ACTA PETROLEI SINICA
& &&|&&&&|&&&&|&&&&|&&&&|&&&&|&&&&|&&&&|&&&&|&&
ACTA PETROLEI SINICA
(Monthly, Started in
Responsible Institution
China Association for Science and Technology
Chinese Petroleum Society
Editor and Publisher
Editorial Office of ACTA PETROLEI SINICA
Editor-in-Chief
Zhao Zongju
Quick Search
JOURNAL OF Spatial Structures
1998,&Vol.19&Num.4
Petroleum Exploration
SELECTION OF FAVORABLE AREA OF EXPLORATION IN SINIAN BEARING GAS FORMATION OF SICHUAN BASIN
It is over thirty years since the large Weiyuan gas field was discovered in 1964.How to select better area for exploration and find out another large gas field in the Sinian of the gas formation if Sichuan Basin is a very interesting target.Using the theory of petroleum system,the differences of the basic petroleum geology and all the influencing factors between Weiyuan gas field and Ziyang gas bearing area were analyzed,and obtained that among the four geological factors of controlling the Sinian gas field the size of trap is the most important.Based on the above,the ideas of exploration and the standard of selecting favorable area in the Sinian gas bearing formation in the Sichuan Basin were put forward and the Panlongchang subtle trap were recommended as another potential Weiyuan like large gas field.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&1-7
Chen Anding
A STUDY ON DISTINGUISHING THE GENETIC OF OIL AND GAS BY SURFACE GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING
A new index used for oil gas geochemical prospecting,the source information,has been suggested based on the research on adsorption hydrocarbons in the cuttings of a well and in the surface soil samples from three oil gas fields which were made on Curie Point pyrolysis chromatograph with active carbon nickel wire.They are obtained by the following process:first,extracting the source finger print compounds or the characteristic compounds from various source rocks at a well's section,then searching above mentioned "finger print compounds" through the surface soils on some oil gas fields where the genetic type of oil gas is simple,and to sum all compounds grown and declined followed after these finger print compounds as a group of the surface respounding characteristic compounds i.e. source informations.Finally using the informations to draw the unusually distribution maps concerned with the surface geochemical prospecting. Take "Z" gas field in Shan Gan Ning Basin for example the unusually distribution maps of three origin of oil gas (Coal type gases originated form upper Paleozoic,oils originated form Triassic and sapropelic type gases originated form Ordovician) in this gas field have been drawn.Also the exploration proposal to extend "F" oil field have been put forward based on the geochemical prospecting. The significance indicating oil gas as using the Origin informations is very definite.Also we could infer age of oil bearing stratum,perhaps discover new oil bearing stratum and draw the unusually distribution of each origin of oil gas in the field existing several different origin of oil gas.Accordance between surface and subsurface for geochemical prospecting will be increa sing.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&8-15
Dai Junsheng
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PALEOGENE STRUCTURAL STYLES IN BOHAI GULF BASIN
Owing to the extension and strike slip action,there were five basic types of the structural styles during the Palaeogene in Bohai Gulf Basin.Non rotational graben,rotational half graben,rollover half graben and strike slip graben were major structural styles in Paleocene and early and middle Eocene.Rollover half graben,half graben and ramp sag were major in late Eocene and early Oligocene.Rollover half graben,half graben and ramp sag,strike slip graben were major in middle and late Oligocene.The evolution of the structural styles follows three orders including rotational half graben→rollover half graben→half graben and rap sag,non rotational graben→rollover half graben→half graben and ramp sag,and non rotational graben→strike slip graben.The orders with difference within each are controlled by the faults action in different areas.Later two orders take place along Tanlu fracture belt,Cangdong Lanliao fracture belt and Taihang east fracture belt which are three strike slip belts in the lithosphere.The first order occurs in two extensional areas between two strike slip belts.The evolution of structural styles have clo ser relations with the characters and distributions of the petroleum source rocks,the oil and gas pools,and the petroleum systems.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&16-20
Wang Zhixin
HYDRODYNAMICS OF COMPACTION DRIVEN FLOW IN THE DONGYING DEPRESSION
Compaction driven flow basins are believed as existing typical centrifugal flow regime of underground water.It is found that the pattern of compaction driven flow of ground water in this basin is quite different to an intracratonic basin,by studying the direction and velocity of compaction driven flow and the relationship between permeability of strata and drop of water potential,showing a profound influence on fault structures of hydrodynamic systems.It is especially pointed out that the lateral hydrodynamic gradient across a continuous acquifer is extremely low,and this conclusion will shed light on the detailed research of dri ving mechanisms of petroleum secondary migration in compaction driven flow basins.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&21-25
Li Chunhua
THE APPLICATION OF FRACTAL THEORY IN DESCRIPTION OF INTERWELL THIN RESERVOIRS
For the reason of complexity,the spatial geometry of thin sandstone can not be precisely described by seismic data as the limitation of its resolution,and random deposition can not be done by the method of classic linear mathematics.The analyses of a great quantity of depositional data in micro macroscope as well as well logging facies indicate that the sedimentation of horizons has its own fractal characteristic,thus the geologic model can consequentially be created through the statistical geologic data,under the constraint of the data of seismic and well logging,the spatial geometry of interwell thin sandstones can then be determined by the fractal interpolational algorithm.The non linear mathematic method has higher resolution and reliability,and further reduce the uncertainty in the description of thin sandstones.So that,it is of great significance in predicting the distribution and thickness of thin sandstone reservoirs.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&26-29
RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF THE EOGENE SYSTEM IN BOSHIZHUANG AREA
Thin layer sandstone prediction is a major problem in reservoir lateral description.In this paper,the structure,physical parameters,lateral variation of a reservoir could be accurately predicted by the technology of comprehensive constrained seismic inversion.This method greatly improved the resolution of the impedance profile and the reservoir prediction.It was used in the thin layer sandstone reservoir description of the Eogene System in Boshizhuang and was proved to be effective.Furthermore,the petroleum system of the Es2 and Es3 petroliferous layers in the Eogene System were analyzed,the favourable prospects for oil exploration were delineated out,such as XL10 Es2 fault structural nose oil reservoir,G103 Es2 lithologic structural oil reservoir,and G43 Es3 structural lithologic oil reservoir.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&30-34
GENERATION MODEL OF SOURCE ROCKS OF LOWER CRETACEOUS IN ERLIAN RIFT
The Erlian-rifts consist of over fifty fault-depressions. Under the same regional tectogenesis,each of the fault-depression has a similar evolutionary history and tectonic development.Independent sedimentary units were formed in them and can be identified easily. The potential HC resources and petroleum abundance of each fault-depressions is quit different. The nature of HC generation is systematically analyzed from the theory of the forming and evolution of rift basin. The pattern of oil generation in Lower Cretaceous is concluded,and the exploration direction in the Erlian rifts was indicated.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&35-40
A REMNANT PERMIAN REEF OIL POOL IN NINGMING,GUANGXI AND THE POOLFORMING MECHANISM
The reef of Maokou Age,Lower Permian in Tingliang and Ningming,Guangxi Autonomous region is one of the largest remnant reef oil pools.The paper provides a great deal of data to describe the rhistories of burial structure,organic evolution, porosity evolution and poolforming mechanism.It is indicated that at the beginning the primary porosity in the reef was widely developed.However it was completely destroyed due to calcite multi cementation,filling in and burial compaction in the diagenesis.The finally formed reef reservoir and its effective porosity were dominantly controlled by deep burial organic dissolution,unconformity surface at reef top and paleo weathering crust karst.Meanwhile the oil generating depression close to the south of the reef provided a plenty of oil source which together with subsurface organic acidic fluids may have multi migrated to the reef reservoir and further carried out deep buried organic dissolution to the paleokarst on the reef,which offered the most effective conditions and space at the right moment for the forming of effective porosity zone and oil gas migration and accumulation.The thick Triassic shale steadily overlying the top of reef reservoir provided a good regional cap rock.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&41-49
Oil Field Development
NUMERICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR STRUCTURAL FRACTURES IN A RESERVOIR:CASE STUDIES
Numerical simulation technique is a valid way to quantitatively predict parameters of structural fractures in a reservoir.This technique first inverts boudary conditions of a study area based on structural deformation characters,then completes forward modelling for a geological model using the Finite Element Method to determine the stress field of the area,which are combined with rupture criterion of rocks to determine parameters of structural fractures. Numerical simulation technique for structural fractures in a reservoir includes some key methods,such as establishment of a model,treatment of faults in the model,determination of inversion criterion and calculation of fracture density.In accordance with the situation of different oilfields,this paper provides suitable schemes for implementation of these methods. The technique is tested by application in several oilfields,and formed as a complete series of methods to predict parameters of structural fractures in a reservoir.The result proves that it is a practicle technique for exploration and development for fracture type hydrocarbon reservoirs.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&50-54
He Zhixiong
A METHOD FOR ANALYSING PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF GAS CONDENSATE WELLS
Based on the flow characteristics of gas and retrograde condensate liquid in the reservoir,this paper presents a new method for predicting inflow performance of gas condensate wells which integrates phase behavior theory and flash calculation methods of gas condensate system,consideres fluid phase behavior and component difference,and employes two phase pseudo pressure function calculated by the steady pared with the results of systematic well testing,this method is more applicable for predicting inflow performance of gas condensate wells.By employing vertical pipeline flow equation,integrating thermal flash calculation of fluid phase equilibrium,and utilizing simulation of Equation of State,a new method for predicting outflow performance of gas condensate wells is also presented.This new method is adopted in the calculation of 12 sets of measured data in three wells,and the result is of high accuracy and is more accurate than the method without consideration of phase behavior difference. It proves that this method is suitable for predicting outflow performance of gas condensate wells.In combination of the prediction methods of inflow performance and outflow performance of gas condensate wells,the method for analysing production system of gas condensate wells is more suitable in field practice and would guide the production of gas condensate wells better.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&55-60
Bai Fenghan
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING RESEARCH OF THE NITROGEN INJECTION PILOT IN YANLING OIL FIELD
The nitrogen injection pilot in Yanling oil field is for EOR of carbonate reservoir with bottom aquifer in high water cut stage under the cooperation with TOTAL French Oil Company.The pilot plan was made up according to the further study of reservoir geology and production history,and was performed from Oct.1994.During gas injection,reservoir engineering research such as contact movement,gas drive efficiency and production plan were carried out on the basis of the various observed oil gas contact,oil water contact,wellhead pressure as well as formation pressure.The nitrogen injection pilot results was in better understan ding of the performance of injection and production,and will contribute to the future injection and production operations.A detailed and related discussion is provided in this paper.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&61-68
Cheng Lingsong
A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MULTIWELLBORE HORIZONTAL WELLS IN GAS RESERVOIR
Based on the mathematical method (conform transformation,imaging,superposition principle,and equivalent flow resistance) and the solving method of pesudo three dimension for horizontal wells,this paper presents a new formula for calcula ting the productivity of multiwellbore horizontal wells in a gas reservoir and the skin factors of horizontal well has been considered.By using the well replacement ratio,a method for evaluating the productivity of multiwellbore horizontal wells in a gas reservoir has been derived from the productivity of vertical wells.And the calculating method reported in this paper may also be used to account for gas reservoir anisotropy and well eccentricity should be useful in the initial evaluation of a multiwellbore horizontal well drilling proposal.As an example,the productivity of multiwellbore horizontal wells in an offshore gas reservoir has been tested by using this method,and satisfactory results have been obtained.The comparision between this method and the others introduced in reference indicates that the formula derived here has high accuracy.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&67-72
Tian Genlin
gas reservoir multiwellbore horizontal well productivity well replacement ratio calculation method
In this paper,the fractal flow of viscous fluid of polymer flooding in porous media has been studied by using a two dimensional model.The fractal dimension has been calculated by employing the relation of sweep efficiency and front displacing radius.The displacement process has been recorded and treated by computer tomography to obtain the parameter.The result shows that two phases such as water and oil flow in porous media is fractal.The dimension is related to the viscosity of water phase when the oil is kept the same.The result also shows that the higher the viscosity of polymer solution,the higher the fractal and the better the sweep effect.In a two dimensinal model,the dimension is greater than 1 56 and less than 2 Fractal study indicates that polymer flooding can modify the sweep effect.This study provides not only the experiment evidence that polymer can improve displacement efficiency but also the theoretical explaination.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&73-76
Yang Zhengming
A STUDY ON POLYMER/CROSSLINKING POLYMER DISPLACEMENT IN FRACTURED RESERVOIR
A polymer and crosslinking polymer displacement method is presented to enhance oil recovery of dual media reservoir.A two dimensional,two phases,five components,dual permeability and dual porosity mathematical model,which can solve polymer flooding and underground crosslinking polymer flooding in dual media reservoir are set up.The model incorporates many physicochemical process variables including viscosity resistance coefficient,absorption retention,dispersion,imbibition and so on.This model can be used to do a series of numerical calculations, analyze the percolation law of polymer in dual media reservoir,study the effect of polymer concentration and ration of fracture permeability to matrix permeability on oil displacement efficiency.By comparing the oil displacement efficiency of polymer flooding with that of underground crosslinking polymer flooding,some useful conclusions are drawn.Theoretical instruction and optimization method for polymer flooding and underground crossliking polymer flooding in dual media reservoir are presented in this paper.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&77-82
AN EXPERIMENT STUDY ON RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES IN BRINE OIL MICROEMULSION SYSTEMS BY UNSTEADY STATE METHOD
The study on mechanism of micellar flooding is one of the most paramount fundamental works in enhanced oil recovery techniques.After a broad investigation into the background of micellar flooding techniques,two and three phase relative permeabilities have been studied in brine oil microemulsion systems by a lot of unsteady state measurements.The method,called Welge/JBN,is adopted for data processing.It is proved that the experimental strategies and data handling method are reasonable and the results obtained by unsteady state method are in line with that gained by steady state method.Analysis and discussion for hysteresis effect, influence of viscosity and interfacial tension on the characteristic of relative permeability cucomparisons are also made between the steady state and the unsteady state method.Some important results have been obtained,which will improve the knowledge about relative permeabilities and percolation mechanism of brine oil microemulsion systems in formation.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&83-88
A RESEARCH ON IMPROVING THE WEIGHTED METHOD WITH DIRECTION DISTANCE
This paper presents studies on improving the weighted method with direction distance.The defects of the weighted method with distance square inverse ration and the weighted method with direction distance are pointed out.The concept of shield coefficient is introduced.The weighted method with the shield coefficient is obtained.The defects of the weighted method with direction fractal dimensions are presented.The weighted method with Hurst exponent and weighted methods with fractal dimensions of attractor are achieved.The superiority of the new methods is explained by means of contour curves of a practical example.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&89-93
Petroleum Engineering
Cai Jiyong
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL WATER EMULSION IN UPWARD VERTICAL TUBE
In the petroleum and chemical industry,oil and water two immiscible liquids often flow together.Because the oil water emulsion widely exists and the water fraction in the crude oil increased,a lot of liquids produced which increased the weight of oil and gas transporting process.This causes a lot of new problems for the technology and the equipment of the transportation system.In this paper,an experimental investigation of water in oil(W/O)and oil in water (O/W) oil water emulsions have been taken detailly in upward vertical tube.The experimental parameters are:Water fraction εW=0.0～1.0;Pressure p=0.1～0.6MPa;Flowrate M=0.14～1.7Kg/S;Temperature T=10～45℃ A new correlation of effective viscosity for oil water emulsions is obtained according to the experimental results,it is better than that of in the literature.The results predicted by the co rrelation agree with that of experiment well.A correlation is also obtained to determine the phase inversion point.The relationship of the flow patterns of the oil water emulsions with the flow rate and temperature at the phase inversion point are analyzed.At the same time,a method to calculate the frictional pressure drop by the correlation between the Reynold number and the frictional factor is attained and another new method is attained to whether the oil water emulsions are Newtonian or Non Newtonian fluids.The results are useful to design the pipeline transportation system in some degree.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&94-98
Li Changjun
upward vertical tube oil water emulsion flow characteristics experimental investigation AN ANALYSIS OF GAS UNSTEADY FLOW IN PIPELINE SYSTEM
A lot of gas transportation and distribution systems consist of a large set of highly integrated safe and economic pipe networks with a wide range of pressure.Simulation and analysis play a major role in system planning and designing.In the light of system characteristics of complex gas pipeline,this paper presents a realistic transient flow model consisting of simple models of pipeline subsystems and connecting conditions,boundary conditions and initial condition associated with subsystems by using system analysis method.The solutions in wide sense are obtained by theory of functional analysis and operator series method.A ge neral computer program has been developed for this model and solutions have been used successfully in a local natural gas transmission network in Sichuan.It is proved that the model and algorithm proposed in this paper are of the advantages of convenient calculation,high precision,saving time and wide applied range by way of analysis and application.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&99-103
Jiang Minghu
TEST STUDY (JN HYDRC}CYCLQNE USED FOR PRE-SEPARATING OIL WELL PRCDUCED-WATER
In order to meet the needs of production,several important relations among structural and operating parameters of hydrocyclone are attained based on experiment analysis.According to flow field properties,if overflow pipe is extended into the case in some depth,and the operating parameters are reasonable,the pre separation efficiency is promoted with the enlargement of dia meter of overflowing vent.Based on the research,some samples have been developed,and put into field applicaiton.It is found that when the production fluid which contains 85% water is preseparated by operating the samples,the water content in overflowing fluid is less than 30%,and oil content in downflowing water drops about 1%.It reaches the index of quality of processed water These machines can be generalized to field application.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&104-108
Wang Huiyi
DEFORMATION AND AXIAL LOAD ANALYSIS ON DRILL PIPE IN ULTRA SHORT RADIUS HORIZONTAL RADIAL DRILLING TECHNOLOGY
Ultra short radius horizontal radial drilling is a novel oil drilling and exploitation technology.During drilling operation,when drill pipe passthrough whipstock rollerpass,the varying curvature radius of drill pipe cause the bending drill pipe behaves plastic state.Deformation of the pipe cross section and the relevant drag force from the whipstock pass highly affect horizontal advan cing capability of the drill pipe.This paper,the ideal rigid plastic analysis based on the stress strain relation of the pipe is presented the equations of the long axis and short axis extreme values of the elliptically deformed pipe cross section,and of the bending whipstock resistance exerting on advancing drill pipe.The effects of the roller pass friction and the reverse force of water jet on the pipe advancing resistance are analyzed.The equation in this paper are verified by experiments under various conditions,and they are of practical importance in designing whipstock selecting pipe material and optimizing parameter.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&109-112
Liu Xiushan
A NEW METHOD OF SURVEY CALCULATION FOR WELLBORE TRAJECTORY-NATURAL PARAMETER METHOD
From the assumption that within a survey interval the rates of inclination change and azimuth change remain constant, this paper derives formulae for calculating the course coordinates and puts forward to a new mathematical method of modeling and calculating the wellbore trajectory——Natural Parameter Method. The new method has several advantages. First, the model is simple and relatively reasonable. Second, the calculated results are stable. Third, interpolation calculation can be easily achieved for wellbore trajectory. Therefore, it is very convenient for oil field application. The calculated results of two typical curves employed to verify its correctness and advantages above showed that Natural Parameter Method is superior to Cylinder Helix Method (Radius of Curvature Method) and Minimum Curvature Method which are most commonly used today, and it is suitable for both rotary system and steerable system.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&113-116
Xiao Zhixing
THE INDUCED MECHANISM OF CRYSTAL DURING HYDRATE OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG
Using Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) to convert drilling fluid into cementing fluid system (MTC) mainly exists two limitations in producing application: one is it has less antiseepage ability, second is the strength regression of solid state under high temperature (T>70℃). Through SEM analysis the main reason of strength regression of BFS solid state under high temperature is due to the uneven growth of crystallization of hydrates of silicon calcic rock and calcium alumna rock and finally occurs under the high stress condition at the later period of solid state. After applying hydrated heat analysis, contract rate test, permeability test, analysis of strength increase curve, regular physical test and microstructure analysis to BFS, the strength increase and elastic increase of BFS solid state were improved by the crystal kern induced and thus propose a theory that crystal kern induced mechanism of BFS system is a part chemical of kern forming of heterogeneity phase. The microfracture in the BFS solid state induced by crystal kern could be closed, the gas permeability is lower than 1×10-3umsup>2.After BFS solid state have been maintained in water bath of 75℃ for half year, the compression strength is higher than 25MPa, with no strength regression phenomenon.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&117-121
Jin Hongmin
EFFECTS OF INORGANIC SALT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE MICRO STRUCTURE OF HYDRATED MONTMORILLONITE
The osmosical hydration of montmorillonite has been considered to be one of the most important factors of oil reservoir damages and bit balling. The effects of temperature, inogranic salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 ) and additive CMC (they are often applied to drilling muds) on the micro structure of montmorillonite were studied. The detection methods of the small angle X-ray diffusion, the micro angle X-ray diffusion and of the Pons' statistic model and fractal theory were used, the results showed that the particle's thickness had increased and developed into 80 crystal sheets from a few crystal sheets of the original. At the same time,the interior order of particle aggregates had also increased.This had made the montmorillonite suspension passing from a gel state to an hydrated solid.The high temperature brought about the particles becoming irreversiblely smaller in the direction vertical to the crystal sheet.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&122-127
Zhou Sizhu
CAD/CAG FOR THE OIL STORAGE TANK
This paper presents an anti wind design method and a formula with a verifying program based on the up dated theory of oil storage tank's anti seismic.Considering the specificity of the environment in beach strand oilfields,it is more reality to assume instantaneous wind speed of 3 seconds once in the span of 50 years as the bining the computer aided design with the computer aided graphics,a CAD/CAG software package of oil storage tank are formed.This package can automatically retrieve data,quickly and precisely fulfil all the analysis and output the graphics without the troublesome data search for early days's manual calculation.The system is being put into practice.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&128-132
Huang Junqi
An Analytical Model Used in Formation Evaluation
An exact analytical solution and an approximate early time solution are presented for the problem of advection and dispersion of a tracer in a steady,spherically symmetrical,divergent flow field in a porous formation.The porous formation is assumed to be semi-infinite.However,for an aquifer with finite thickness,the solution is also applicable if some conditions are satisfied.These are defined in terms of a characteristic length Lc and dimensionless number Nb,and are based on the error in pressure head between the solutions for semiinfinite and finite thickness aquifers.The partial differential equation describing the trans,port process is a confluent hypergeometric equation which may be solved by variable substitution and Laplace transform,the solution is expressed with parabolic cylindrical functions.The tracer breakthrough at a fixed point is shown to assymmetrical.The solution can be used to analyse tracer tests which use a short-screened well to create an approximately spherical flow field in a thick formation, and so provides an alternative design of test when fully penetrating boreholes are not appropriate.
1998&Vol. 19&(4):&133-138
Copyright & 2013& Editorial Office of ACTA PETROLEI SINICA
:No. 6 Liupukang Street, Xicheng
District, Beijing, P.R.China, 100724
Tel: 86-010--010--010-
Fax: 86-10-
Support by, E-mail:}