多发性抽搐症会自愈吗动症患儿的强迫行为如何表现?

2023-08-24 11:07
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儿科专家董朝教授
小儿多发性抽动症(Tourette综合征)是一种神经发育性疾病,其特征是多种不自主的肌肉抽动和发声抽动(例如突然的眨眼、颈部扭动、猛烈摆动手臂、突然发出咳嗽或发声)。这种病症通常在儿童期出现,并可持续到成年期,症状的严重程度和持续时间各不相同。现在我们来了解一下小儿多发性抽动症的一些相关信息。
多发性抽动症的确切原因尚不明确,但学术界认为遗传因素在发病中起着重要的作用。研究发现,有多个基因可能会增加患儿患上多发性抽动症的风险。这些基因与神经系统的发育和功能调节有关,特别是多巴胺等神经递质的功能异常可能参与其中。然而,遗传因素并不能完全解释该疾病,环境因素在其发病过程中也发挥重要的作用。压力、情绪紧张和刺激环境等都可能导致抽动症状的加剧。
多发性抽动症的症状表现多样,常见的包括眨眼、肩膀耸动、头部扭动、面部抽搐等多发性肌肉抽动。此外,多发性抽动症还经常伴随着发声抽动,例如无意识的咳嗽、嗓音放大、重复某个字词等。这些抽动动作和发声往往在压力较大或情绪不稳定的时候增加,但在专注于某项任务或在特定环境下往往会减少或停止。
对于患有多发性抽动症的孩子,他们常常伴有其他行为和认知障碍,这就是所谓的多动症和强迫症。ADHD(多动症)和OCD(强迫症)是最常见的伴随症状。多动症表现为注意力不集中、过动和冲动;强迫症表现为强迫性思维和行为,例如强迫洗手或检查行为。
多发性抽动症的治疗主要是通过综合性的方法,包括心理支持、行为疗法和药物治疗。心理支持和行为疗法主要包括认知行为疗法、暴露治疗和行为训练,以帮助孩子应对疾病带来的困扰和降低症状的严重程度。药物治疗通常使用抗精神病药物,如多巴胺拮抗剂和抗抑郁药。但需要指出的是,药物治疗应由专业医师监督,因为药物有可能产生副作用。
尽管多发性抽动症是一种不可逆转的疾病,但随着年龄的增长,大多数患儿的抽动症状会逐渐减轻或消失。此外,提供给孩子和家人适当的支持和理解也对患者的康复非常重要。
总结而言,多发性抽动症是一种神经发育性疾病,遗传因素和环境因素在其发病机制中发挥重要作用。了解其症状和治疗方法有助于家长和医生更好地管理和支持患有此症的孩子。最重要的是,提供给孩子充分的理解、支持和爱,帮助他们建立自信和适应环境。如果症状严重影响孩子的生活,建议咨询专业的医生以获取更准确的诊断和个性化的治疗方案。返回搜狐,查看更多
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抽动障碍(抽动症,tic disorders,tics)或称图雷特(妥瑞症,Gellis de la Tourette)综合征(1885),为一种慢性多发性运动性抽动(motor tics)和神经行为病。多于3岁后学龄前期至10岁儿童以及少年(18岁~21岁以前)发病,患病率0.1~0.3%~1%,男-5/10000多于女(3/10000)。抽动症分单纯性(simple)抽动症和多发性(multiple,complex)抽动症。抽动症的主要特点是临床经常出现日间不自主、难自控的快速抽动表现和不协调动作(habitural, rapid,coordinated,involuntary movements,motor tics),常有频繁挤眉、眨眼(瞬目eyes blinking)、鼻吸(sniffing)、噘嘴、作怪相(grimacing,facial twitching)、摇头、扭颈、缩颈(head-neck shaking),耸肩;上下肢局限性抽动。重者还有发声抽动(phonic tics,vocal tics,vocalization),有的喉中发“吭吭、喔喔”异响,犬吠声(barks),出气声(grunts),清嗓声(throat clearing),重复声(repetitive, echolalia,palilalia, paliphenomena),喷口水,秽语(coprolalia),说脏话(bad words)等。精神紧张刺激是促发因素。有意识地控制可暂停,睡眠时消失。症状慢性,病程>1年,有波动性或周期性(fluctuation,periodic)。有时还有模仿语言、模仿动作、多动或行为问题。脑电图有非特异性改变,发生于非特异性脑功能失调或发育延迟者,随年长而消失。脑器质性因素所致抽动症者,40%病例还常伴有共患病,病人常伴有强迫-冲动行为(obsessive compulsive, movement disorder),多动症(20%),但罕有发癫癎(3%)。病程可持续多年,甚至成年以后(33%)。Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, David Beckham,作家Johnson S,Malraux A有过抽动症。抽动障碍最常见的为累及面部肌肉与喉部肌肉的抽动,表现为做鬼脸或发怪声,因此常被误认为故意捣乱或毛病而被呵斥或责罚。长时间看电视、打游戏或感冒、应激的情况下可能加重。河北省儿童医院儿童保健科柏璐
临床分三型:短暂性抽动障碍(transcient tic disorder,TTD.<3m~12m),慢性运动或发声抽动(chronic motor or vocal tic disorder,CMVTD.>12M)及发声与多种运动联合抽动(combined vocal and multiple motor tics,CVMMT)。
抽动症一般认为与基底节纹状体、尾状核不对称,多巴胺释放过多或突触后膜上多巴胺受体(DAR2)减少或超敏有关。发病与遗传(AD-varying expressions)有一定关系,致病基因位于18q22.1, candidate gene in 13q31.1 Slit and Trk-like 1 (SLITRK1) 。母系遗传易表现为运动性抽动,父系遗传表现为发声抽动(bilinear inheritance)。近年还有人提出本病发生可能与A-β型溶血性链球菌(GBS,GAβHS)等感染(有ASO增加)引起自身抗体形成(即抗基底节抗体,anti-BGAb)有关。有时可致强迫症与神经精神障碍(pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection,PANDAS)。
四川大学华西医院精神神经科吴赛,袁光固,及肖侠明等,从家系研究的角度分析遗传印迹是否与抽动障碍的垂直传递有关,方法采用Tourette综合征及其相关行为障碍定式检查提纲、美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断标准和美国抽动障碍联合会制定的抽动障碍诊断标准,对171例抽动障碍先证者进行评定和诊断;采用标准化表型评定程序,收集先证者及其一级亲属(342人)、二级亲属(1283人)、三级亲属(2 310人)的表型资料;根据父亲或母亲的患病情况,将先证者分为母系传递者和父系传递者.结果母系传递对于先证者复杂运动性抽动症状的影响较为显著(偏回归系数=6.6,P=0.01);父系传递的先证者则更容易表现注意问题(t=2.78,P=0.01);由母系传递先证者的发病年龄[(5.6±0.8)岁]早于父系传递的先证者[(6.1±1.1)岁; t=2.34,P=0.02].结论抽动障碍的垂直传递存在亲源特异性表达,遗传印迹机制可能参与了抽动障碍的发病。
四川大学华西医院精神科黄颐,刘协和,李涛,郭兰婷等研究多巴胺D4受体第3外显子48 bp可变重复序列(DRD4 exonⅢ48bpVNTR)多态性是否与抽动障碍存在关联,结论:DRD4 exonⅢ48 bpVNTR长重复等位基因与合并ADHD的抽动障碍存在关联,DRD4 exonⅢ48 bpVNTR长重复等位基因可能是中国人群合并ADHD的抽动障碍的遗传危险因素(中华医学遗传学杂志,2002:2:23)。在研究5-羟色胺受体102T/C多态性是否与抽动障碍相关联(病例对照及核心家系关联分析),结论:5-羟色胺受体102T/C多态性与中国人群合并OCD的TS存在关联,合并OCD的TS可能是TS中相对独立的一个亚型(中华医学杂志,2001,7:56)。郑毅在美国耶鲁大学从事有关抽动秽语综合征分子遗传学博士后研究;2003年作为主要负责人顺利完成北京自然科学基金资助项目“DRD4基因多态性与抽动秽语综合征遗传易感性研究”,首次在汉族TS人群发现了DRD4*7R多态性,为进一步扩展研究奠定了坚实的基础。儿童抽动症近10年来似有不断增加的趋势,抽动症病程长,经常反复抽动,一般多采用多巴胺-R拮抗剂(selective dopamine recepor antagonist,dopaminergic blockers),如氟哌定醇(haloperidol, 2mg/次),但有锥体外系副作用,如迟发肌张力障碍,甚至扭转痉挛。可改用硫必利(tiapride 0.1g/次),辅以苯海索(2mg,2/d)、肌苷(0.2g,2/d),但硫必利单药治疗疗效不佳,难以控制可加用丙戊酸钠。2003年~2012年华西二院用硫必利与托吡酯合用,共治疗1200例。其中男性856例,女性344例,年龄:3~5岁240例,6~14岁960例。单纯性抽动440例,多发性抽动700例。病程1年~3年900例,4年~5年300例。治疗采用托吡酯与硫必利合用,每晚睡前服用或中午、睡前分服。疗程1年-2年,疗效满意者85%,而且无不良反应。少数加用氯硝西泮或可乐定(clonidine,0.075 mg/次),疗程1年。少数伴有强迫症忧郁时,加氟西丁(fluoxetin,20 mg/d)、西酞普兰(citalopram,20 mg/d)、氯米帕明(chomipramine,25 mg/d)或氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine,50 mg/d)。难治性抽动秽语综合征采用左乙拉西坦, 多巴胺系统稳定剂阿立哌唑(aripirazole, 2.5- 10mg/d),可乐定经皮贴片;supplemental motor area(SMA)repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMs),双侧内囊前肢毁损治疗(孙伯民,2005年)。Pharmacological treatment of tic disorders and Tourette Syndrome.Roessner V, Schoenefeld K, Buse J,et al.Neuropharmacology.2013 ;68:143-9.The present review gives an overview of current pharmacological treatment options of tic disorders and Tourette Syndrome (TS). After a short summary on phenomenology, clinical course and comorbid conditions we review indications for pharmacological treatment in detail. Unfortunately, standardized and large enough drug trials in TS patients fulfilling evidence based medicine standards are still scarce.Treatment decisions are often guided by individual needs and personal experience of treating clinicians.The present recommendations for pharmacological tic treatment are therefore based on both scientific evidence and expert opinion. As first-line treatment of tics risperidone (best evidence level for atypical antipsychotics) or tiapride (largest clinical experience in Europe and low rate of adverse reactions) are recommended. Aripiprazole(still limited but promising data with low risk for adverse reactions) and pimozide (best evidence of the typical antipsychotics) are agents of second choice. In TS patients with comorbid attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) atomoxetine, stimulants or clonidine should be considered, or, if tics are severe, a combination of stimulants and risperidone. When mild to moderate tics are associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression or anxiety sulpiride monotherapy can be helpful. In more severe cases the combination of risperidone and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor should be given. In summary, further studies, particularly randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials including larger and/or more homogenous patient groups over longer periods are urgently needed to enhance the scientific basis for drug treatment in tic disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.Treatment practices in Tourette syndrome: the European perspective.Rickards H, Cavanna AE, Worrall R.Eur J Paediatr Neurol.2012 ;16(4):361-4. AIMS:National differences in licensing laws suggest that the use of medications for the treatment of Tourette syndrome differs between European countries. However, variability in prescribing practices has never been investigated. This study aims to systematically examine European prescribing practices in Tourette syndrome.METHODS:All members of the European Society for the Study of Tourette syndrome actively prescribing for paediatric and/or adult Tourette syndrome populations were invited to complete an online questionnaire covering pharmacological treatment of the five main symptom domains of Tourette syndrome: tics,attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety and depression.RESULTS:Response rates were good, with 44/57 (77%) members returning the questionnaire. Risperidone (n=13), methylphenidate (n=21) and sertraline (n=17) were the most commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of tics, attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, respectively. However, there was a large variability in both the medication choices and the dosages used for each of these symptom domains.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first large-scale survey on prescribing habits for the pharmacological management of Tourette syndrome in Europe. In general, dopamine blockers were widely used for tics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and anxiety, and stimulants for attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms, but there was high variation within these choices. Future studies need to target specific patient groups.返回搜狐,查看更多
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