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All Rights Reserved情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词和虚拟语气
　　【考点分析】
　　情态动词
　　1.考查情态动词的基本用法
　　①shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见;用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等;may表示“允许、可以”，语气比较委婉。
　　②must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感情色彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”，mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。cannot
表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not 表示“可能不，可以不”。
　　③needn’t表示“没有必要”
　　④would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向
　　⑤表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able
to,而不能用could还可以表示过去的某种能力
　　⑥考查情态动词用作答语的情况
　　2.考查情态动词+动词不定式一般式表推测的用法
　　①肯定的推测一般用must,should,may(might)或could(不用can)，其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”;按常理推测的may(might),could语气最弱，译为“也许”。
　　②否定的推测：语气不很肯定时，常用may not,might not或could
not，译为“可能不”“也许不”;否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩
　　③疑问句中推测往往用can或could
　　3.考查情态动词+动词不定式的完成式表推测的用法
　　4.考查情态动词+动词不定式完成式的其他用法
　　①should(ought
to)+不定式的完成式：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。
　　②needn’t+不定式的完成式：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
　　③could+不定式的完成式：本可以做而实际上未能做,含有遗憾的意味
　　虚拟语气
　　1.虚拟条件句的基本结构及其用法
①与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句②与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
③与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句
　　2.虚拟语气的活用
　　①时间错综虚拟结构
　　②省略if的虚拟结构
　　③并列连词或副词暗示的虚拟结构
　　④介词或介词短语暗示的虚拟结构
　　⑤as if / as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
　　⑥名词性从句中的虚拟语气
　　⑦分词短语暗示的虚拟结构
　　⑧上下文语境中的虚拟结构
　　【知识点归纳】
　　I.情态动词
　　1.表示“能力、许可”的can /may
　　①表示能力的情态动词用can/could
　　A computer_____think for itself, it must be told what to
　　A.can’t B.couldn’t C.may not D.might not
　　②表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could…?
　　或might…?
以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确(must表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可)
　　—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you______
　　A.will B.could C.may D.might
　　Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt
　　A. won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may C.shouldn’t/must
D.can’t/shouldn’t
　　③在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。
　　如不可以说：They could jump into the sea before the boat was blown
　　而要说：they were able to/managed to jump into…
　　The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but
everyone_____get out.
　　A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
　　但在否定句中could/was(were)able to可以通用:
　　I couldn’t/wasn’t able to see him yeaterday.
　　④表示许可时用may/can都可以。只不过用may时较侧重讲话人的许可，而can较侧重客观情况的许可，must则表示必须做某事。
　　2.表示“推断、判断”的can,may,must
　　①在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最为肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性：
　　Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure
　　A.must B.may C.can D.will
　　而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any
　　②在否定句中只能用can和may。此时can’t用以代替mustn’t，语气比may
not更强。can’t中文可以翻译为“不可能”、may not中文可以翻译为“可能不”。
　　Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
　　A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may
　　③在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must
　　He may be very busy
now.&&& Can he
be very busy now?
　　He must be very busy now.&&
Can he be very busy now?
　　3.表示“请求、提议”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转
　　Can(Could)you give me a lift to the station?
　　你(您)能不能让我搭你(您)的车去车站呀?
　　4.表示“惊讶、怀疑”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转
　　Who can it be at this time of day?这个时候到底会是谁呢?
　　5.构成下列特殊句式的can
　　①can not/can never…too…
cannot…enough“无论怎么……也不为过分，越……越好，非常……”
　　Since it is a good thing,we cannot do it too soon.
　　既然是好事情，我们越早开始做越好。
②can’t help doing…,cannot help but do…,cannot but
do…“禁不住，不由得，不得不”
I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at
it.每当我看到这幅画时，我都禁不住要鉴赏它。
　　When a close friend dies,you cannot but feel sad.
　　亲密的朋友去世时，你会不由得感到悲伤。
　　6.表示祝愿、祝福的may,此时句子用倒装语序
　　May he live to an old age!愿他长命百岁!May God be with
you!愿上帝保佑你!
7.shall/should
第一、三人称
征求对方的意见
第二、三人称
说话人给对方的警告、命令、允诺、威胁
用于法律、法规等条文中
应……，须……，得……
　　What shall we do this evening?
　　注意：may用于征求对方的许可，而shall用于征求对方的意见或指示：
　　May I have a look?我能看一看吗?
　　Shall I have a look?需要我看一看吗?
　　You shall fail if you don’t work harder. (警告)
　　He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺)
　　He shall be punished.(威胁)
　　The fine shall be given in cash.罚款须以现金缴纳。
①（表义务、责任的）应该
②（表预期的）应该会，想必会，一定……会把
③（表惊讶、遗憾的）竟然、居然
④（与疑问词连用，表意外、惊讶、纳闷等的）究竟是，到底
⑤（用于表示命令、建议、请求等词后面的that从句中，且should可以省略）应该，必须
　　①You should apologize to him.
　　②The photos should be ready by 12:00.
　　③I’m surprised that you should speak in such a way.
　　④Who should ccome in but my old friend
Betty.我当究竟是谁进来了呢，原来是我的老朋友贝蒂呀。
　　⑤I suggested that he (should)change his mind.
　　My suggestion was that he (should)change his mind.
　　注意：ought to表示 “应该” (与should同义, 只是语气稍重一些), 也可表示推测。
　　You ought to take care of him.
　　He ought to be home by now.
　　8.will/would
　　①请求、建议，would比will委婉客气
　　Would you pass me the book?
　　②表示意志、愿望和决心
　　I will never do that again.
　　They asked us if we would do that again
　　③可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向
　　During the vacation he would visit me every week
　　The wound would not heal.
　　④表示估计或猜想
　　It would be about ten when he left home.
　　What would she be doing there?
　　9.dare和need
　　①need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。
　　②dare作为情态动词用时有两中形式：dare和dared两个词形。
　　除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。
　　If he dare come,I will kick him out.
　　I don’t know whether he dare say.
　　Note:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.
　　Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?
　　10.情态动词+have done的用法
　　①could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做
　　You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
　　②cannot+have done：表示对过去行为的否定推测
　　He cannot have been to that town.
　　③can+主语+have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定
　　Can he have got the book?
　　④might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测
　　He may not have finished the work.
　　If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived
　　(Mood:might&may,possibility:might&MAY)&
　　⑤must+have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done
　　You must have seen the film.
　　You cannot have seen the film.
　　⑥needn’t+have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
　　You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to
　　注意：didn’t need to(have to)do :没有必要做而实际上也没有做
　　I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours
　　⑦should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。
　　其否定形式表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。
　　You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.
　　She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted
to use it.
　　注意：本结构还可以表“推测”的意思
　　He should have finished the work by now.
　　到现在他应该已经做完那项工作了。
　　11.其它情态动词
　　①have to
　　have to表示 “必须, 不得不”, 在这个意义上与must很接近, 但must表示的是说话人的主观看法, 而have
to表示的却是客观需要. have to比must有更多的形式。
　　The TV set is broken. I have to buy a new one.
　　The students will have to know how to use the computers.
　　注意：在回答must的问句时, 否定式常用need not(needn’t)或don’t have to表示
“不必”。而不用
　　must not, 因为must not表示 “不可以”。
　　②used to
　　表示过去的习惯动作或状态(现在已不复如此)
　　—Did you use to go there to see your brother? /Used you to go
there to see your brother?
　　—Yes, I did(used to). /No , I didn’t (usedn’t).
　　注意：would也可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，但是不涉及到现在。
　　③had better
　　表示 “最好(做……)”
　　We had better go now.
其否定式为had better not
　　II.虚拟语气
　　(一)一般虚拟结构
If引导的条件从句
与现在事实相反
从句动词：过去式（be用were）
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If he were here, he would help us.
与过去事实相反
从句动词：had+过去分词
主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词
If I had been free, I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反
从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
　　注意:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。
　　(二)混合虚拟结构
　　1.不同时间的虚拟
　　If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble
now.(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
　　If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now.
(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
　　If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
(从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反)
　　If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the
new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous
house now. (从句与过去事实相反，and后面的主句与现在事实相反)
　　2.虚拟与陈述的混合
　　He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful
　　You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
　　(三)特殊句式虚拟结构
　　1.省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或
should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。
　　Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
　　Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
　　2.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand,
advise, insist+ 宾语从句(should )do
　　He suggested that we (should) save money for the future.
　　The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the
　　注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点,事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。
　　His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
　　He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s
　　3.It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required…+
that从句(should) do
　　It is proposed that more students should go to university.
　　4.My advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal…+
is +表语从句(should)do
　　My advice is that you should practise speaking English as
often as possible.
　　The order from the commander was that the troops should set
off for the front immediately.
　　5.His suggestion/advice/request/requirement…+ 同位语从句(should
　　The request that they should get more is reasonable.
　　6.It is natural/necessary/strange +that从句 (should)
do表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。
　　It’s strange that he should have missed the train. (表竟然)
　　It is important that we should learn from others.(表理应如此)
　　It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)
　　7.wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反)
　　wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反)
　　wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)
　　I wish I could go with them tomorrow.
　　I wish I had never met him.
　　8.It is (high/about) time + 从句(did或should do
　　It is (high/about) time we went home.
　　9.would rather + clause (did 与现在或将来相反);(had done
与过去相反)
　　I would rather you came tomorrow.
　　I would rather you hadn’t told her the news.
　　10.省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
　　①省去条件从句
　　You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。
　　省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
　　②省去主句(常用以表示愿望) If only + clause ( did/were与现在相反)/
(would/could/might + do与将来相反) /( had done 与过去相反) “要是…….就好了“
　　If my grandmother were with me!
如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)
　　If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
　　If only he would come tomorrow!
　　If only I had taken her advice!
　　If only I were ten years younger!
　　注意：only if是“只要”的意思，从句中用陈述语气。
　　11.as if + clause (did/were 与现在相反) / (would/could/might +
do与将来相反)/( had done 与过去相反)
　　She treats Kate as if she were her own daughter.
　　They talked as if they had been friends for years.
　　12.would like/was/were to have done something
　　I would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends
came to see me.
　　13.but for+名词
　　But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the
experiment.
　　14.注意虚拟条件从句的特殊形式
　　Without electricity, human life would be quite different
　　Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at
night would be freezing cold.
　　15.注意转折语气连词引导的虚拟语气
　　He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise
he would have scored a goal.
　　I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I should have
written it down for her.
　　The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the
accident wouldn't have been prevented.
　　Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise,
she might have said something she would regret later.
　　16.注意分词和独立结构引导的虚拟语气
　　Given more than two hours, we could have done the work
　　Not having finished the work, he couldn't have seen this
　　【高考预测】
　　1. Why didn't you tell me there was no meeting today? I _____
all the way here _____the heavy snow.
　　A. needn'through B. can'across
　　C. mustn'through D. shouldn't have
　　2. — Mum, it’s none of my business. Why _____ I care?
　　— Just because she is your sister.
　　A. can B. should C. will D. may
　　3. —I didn’t know you were good friends .
　　—You _____.I have known her since she moved here. You were
studying abroad then.
　　A.may have B.needn’t have C.couldn’t have D.must have
　　4. —The concert was wonderful!
　　—Really? How I wish I ______to the theatre with you
yesterday!
　　A. had gone B. might go C. were able to go D. would go
　　5.The two strangers have been talking in the park for a long
time as though they ______old friends.
　　A. are B. should be C. were D. would be
　　6. ______the heavy rain, we ______the town.
　　A. B should have reached B. B would have
　　C. D we would reach D. I we
should have reached
　　7. —If William _______, he _______that green peach.
　　—Luckily he was sent to the hospital in time.
　　A. would not take B. would not
have taken
　　C. had not taken D. wo
had not taken
　　8. —Is it good to look up every new word when I come across it
in reading?
　　—No. You ______because you are likely to guess the meaning
from the context.
　　A. can’t B. mustn’t C. don’t have to D.ought not to
　　9. —______I use your computer to send an e-mail?
　　—Yes, you ______. But you mustn’t keep it too long.I’ll surf
the Internet after supper.
　　A. C could B. C must C. C can D. C can
　　10. When he lived there, he ______go to that book shop at the
corner with his girlfriend after work every day.
　　A. would B. should C. had better D. might
　　11.— I hear you’ve got a set of Australian coins. ______I have
　　— Yes, certainly.
　　A. Do B. May C.Shall D. Should
　　12. — What happened to the young trees we planted last
　　—The trees______well, but I didn’t water them.
　　A. might grow B. needn’t have grown C. would grow D. would
have grown
　　13. What ______ had Bob walked farther, as far as the river
　　A. would happen B.could happen C. would have happened
D.needn’t have happened
　　14. Hurry up,Tom.It’s high time we______ to the theater.
　　A. will B. shall C. are going to D. went
　　15. —Do you think he will do me a favor?
　　— As far as I know, he is the last one to help others.
He______be prepared to give you a hand, though.
　　A. might B. must C. can D. should
　　16. Even though I’d hurt my leg, I______swim back to the river
　　A. could B. might C. had to D. was able to
　　17.— It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire?
　　— No, we______because things are easy to catch fire.
　　A. won’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
　　18.—Would you have told him the answer had it been
　　—I would have, but I ______so busy then.
　　A. had been B. were C. was D. would be
　　19. The young man insisted that he______ these watches
and______free.
　　A. stole, set B. had stolen, be set C. steal, be set D. had
must be set
　　20. I ______your address, otherwise I______you long
　　A. had forgotten,had visited B.forgot, have visited
　　C. forgot,would have visited D.have forgotten,would visit
　　21. I______you a beautiful present for your birthday,but I was
short of money at that time.
　　A. would buy B. had bought C. would like to have bought D.
must have bought
　　22.—Do you feel like ________ there or shall we take a
　　—I’d like to walk. But since there isn't much time left, I'd
rather we________ a taxi.
　　A. walking,hire B. to walk, hire C. to walk,hired D. walking,
　　23. —Miss White has decided to explore in the forest by
　　—She________ask her boyfriend to if she ________go walking in
the forest.
　　A.needn't to,dares to http:/ B.doesn't need, dares 　C.need not
to,dare to D.needn't, dare
　　24. His failure in the exam suggested that he __________ the
teacher’s instructions.
　　A. can’t have followed http:/ B. needn’t have followed
　　C. mustn’t have followed D. shouldn’t have followed
　　25.I _________ you, but I didn’t think you would listen to
　　A.could have told B.must have told C.should tell D.might
　　26.—Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.
　　—But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You_______believe it!
　　A.shouldn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.needn’t
　　27. The manager’s health was getting worse and worse because
of heavy burden，so the doctor strongly
　　recommended that he a holiday.
　　A.took B.would take C.must take D.take
　　28. —It’s so cold! Why not close the door?
　　—Sorry.It .I’ll have it repaired soon.
　　A.won’t shut B.won’t be shut C.hasn’t shut D.isn’t shut
　　29. I wouldn’t marry Pat even if she the last woman on
　　A.is B.was C.had been D.were
　　30. Many students will take part in the school sports meeting
this week, so she suggested that the class meeting _______ held on
Saturday .
　　A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. be not to
　　31.________the problem, he wouldn't have committed those
　　A. If he understood B. Had he understood C. When he had
understood D. If he would understood
　　32. —But those are size 44. You might need a smaller size.
　　—Yes, I ______ a bit of weight. I have been trying to lose
　　A. will have lost B. should have lost C. may have lost D.
can’t lose
　　33.— Are you going to Lloyd’s birthday party on Friday?
　　— Only if it ______, he said he was having a picnic party.
　　A. wouldn’t rain B. doesn’t rain C. won’t rain D. hadn’t
　　34. If Sanlu Group __________melamine to the milk, the babies
________ too much from kidney stones.
　　A. didn’ would not suffered B. hadn’ wouldn’t
have suffered
　　C. hasn’ wouldn’t have suffered D. hadn’ would
have suffered
　　35.—The research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is
challenging and demanding. Who do you think can do the
　　—____ my students have a try?
　　A. Shall B. Will C. Could D. Should
　　【参考答案】
　　1-5ABCAC 6-10ABCDA 11-15BDCDA 16-20DCCBC
　　21-25CDDAA 26-30BDADA 31-35BCBBA
　　非谓语动词
　　【知识点归纳】
　　I.概述
　　1.基本形式的变化：
　　不定式：
to be done
to be doing
to have built
to have been built
　　John said that he had run in order to catch the bus.
(一般式的主动态)
　　He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)
　　He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式)
　　He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)
　　This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries
ago. (完成式的被动态)
　　v-ing形式
被& 动& 态
being done
having done
having been done
　　注意：不及物动词没有被动式
　　动名词
　　I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主动态) (= I am sure that he
will come in time)
　　He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被动态) (= He is
proud that he is selected as monitor.)
　　I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主动态)
　　(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)
　　He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被动态)
　　现在分词
　　He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主动态)
　　Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被动态)
　　Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)
　　All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)
　　2.所做成分
动词的ing形式
　　注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。
　　II.基本知识
　　1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分
　　①作主语。
　　To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
　　To make money is not the only purpose of our
life.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的
　　在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。
　　It is important for us to learn English very
well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
　　②作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：
　　help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
　　He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通过了考试。
　　He promised to be here at nine.他答应9点钟到这儿。
　　I didn’t expect to see you here.我没有料到在这儿见到你。
　　在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。
　　He considered it better to leave now.他认为最好现在就离开。
　　I found it impossible to finish the work on
time.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。
　　③作定语(常置于名词之后)。
　　由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词
　　代词的的宾语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire,
decision, determination, effort, failure,
　　intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise,
reason, right, something)
　　She is always the first student to arrive at school.
　　He is always the last one to leave the
office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。
　　I don’t think he is the best man to do the
job.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
　　I have no desire to travel.
　　You’ll find something to interest you here.
　　注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。
　　I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
　　I found no one to play with.
　　④作状语
　　I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒)
　　They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
　　He tried only to fail. (结果没有成功)
　　She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
　　不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：
　　able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain,
clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy,
fit,frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready,
reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful,thoughtless,
unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
　　French is difficult to learn. 法语难学。
　　I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
　　⑤作独立副词成分。
　　To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
　　⑥与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where,
how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
　　When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。
　　The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。
　　注意：
　　①在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show,
wonder,consider,understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain,
discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
　　He didn’t know what to do next.
　　I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我没有决定是否到日本去。
　　②不定式的复合结构
　　由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。
　　It is necessary for you to finish the work before
Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工
　　His idea is for us to travel in different
cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。
　　由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：brave,
careless,,clever,courageous,foolish,good, honest,kind,nice,rash,
right,rude, stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong, wise等。
　　It’s kind of you to say so.
　　It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the
　　你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿
　　③不带to 的动词不定式
　　▲在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have,
hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。
　　The teacher often makes me rewrite the
composition.老师常常让我把作文重写。
　　将该句转换成被动语态：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the
composition.
　　I heard her say that she was fed up.
　　▲在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, can not but,
cannot help but,do nothing but等。
　　I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
　　They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建议。
　　▲在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but
后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。
　　We have no choice but to wait.我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。
　　There is no choice but to go there.
　　There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
　　▲在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to
　　Why argue with him?
　　Why not send those books back?为什么不把那些书送回去?
　　2.动名词在句中充当的成分
　　①作主语
　　Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 请求帮助有时是必要的。
　　Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多对你的健康不利。
　　Teaching offers something besides money and power.
　　②作补语、表语
　　Seeing is believing.
　　We call such an act cheating.我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。
　　③作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语
　　建议冒险去献身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to
　　忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop
　　放弃延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss
　　坚持欣赏(想)要(实)践(完)成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to,
enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish
　　注意原谅避反对：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to
　　考虑要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help
　　允许习惯不介意： permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to,
　　值得开始想动名：be worth, set about, imagine
　　The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the
river.冒险游过河
　　His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room but allows him
to smoke outside the room
　　他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。
　　All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days
　　他们所有的人都坚持要我再跟他们多呆几天时间。
　　I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
　　Being ill for a few days,she doesn't feel like eating
anything.不想吃任何东西
　　另在want, need,
require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系)。
　　My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
　　⑤作定语
　　它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。
　　The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池
　　Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教学方法
　　⑥作同位语
　　His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
　　注意：
　　①动名词的复合结构
　　动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格
+动名词构成，在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
　　Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the
　　My closing the door made him angry.
　　I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other
　　②动名词的某些固定结构
　　▲It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of
time,a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
　　It is no use crying.哭没有用。
　　It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
　　It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
　　▲It is + useless+doing sth.
　　It is useless speaking.光说没用。
　　▲There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
　　There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to
know how old she is.)
　　There is no telling where she’s gone.(= It is impossible /
difficult to know where she’s gone.)
　　▲make a point of + doing “认为…是必要的”
　　Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our
family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
　　▲be on the point of + doing “濒临，将要…”
　　He was on the point of leaving.
　　▲on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
　　On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard
the news, I changed my plans.)
　　▲go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)
　　He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
　　▲动名词短语常用在以下结构中
　　have difficulty (in) + doing sth
　　have trouble (in) + doing sth
　　have fun (in) + doing sth/
　　have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) +
　　▲feel like + 名词“想要”=would like to +原形动词
　　Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
　　I don't feel like reading tonight.今晚我不想读书。
　　3.分词在句中充当的成分
　　①作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。
　　The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was
boring, so the boys wee bored and went　home.)
　　China is a developing socialist country.发展中的社会主义国家
　　The man writing the obituary (讣告) is my friend.
　　(= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)
　　The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯
　　注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义;而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。
　　②作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch,
think, want, smell, observe等。
　　The story is boring.
　　I found him reading a novel. 在读小说(现在分词作宾语补足语)
　　I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包围着
(过去分词作宾语补足语)
　　③作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因, 条件,结果,伴随情况。
　　Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions
fluently.(时间)
　　Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.(原因)
　　Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.(原因)
　　If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as
much.(条件)
　　Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed
to talk in Mrs Smith’s class.(条件)
　　The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average
yield by 15%.(结果)
　　He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.(伴随)
　　注意：分词的特殊结构
　　①独立主格
　　有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
　　That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the
　　Weather permitting, we will go out. == if weather permits
　　The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the
classroom.
　　②“with或without + 名词或代词 + 分词”的复合结构
　　常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
　　③某些固定结构
　　generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by
…中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。
　　Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy
family.从他的衣着判断
　　Frankly speaking, I don't like him at all.坦率地说
　　④catch+宾语+doing
　　I caught them stealing my apples.我抓住他们偷我的苹果。
　　If she catches me reading her diary，she'll be
furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的
　　注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning, considering, regarding,
respecting等。
　　Considering his age, he is tall.考虑了他的年龄
　　I have nothing to say concerning his speech.关于他的演讲
　　III.非谓语动词比较
　　1.做主语和宾语时的比较
　　一般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。
　　Looking after children is her job.照看小孩
　　To clean the classroom is his job today.打扫教室
　　I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today because I
don't feel well.
　　注意下列重点内容：
　　①begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式
　　When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
　　After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that
I was wrong.
　　②有些词后面既可以接不定式.亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意
　　A.remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having
done)，接不定式，表示将来意义
　　Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.
　　I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
　　Don't forget to write to me soon.
　　I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first
　　I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔)
　　I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.
　　I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)
　　B.mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……
　　mean doing：意味着，就是
　　I am sorry I didn't mean to hurt your feelings，
　　I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.
　　Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in
　　C.stop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
　　stop doing停止做(动名词作宾语)
　　After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.
　　After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.
　　D.try：try to do，努力，试图干……
　　try doing：试着干……
　　He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.
　　He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a
　　The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for
　　They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again
and again.
　　E.want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要i用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。
　　These young trees require looking after(=to be looked
　　The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).
　　F.go on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
　　go on doing继续干原来同一件事(动名词作宾语)
　　After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting
　　After writing the composition he went on to work out his maths
　　G.动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。
　　Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's
health.(放弃)
　　The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his
health. (放弃)
　　She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.(允许)
　　H.be considered to have done被认为已经做了……
　　consider…to be认为是……
　　consider doing考虑做某事
　　I.be(get)used to doing习惯于……
　　be used to do被用来做……
　　J.can’t help doing情不自禁做……
　　can’t help to do不能帮助做……
　　2.做宾补时的比较
　　不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。
　　When I came in, I saw her dancing happily.
　　I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.
　　They had the lights burning all night long.
　　I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.
　　The mother will have the doctor examine her son again.
　　Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.
　　When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone
away already.
　　When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of
twenty years, they found everything changed.
　　3.做表语时的比较
　　不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。
　　Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (=Clea ning
offices is her job.)
　　Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is
our job today.)
　　The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)
　　They are very tired after a long walk.
　　The door is locked now.
　　The children are well dressed these days.
　　4.做定语时的比较
　　不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义;过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。
　　a swimming boy=a boy who is swimming a swimming pool=a pool
for swimming
　　the boiling water=the water that is boiling 　　drinking
water=water for drinking
　　Today I have a letter to write.　　Please find a man to help
　　It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.练习你的口语
　　I like reading books written by Lu Xun.
　　The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那边的
　　The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be
built) next year will be our new library.
　　The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our
new library.
　　The house built (=which was built) last year is our new
library now.
　　5.做状语时的比较
　　不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末;分词
　　可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于go
doing结构中作目的状语。
　　①目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order，so
as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。
　　The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.
　　I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.
　　In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.
　　②时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。
　　Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his
sister there.
　　Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a
friend of mine.
　　Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we are ready
for an examination.
　　Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to
　　After finishing his homework, he went to bed.
　　Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks
more beautiful.
　　Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself
isolated from the outer world.
　　When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do
so.当请他作演讲时
　　Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.一旦康复
　　③原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy, sorry, fortunate,
angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened,
shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。
　　I am sorry to hear that you are not well.
　　I'm very sorry to have kept y ou waiting so long.让你久等了
　　We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.
　　Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a
sanatorium.
　　There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary
that he wanted. 由于没有钱
　　Having (=Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't
possibly leave right away.
　　Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man,
he burst into tears.
　　④条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。
　　Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post
　　United (=If we are united), divided (=if we are
divided), we fall.
　　Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to
do better.
　　⑤结果状语从句：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+as to，such+名词+as
to，too…to，enough to和only to等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。
　　He arrived late to find the train gone.
　　I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished
half of the job.
　　He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his
neighbors.
　　His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy.
　　I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of
　　The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.
　　⑥让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。
　　Though wounded, the soldier managed to get to the village
　　Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin
　　⑦伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。
　　Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them
using English.
　　She came running towards us.
　　They walked along the streets, talking and laughing.
　　He went into the house, followed by some children.
　　He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.
　　IV.关于there be 的非谓语形式
　　there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语
　　1.作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there
being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
　　We don't want there to be any comrades lagging
behind.我们不希望有任何同志掉队。
　　They hate there to be long queues
everywhere..他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
　　We have no objection to there being a meeting
here.我们并不反对在这里开会。
　　2.作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词for之后要用there to be
　　There being nobody else at hand,I had to do by
myself.由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)
　　It’s too early for there to be anybody
up.太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)
　　There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very
　　因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)
　　3.作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be.
　　It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication
between old and young.
　　老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
　　There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to
female teachers.
　　校园内有幼儿园对女教师十分方便。
　【高考预测】
　　1.—Why don’t you like Tom? —I think he is a man_________.
　　A.to be worked with B.working with C.to work with D.being
worked with
　　2.He said that he _________what he could________us,but he was
too busy then.
　　A.would do,help B.could have done,to help C.would have
done,helping D.could do,helped
　　3.Would you please tell me the way thought of_________the
　　A. take care of B. to take care of C. taking care of D. how to
take care of
　　4.—You look rather tired today.
　　—______ not to miss the 4:20 flight, I didn’t dare to close my
　　A. Reminding B. Reminded
　　C. Being reminded D. Having reminded
　　5.___________, the monument could be restored to its former
　　A. If repaired well B. If repairing well C. To repair well D.
Repairing well
　　6.“Can’t you read?” Mary said_______to the notice.
　　A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
　　C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
　　7.On August 12,2009 Typhoon Morakot swept across Taiwan
island, _________a lot of villages___________.
　　A. damaged B. damaging C. damaged D.
　　8.The food, ____________good, was soon sold out when it was
taken to the market.
　　A. tasted B. being tasted C. tasting D. having tasted
　　9.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but
our work_______, we refused his offer.
　　A. not finishing B. had not been finished
　　C. not having finished D. not finished
　　10.With too many construction projects_________all the
strength out of the economy, people of the small country complained
　　A.sucking B. to suck C. being sucked D. being sucking
　　11.Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _________ the World
Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.
　　A. to have founded B. having founded C. founding D. to
　　12.On the bank of the river, we found him ______ on a beach,
with his eyes _______ on a kite in the sky.
　　A. fixing B. fixing C. being fixed D.
　　13.Tigers _____ meat-eating animals _____ meats.
　　A. feed on B. feed on
　　C. are fed on D. are fed
　　14.______ for the serious accident, the present of Shanxi
Province had to resign.
　　A. To blame B. Blaming C. Being to blame D. To be blamed
　　15.With some books he needed _________ , he went into the
bookstore quickly.
　　A. to buy B. bought C. to be bought D. buying
　　16.After the Shenzhou VI capsule(太空舱 )touched down, two
astronauts succeeded in traveling around the
　　earth, thus again __________ China is a global space
　　A. proving B. to prove C. to have proved D. being proved
　　17.There was a nice little gift for everyone,with a suitable
poem _______ to it.
　　A. attached B. to be attaching C. to attach D. attaching
　　18.____ by his parents for long, John feels sad in the heart
though he appears _______ bothered
　　about it.
　　A. B not to be B. T to have not
　　C. I not to be D. I not being
　　19.We are _______ to talk loudly in the dormitory when others
are taking a noon-break.
　　A. supposed B. supposing C. not supposed D .not supposing
　　20.The latest survey, _________by www.qq.com, found more than
12 percent of teenagers want to work as pilots.
　　A.to be carried out B.being carried out C.carried out D.having
been carried out
　　21.The construction of an economic zone to the west coast of
the Taiwan Straits, _____ at present, will surely stimulate (刺激)the
declining economy on both sides of the Straits.
　　A.to be discussed B.being discussed C.discussed
D.discussing
　　22.The young man sat back in his sofa, ______ with what he had
worked out to do with the remaining work.
　　A. having satisfied B. being satisfied C. To be satisfied D.
　　23.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely
_____ to the outside world.
　　A. having been lost B. to be lost C. losing D. lost
　　24.—The police have caught the murderer.
　　—Yes, but he refused to admit ________ his wife on a rainy
night seven years ago.
　　A. to kill B. to have killed C. having killed D. have been
　　25. ________to train his daughter in English, he put an ad
like this in the paper, “_________,an English teacher for a
ten-year-old girl.”
　　A. D wanted B. D wanting C. D
wanted D. D wanting
　　26.—Lucy doesn’t seem to be what she was.
　　—No. _________so much in the war has made her more
thoughtful.
　　A. Seen B. Her seeing C. Having seen D. To have seen
　　27. twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is
the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
　　A. Examining B. Examined C. Being examined D. Having been
　　28.We hope the building project_________will be completed as
soon as possible because a lot of citizens are complaining about
the noises.
　　A. to be carried out B. carried out C. being carried out D.
carrying out
　　29.A new teachnique_________the yields as a whole increased by
about 30 percent.
　　A.had applied B.having applied C.to have applied D.having been
　　30.The long lasting war, ______ with blood and deaths, ended
in people’s sadness, _______ no result.
　　A.reached B.to reach C.would reach
D.reaching
　　31.The two old sisters，_______ so long，held each other and
burst into tears.
　　A.being separated B.having been separated C.having separated
D.had been separated
　　32. Some people against toll booths (收费站) argue that roads,
once ___________, should be free.
　　A. building B. built C. having built D. being built
　　33.Something extraordinary happened in that hospital. A man,
________clinically dead, suddenly came to life.
　　A. declaring B. being declared C. declared D. having
　　34. _________your receipt to the customer service department
and they will pay the money back to you.
　　A.Having brought B.Bring C.Bringing D.To bring
　　35. ____it with me should be a good choice. Trust me.
　　A.When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
　　36. I really can' t understand _________her like that.
　　A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
　　37. _____ what he can do. He might get a job tomorrow. He
might stay out of work for weeks.
　　A.We didn’t know B.He doesn’t know C.There is no knowing D.It
was known that
　　38.There are a lot of students in the reading room, most
of_________with their eyes_________on and their heads bent over
their books.
　　A. fixing B. fixed C. fixed D. fixing
　　39.The boy I considered ______ cheated in the last exam.
　　A. to be honest B. that is honest C. was honest D. being
　　40.Though a typhoon is on the way, people are still looking
forward _________ the outdoor concert by the pop singer.
　　A. to canceling B. not to canceling C. not to cancel D. to not
　　【参考答案】
　　1-5CBBBA 6-10ACCDA 11-15ADBCA 16-20AACCC
　　21-25BDDCA 26-30BCCDD 31-35BBCBB 36-40DCBAD
　　主从复合句(状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句)
　　【考点分析】
　　状语从句
　　1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别;
　　2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any
time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句;
　　3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;
　　4.till和until的用法;
　　5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法;
　　6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别;
　　7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided,
suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;
　　8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法;
　　9. in case引导的状语从句;
　　10.where引导的状语从句;
　　11.once引导的状语从句。
　　12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
　　名词从句
　　1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别;
　　2.名词从句的语序和时态;
　　3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况;
　　4.宾语从句的否定转移;
　　5.whether和if的用法区别;
　　6.what在名词性从句中的使用;
　　7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用;
　　8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别;
　　9.连接词that的省略;
　　定语从句
　　1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别;
　　2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别;
　　3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别;
　　4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查;
　　5. such…as与such…that的区别;the same…as与the same…that的区别;
　　6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查;
　　7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略;
　　8.含有插入语的定语从句;
　　9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
　　【知识点归纳】
　　I.句子的种类
　　复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。
　　按用途分
We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。
一般疑问句
Are you a worker?
你是个工人吗？&&
Haven’t you seen the film?& 你没看过这部电影吗？
特殊疑问句
Who is the man? 这人是谁？
When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？
What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？
选择疑问句
Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。
Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French.
他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。
反意疑问句
They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？
You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？
Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。
Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。
what + 名词
What great changes we have had these years!
这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!
What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!
how + 形容词或副词
How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!
How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！
How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!
How + adj.+a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n
How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!
They disappeared. 他们消失了。
He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
主+谓+间宾+直接宾
I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。
They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。
主+谓+宾+宾补
They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。
I want everything ready by eight o’clock.
我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。
She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。
He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。
并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but,
Either&you&do&it,&or&I&ask&for&somebody&else&to&do&it.&
要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。
&Neither&Tom&nor&Jack&has&finished&the&homework.&
汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。&
Not&couldn’t&they&complete&the&task,&but&the&task&was&too&tough.&
不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。&
转折关系but,while（而，尽管）
nevertheless(然而；不过)
John&likes&playing&basketball,&but&he&didn’t&play&it&yesterday.
&约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。
选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train.
&我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。
&Either you come to my place or I go to
或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。
因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so
We had better stay at home, for it was raining.
我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。
He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.
他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）
（详细请看以下内容）
　　II.状语从句
　　状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。
　　1.时间状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as
soon as,now that,hardly…when,scarcely…when,no
sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词(短语)或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by
the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every
time,each time,next time,the last time等
　　重点内容如下：
　　①when,while,as引导的时间状语从句
　　▲as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
　　She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
　　The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)
　　▲when(at or during the time that
)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。
　　It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
　　When we were at school, we went to the library every
day.(在一段时间内)
　　When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)
　　▲while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a
period of time时，两者可以互换。
　　Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working.
　　He fell asleep while/when reading.
　　Strike while the iron is hot.(
不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)
　　②before状语从句的重点句型
　　▲……之后……才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .
　　▲不多久……就：It wasn’t long before he told me about the affair.
　　▲不等……就：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
　　▲刚……就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone
　　▲先……再：You can have a few days to think about it before you
make your decision.
　　③since
引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式(包括过去完成时)，则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。
　　▲He has never been to see me since I was
ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。(不在生病了)
　　▲He has never been to see me since I have been
ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。
　　▲I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
　　自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。(不住在这儿了)
　　▲I know him very well since he has lived here near
us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。
　　▲It’s three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。(不在服役了)
　　▲It’s three years since I have been in the army=It's three
years since he joined the army.
　　我入伍已三年了。
　　④如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not
until 放在句首时主句要倒装。
　　2.原因状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：as(由于),because(因为), since(既然),now (that) (既然),
considering that(顾及到), seeing that(由于)。
　　I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)
　　He couldn’t have seen me, because I was not
there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。
　　Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to
put the meeting off.
　　由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会
　　Now that/Since you are all here, let’s try and reach a
　　既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧
　　As she was ill, she didn’t come to the party.
　　由于病了，她没来参加晚会。
　　Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite
a good job.
　　考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。
　　重点内容如下：
　　①because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just 以及否定词not
连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people
speak ill of you.另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。He didn’t do such a thing because
he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。
　　Cf:He didn’t do such a thing,because he was afraid of his
wife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。
　　because引导的从句可以被强调：
　　It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for
　　②as语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。
　　As all the seats were full,he stood there.
　　Since you are going,I’ll go,too.
　　③for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。
　　The day was short,for it was December.
　　3.地点状语从句
　　由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。
　　Anywhere he went,he got warm welcome.
　　The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
　　Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River
meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。
　　Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
　　You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.
　　哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)
　　4.结果状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：that，so…that，so that(从句中不带情态动词)，such…that，with the
result that等。
　　注意以下几种结构：
　　①so+adj/adv+that…
　　②such(a/an+adj)+n+that…
　　③so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that…
　　④so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…
　　注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。
　　This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as
everyone wants to see it/(it)
　　He didn’t plan his time well so that/so he didn’t finish the
work in time.
　　他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。
　　We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
　　我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
　　The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the
　　这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
　　Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her
　　= Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her
　　Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。
　　I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all
　　我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块
　　He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
　　他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
　　I had so little money then that I couldn’t afford a little
　　我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起
　　5.目的状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：so that,in order that,for fear
that等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might,
should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用。(so
that也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词)
　　Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more
　　我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。
　　School was closed early in order that the children might go
home ahead of the storm.
　　早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。
　　He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
　　他把名字写下省得忘了。(该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should)
　　Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
　　最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
　　注意：so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that
引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。
　　6.条件状语从句
　　分为真实条件句和非真实条件句(用在虚拟语气中)。
　　表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果),unless(除非), in case(万一), so /as long
as(只要), as/ so far as(就……而言), on condition
that(条件是……)suppose(假设)supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)
　　等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
　　As/So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to
overcome the difficulty.
　　只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
　　Send us a message in case you have any
difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。
　　If you leave at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning, you’d better get
to bed now.
　　如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。
　　We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean
　　只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。
　　As/So far as I know, he is an expert on
DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。
　　He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the
salary is not too low.
　　他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。
　　Suppose/Supposing we can’t get enough food, what shall we
　　假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办?
　　7.让步状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：although,though,as,even if, even
though,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,no
matter+疑问词等。
　　We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten
　　我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
　　It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were
　　那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。
　　Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信，这是真的。
　　However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take
it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
　　Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they
are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
　　No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m
wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。
　　注意以下几点：
　　①although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。
　　He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer
all kinds of help.
　　②as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。
　　Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.(注意在child前不要用冠词)
　　Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
　　Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
　　8.方式状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：as,as if,as though,the way等。
　　Do it the way you were told.
　　注意以下几点：
　　①as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。
　　I did it just as you told me.
　　②as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。
　　③连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
　　Whereas he is rather lazy,she is quite energetic.
　　9.比较状语从句
　　由下列连词引导：as…as,not as…as,not so…as,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。
　　10.注意状语从句中的省略现象
　　①连接词+过去分词
　　Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
　　②连词+现在分词
　　Look out while crossing the street.
　　③连词+形容词/其他
　　常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。
　　④比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he
had been)expected.
　　III.名词性从句
　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,
它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
　　引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：
　　①that(不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。)
　　whether, if(不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。)
　　as if,as though(均表示“好像”，“似乎”)
　　②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
　　③when, where, how, why
　　Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。
　　What he said is not true.他说的不是实话
　　That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。
　　I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。
　　The question is whether he will join us next
time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。
　　It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
　　1.主语从句
　　①由从属连词引导的主语从句：
　　Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is
something we must discuss.
　　那个国家是否应该建立核电站……
　　That light travels in straight line is known to all
.光以直线传播
　　②由连接代词引导的主语从句：
　　What we need is more time. 我们所需要的}