 是，意思为“去，走”。)
4. At the news, he went mad. (go为，失去了“go”的原义，意为“变得”。)
另外，英语中还有一定数量的不及物动词，完全保留了本身的词汇意义，同时又发挥着系动词的功能。它们与主语补足成分连用，所以这类词被称为“准系动词”(quasi-linking verb or half-linking verb)。用于“S+Vi+Cs”(S代表主语，Vi代表不及物动词，Cs代表主语补足语)这一句式的动词都属于这种用法。有时，主语补足语不紧跟系动词，有可能被其它成分隔开。以“go”为例：
5. At twenty-four, Tom went half-bald. ( go 为，失去原义。)
6. After midnight, Tom went home bored.( go 为准系动词，保留原义，但同时又连接主语“Tom”和主补“bored”，“home”为，表示。)
用于这一句式的可以为各种形式，如名词词组(NP)，形容词词组(AP)，词组(Pr.P)，和短语(PP)等。现举例如下：
Type1: S + Vi +Cs (NP)
7. We parted the best friends.
= We were the best friends when we parted.
8. I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief.
= I am the representative of a family in grief when I stand before you today.
类似的动词包括： come (back), die, fall, go, leave 等。
Type2: S + Vi +Cs (AP)
9. They were born poor, lived poor, and poor they died.
= They were poor they were
they were poor when they died.
10. She married young.
= She was young when she married.
11. The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night.
= When the morning dawned after the storm at night, it was fresh and clear.
类似的动词包括：arrive, come (back), dawn, fall, leave, lie, marry, return, sit, stand, turn out 等。
Type3: S + Vi +Cs (Pr.P)
12. The parcel arrived in good condition.
= When the parcel arrived, it was in good condition.
13. They separated with feelings alienation.
= They had feelings alienation when they separated.
类似的动词包括：come, die, fall, go, leave, lie, part, return, sit, stand等。
Type4: S + Vi +Cs (P.P)
14. They stood listening to him.
= They stood while they were listening to him.
15. He came home convinced that she was telling the truth.
= He came home and he was convinced that she was telling the truth.
类似的动词包括：arrive, die, fall, go, leave, lie, return, sit 等。被动语态用法被动语态是怎么用的？？又是什么意思 讲解一下 思路好乱 觉得好难_百度作业帮
被动语态用法被动语态是怎么用的？？又是什么意思 讲解一下 思路好乱 觉得好难
被动语态用法被动语态是怎么用的？？又是什么意思 讲解一下 思路好乱 觉得好难
语态有 主动被动两种 be done 解释为 被... 就是被动语态啊
英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。　　一、被动语态的用法：　　1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词　　Our classroom is cleaned everyda...sell什么时候用被动语态,什么时候不用
sell什么时候用被动语态,什么时候不用
当sell表示某种东西的自然属性和特点时，一般用主动，即用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如，他的书卖得好： His book sells well.
类似的动词还有很多，read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等
它们常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。
My pen writes smoothly. 我的笔很好写。
The play reads more easily than acts.
这剧本易读不易演。
umbrellas sell best 中的sell
为什么不用被动语态
这种语法现象在英语中被称为主动表被动，关于主动表被动的现象还有以下一些情况，此题属于以下第七种情况。
在英语学习中，有许多地方用主动表被动
1、 Need, want, require（要求，需要）, deserve(应得，值得), be worth值得），not
bear(经不住) 后面接doing主动表被动。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
The old building requires repairing. 这座古建筑需要修了。
These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be
looked after) carefully.这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。
Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut).你的头发该剪了。
2、不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。
I have much work to do. 我有许多要做的事情。（与work有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）
Tom is looking for a room to live in. Tom在找一间住的房间。（与room有动宾关系，与Tom
有主谓关系）
He has a family to support.他要维持一个家庭。（与family有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系）
3、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，结构：主语+系动词+形容词 + 不定式；
动词+宾语+形容词+不定式。如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义，如
difficult, easy, comfortable(舒适的), convenient（便利的，方便的), hard,
cheap, expensive, 等，不定式用主动表被动。
The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
The work is easy to do. 这项工作很好做。
I found the car comfortable to ride in. 我觉得这种车很好坐。
That makes poetry difficult to write. 那就使得诗很难写。
4、在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。下列动词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
这场火灾应由谁负责?
You are to blame for the accident. 你应为这事受动责备。
The house is to let.此房出租。
A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。
5、系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是),
feel(摸上去感到), look(看起来)，smell(闻起来)等,例如:
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来很合理。
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口。
6、一些与can''t(不能)或won''t(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) ,
open(打开), act(上演),
write(写)，cut(砍，切)，wear(穿，戴)等,用作不及物动词时，用主动表被动。例如:
The door won''t open.这门打不开。
It can''t move.它不能动。
7、一些动词如sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧),
cook(煮)等与副词如well(好), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用
,描会事物的特性，用主动表被动，结构是主语+动词+加副词。例如:
The book sells well.这种书很畅销。
These clothes wash easily.这些衣服很易洗。
The pen writes well. 这笔很好写。
8、主语much, a great deal, little, what等，其表语如是不定式，则用不定式的主动表被动。
What is to do? 做什么？
Much is to do. 太多要做的事。
9、在“there be”句型中作主语的定语如果现在分词时，所用的现在分词要用主动表被动意义。
There is nothing doing these days. 这些天没事干。
I see there’s a good idea planning. 我知道又在打好主意。
Exercises: choose the best choice.
1. There are many good films played by ChengLong that are worth
A. to be seen B. being seen C. seeing D. to see
2. The food _____ easily and sells _____.
A. well B. good C. well D.
3. The windows of the building can’t _____.,
A. be closed B. close C. be closing D. closed
Key: 1-3 CAB
分享给friends吧
你说伞是自己销售出去的还是被别人销售出去的? 如果有人去销售他
那就用被动,但现在没人销售,他只是一个客观的陈述.&&
这句是一句简单的陈述句 不需要用
sell 作卖出，销售讲的时候，可以是不及物动词，主语可以为物。
此处的sell正是不及物动词用法，所以不用被动语态。
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以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。不及物动词是什么意思,为什么不能用被动语态?_百度作业帮
不及物动词是什么意思,为什么不能用被动语态?
不及物动词是什么意思,为什么不能用被动语态?
不及物动词就是不能直接带宾语,像swim,jump,没宾语.而被动语态是把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语.既然没有宾语,怎么变被动.watch TV,TV是宾语,才能TV is watched
不及物动词是后面不能直接加名词的动词非谓语动词的三种形式分别用于什么情况，分别可以表示什么意思（被动什么的）？ - 同桌100学习网
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在线解答时间：早上8:00-晚上22:30周六、日照常
非谓语动词的三种形式分别用于什么情况，分别可以表示什么意思（被动什么的）？
非谓语动词的三种形式分别用于什么情况，分别可以表示什么意思（被动什么的）？
提问者：haiyifan100
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在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
时态\语态　主动　被动　
一般式　to do　to be done
完成式　to have done　to have been done
时态\语态　主动　被动　
一般式　doing　being done
完成式　having done　having been done
时态\语态　主动　被动　
一般式　doing　being done
完成式　having done　having been done　
否定形式：not +不定式，　not + 动名词，　not + 现在分词
回答者：teacher077
非谓语动词一般有三种形式:动词不定式形式、动词ing形式和动词-ed形式。
回答者：teacher056
下面选取2010年各省市英语高考题中有关非谓语动词的一些试题,说明非谓语动词三种形式的区别。
　　一、非谓语动词作状语
　　动词ing作状语和动词-ed作状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰主语的主动与被动关系的不同。
　　(1)(2010年安徽卷)He had a wonderful childhood,____________with his mother to all corners of the world
　　A　travel
　　B　to travel
　　C　travelled
　　D　travelling
　　解析D。句意:和他妈妈一起周游世界,让他拥有了一个精彩的童年。和母亲旅行是“he”主动执行的动作,逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间没有被动关系,故不选C而选D。
　　(2)(2010年陕西卷)——from the top of the tower,the south foot of the mountain isa sea oftrees.
　　A　Seen
　　B　Seeing
　　C　Having seen
　　D　To see
　　解析A。句意:从塔顶看去,南边山脚下是一片树的海洋。动词ed作状语时,表示的是逻辑主语所承受的动作,即逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间有被动关系。由于“the south footof the mountain”只能是被看,故选A。
　　动词不定式也可以作状语,通常表示目的和结果,易与动词ing形式混淆,请注意区别。
　　(3)(2010年全国卷)With Father’s Day around the corner,I have taken some money outm the bank——presents for my dad.
　　A　buy
　　B　to buy
　　C　buying
　　D　to have bought
　　解析B。句意:父亲节即将到来,我从银行取出来点钱为父亲买礼物。“I”到银行取钱的目的是为父亲买礼物。这里需要用动词不定式来表示目的,故选B。
　　(4)(2010年全国卷)The lawyer listened with full attention,——to miss any point.
　　A　not trying
　　B　trying not
　　C　to try not
　　D　not to try
　　解析B。句意:律师全神贯注地听着,确保不错过任何一个细节。,动词ing形式充当伴随状语。此题很容易误认为律师专心听讲的目的是不错过细节,因而误选C。关键之处在于空格前面有一逗号,动词不定式作状语的时候前面不能有逗号,故选B。
　　(5)(2010年湖南卷)Dina,——for months to find a job as a waitress,finally took aposition at a local advertising agency.
　　A　struggling
　　B　struggled
　　C　having struggled
　　D　to struggle
　　解析C。句意:狄娜努力了好几个月想找到一份服务员的工作,最终却在一家当地广告代理公司找到一个职位。动词ing形式作时间状语一般放在句首,表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生,但如果该动作发生在谓语动词之前,则需用完成式形式,即having done。南题意可以看出前后两句中的动词在时间上存在先后顺序,寻找工作肯定发生在“took aposition”之前,而且句中的“for months”也暗示了动作的先后顺序,故选C。
　　二、非谓语动词作定语
　　各种形式非谓语动词作定语的区别主要表现在时态上,不定式作定语通常指未做的动作,动词ing作定语指正在进行的动作,过去分词作定语表示被动关系。
　　(1)(2010年全国卷)Ms White showed her students some old maps___________from the library.
　　A　to borrow
　　B　to be borrowed
　　C　borrowed
　　D　borrowing
　　解析C。句意:怀特女士向她的学生展示了一些从图书馆借来的老地图。“old maps”与“borrow”存在被动关系,B项虽然也有被动的意思,但不定式表示未做的动作,不合题意,故选C。
　　(2)(2010年重庆卷)Many buildings in the city need repairing,but the one__________firstis the library.
　　A　repaired
　　B　being repaired
　　C　repairing
　　D　to be repaired
　　解析D。句意:城市里许多建筑都需要修理,但最需要修理的是图书馆。动作尚未做,因此用不定式,同时从主语中知道“the one”与“repair”之间存在被动关系,故选D。
　　三、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
　　动词-ing和不定式作宾语补足语表示它与宾语之间是主动关系,用动词-ed作宾语补足语表示它与宾语之间是被动关系。
　　(2010年上海卷)Lucy has a great sense ofhumour and always keeps her colleague_______________with her stories.
　　A　amused
　　B　amusing
　　C　to amuse
　　D　to be amused
　　解析A。句意:露西很幽默,她经常用她的故事让她的同事快乐不已。题中的“keepsb doing/done”是我们常见的固定句式,我们从句中可以看出“her colleagues”是被她的“stories”逗乐的,故选A。
回答者：teacher056
简单点讲：
不定式to do：将来 被动（不定式主动代替被动，表示即将要做的事）
eg.With the work to do,I don't know if I have the time to have a picnic tomorrow.
现在分词doing:正在 主动（表示动作正在进行，主动语态）
eg.Don't leave the water running when you wash your face.
过去分词done：完成 被动（表示动作已经完成结束，被动语态）
eg.With the work done,I went out.
回答者：teacher084
动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。　　
　不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。不定式复合结构为“介词＋sb.(sth.)＋to do”，其中“介词＋sb.(sth.)”表明不定式动作的发出者，为逻辑主语。　　1. 不定式的用法：
　　(1)作主语。不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。　
　It is our duty to give as much help as possible. 提供尽可能多的帮助是我们的职责。　
　但不定式作表语时，前面有不定式作主语，不定式不可位于句末。　
　To see is to believe. 眼见为实。　　
(2)作宾语。常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词(组)有want, wish, hope, expect, would like (love),care, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up one’s mind, be determined, manage, try, can’t afford, fail, pretend等。　　①He promised to come today, but he hasn’t turned up yet .　
　他许诺说今天来，但他到现在还没有出现。
　　②No one likes to be laughed at. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。　　
有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用it 来作形式宾语。
如：　You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time. 　　
你会发现有必要提前完成工作。　
　(3)作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等。　
　The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。　　
孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。　　
感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词，
如have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号to。但在被动语态中to 要加上。　
　Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.　
　尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹，今天却被妹妹弄哭了。
　　help后的不定式作宾补(包括作宾语)to 可有可无。　　
(4)作表语。　
　My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。　
draw a picture for the house.(不定式作表语)　　
我下一个计划是为这座房子画一幅图。　
　②We are to meet at the school gate at six .(be to do表示安排)　
　我们约好六点在学校门口见面。　　
(5)作定语　　
①表示将来的动作。
　　The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.。
　　下周将要举行的会议极为重要。
　　② 用在固定搭配中。　
　I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son?　
　我明天要去上海，你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？　　
(send的动作发出者并非you,因此不定式用被动语态)　
　作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，然而动词又为不及物动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词词组。
　　Will you find me a pen to write with?
你能给我找一支写字的笔吗?　
　不定式所修饰的词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。　
　Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem?　　
你认为这是解决问题的最好方式吗？　　
(6) 状语。表示目的、原因、结果。　
　①They ran over to welcome the guests. 他们跑过去欢迎客人。(目的)　
　②The child is too young to go to school. 孩子太小不能去上学。(结果)　
　③We were excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们激动了。(原因)　　
不定式的时态与语态　　
不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式，既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态。形成to do, to be done, to be doing，to have done, to have been done形式。　
　(1)不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时) 发生，或是在它之后发生。　　
I’m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.　　
我很遗憾告诉你这次是你错了。　
　(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行， 这时不定式就要用进行式。　
　I am very glad to be talking with you. 我很高兴与你交谈。　
　(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。　
　I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 对不起，让你久等了。　　
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时， 不定式要用被动语态。
　　He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
他要求去农村工作。　
　动名词　
　动名词由“动词＋ing”构成；具有动词和名词的性质，可以有宾语或状语； 可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。　
　1. 动名词的作用　　
(1)作主语。
　　动名词短语作主语时，为了使句子平衡，常将动名词短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。　　
It is useless arguing with him about such a matter. 跟他争论这样的事情是没用的。　　
动名词和不定式都可作主语，在许多情况下可以通用，但动名词作主语多表示一般或抽象或多次的行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。　　
在 It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless后人们习惯上用动名词。　
　(2)作宾语　
下列动词(组)只能接动名词作宾语　　
admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, pardon, permit, practise, suggest, require, be (get) used to(习惯于...), cant’t help(禁不住), feel like, set about, stick to, keep on, look forward to, devote oneself to, insist on, pay attention to, be worth, give up, put off。
　　下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义区别不大：　
　begin, start, love, continue, hate, prefer。
　　下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义不同，在平时学习中应特别注意。　
　forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, go on, can't help。 　
　下列动词后跟动名词主动语态，不定式被动语态作宾语表示被动。　
　need, want, require。如：　
　These clothes need mending (to be mended).　
　(3) 作表语　
　动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，当表示下一步打算时多用不定式作表语。
　　①My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你英语。　
　②Her next step is to get as much money as she could to build the factory.　
　她下一步是获取尽可能多的资金建造工厂。　
　(4)作定语　
　动名词作定语表示用途，而不是正在进行着的动作。
　　He is now in the sleeping car. 他现在在房车里。　
　2. 动名词的复合结构　
　动名词的复合结构指在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格。物主代词或名词所有格表明动名词动作的发出者。　　
His coming late made the teacher angry. 他的迟到让老师生气。
　　动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，物主代词或名词所有格可以变为人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，但复合结构作主语时不变任何变化。
　　He entered the room without anyone noticing him.
　　他进入房间，没有人察觉到他。　
　Li Ming’s smoking ( 不可用Li Ming smoking) in the classroom surprised us.　
李明在教室里吸烟让我们很吃惊。　
　3. 动名词的时态与语态　
动名词的时态分为一般式和完成式两种形式。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则运用完成式；如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，用一般式。　　I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.　
　对不起，我没有遵守诺言。　
　若动名词与其逻辑主语有被动关系，则运用被动语态形式。
( 但有些动词后运用主动形式表达被动概念，除上述动词外，be worth后也跟动名词主动形式表达被动概念)。
　　He entered the room without being noticed.　
　他进入房间而没被察觉。　　
　　分词分为现在分词和过去分词。　
　1. 区别　　
1)现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
　　①The man standing by the window is our teacher.　
　②The house built last year has become our lab.　　
(2)现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人……的”；
过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动，意为“感到……的”。　
　the exciting news 激动人心的消息。(令人兴奋的消息)　　
the excited look 激动的表情。　
(3) 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作，过去分词表达完成的动作。(这一类动词主要为不及物动词)　
　①Electricity lines as well as telephone poles were brought down by falling trees or branches.　
　②The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and... .　
　2.分词的时态和语态　　过去分词表示被动或完成的动作，因而没有完成式和被动语态。　
　现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式， 有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，形成doing, having done, having been done的形式。　
　3. 分词的用法　　
(1)作定语　
　单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面。　
　①The question being discussed is important to us.
　　②The excited people rushed into the building.　　
(2)作状语　
　分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、伴随状况等。　
　①Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. (时间)　　
②Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)　
　③They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.(结果)　　
不定式也可以作结果状语，然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果，而现在分词表达意料之中的结果。　
　①She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before.　　她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。　
　②They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station when they got there.　
　那天他们很早就起床了，到了车站却发现那里空无一人。　
　(3)作表语　　
①The news is inspiring. 这消息令人鼓舞。
　　②The window is broken. 窗户破了。　
　(4)作宾补　
①We had the fire burning all day. 我们让这火整天烧着。　　
②I’m afraid I can't make myself understood when I speak English.　
　我担心当我说英语是别人听不懂。　
　不定式被动语态、现在分词被动语态、过去分词表示被动应该注意的几个问题。　　
1. 不定式的被动语态作状语时多表达目的，相当于in order to be done, 而过去分词则表示原因、条件、伴随等;现在分词被动语态的完成式强调分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。　
　①In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the animals will try their best to please the trainer.　
　在马戏团里，当驯兽完成它们的把戏，会得到一些食物。若要得到更多食物，它们就要尽其所能来取悦驯兽师。
　(To be given...=In order to be given...,表示目的，此处不可用Given 或 Being given)
　　②Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came into the office.　
　男孩被问了一些很难的问题后，来到办公室里。　
　(Having been asked...=After he was asked..., 表示ask 的动作发生在come 之前)　
2. 不定式的被动语态作定语表达将来的动作， 过去分词作定语表达过去或完成的动作，现在分词被动语态的一般式表达一种正在进行的动作。　
　①The meeting to be held next week is about how we can deal with this problem.　
　下周要开的会是关于我们如何解决这个问题的。　
　(to be held=which is to be held, be to 在此表达将来)　
　②The book published last month sells well. 上月出版的那本书卖得很好。　
　( published = which was published, published不可用to be published或being published代替)　
　③The building being built now will be finished in ten days. 正在建筑的那栋楼，10天内完工。　　
(being built=which is being built, 表示正在进行的动作)
　　3. 作宾补时，若非谓语动词与其前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系， 表示感官的动词，
如 see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 及部分使役动词，
如：have, keep, get, let 等后跟过去分词作宾补；allow, advise，forbid, permit, want, order 等后跟不定式被动语态作宾补。　
　①The Emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him right away.　
　皇帝命令说立刻为他织那块布。　
　②When she got home, she found her windows broken.　
　当她回到家时，发现窗户破了。
回答者：teacher084
动词的现在分词便是正在进行的动作
动词的过去分词便是已经完成的动作
或表示被做
动词的不定式则表示将要完成的动作
回答者：teacher086}