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　　TPO5阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People太平洋群岛居民的起源，更多托福TPO阅读真题、TPO阅读文本、TPO阅读答案、TPO阅读翻译尽在新东方在线频道！　　The Origin of the Pacific Island People　　The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.　　Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.　　The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.　　Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.　　Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's &American Indians in the Pacific& theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.　　Paragraph1: The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.　　1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT:　　○ Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania.　　○ These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out.　　○ Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia.　　○ Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia.　　Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.　　2. By stating that the theories are &mutually exclusive& the author means that　　○ if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be false　　○ the differences between the theories are unimportant　　○ taken together, the theories cover all possibilities　　○ the theories support each other　　3. The word &overwhelming& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ powerful　　○ favorable　　○ current　　○ reasonable　　4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt?　　○ Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.　　○ Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean.　　○ Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.　　○ Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.　　5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?　　○ They were generally based on solid evidence.　　○ They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.　　○ They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.　　○ They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.　　Paragraph 3: The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.　　6. The word &implements& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ skills　　○ tools　　○ opportunities　　○ practices　　7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT　　○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages　　○ a variety of fishing techniques　　○ navigational skills　　○ knowledge of plant cultivation　　8. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide information about the types of crops grown and boats used in Southeast Asia during the period around 5000 B. C. E.?　　○ To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoples　　○ To illustrate the effectiveness of archaeological and linguistic methods in discovering details about life in ancient times　　○ To contrast living conditions on the continent of Asia with living conditions on the Pacific islands　　○ To demonstrate that people from this region had the skills and resources necessary to travel to and survive on the Pacific islands　　Paragraph 4: Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters. Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's &American Indians in the Pacific& theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.　　9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.　　○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.　　○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.　　○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.　　○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.　　10. The word &undisputed& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ mysterious　　○ unexpected　　○ acknowledged　　○ significant　　11. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands?　　○ As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.　　○ The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach.　　○ The political situation at home made emigration desirable.　　○ They found exploration challenging and exciting.　　12. Why does the author mention the views of &Patrick Kirch&?　　○ To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl's idea about American Indians reaching Oceania　　○ To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the world　　○ To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl's theory has an alternative explanation　　○ To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Oceania　　Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. ■Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. ■For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. ■They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). ■In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.　　Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.　　Where could the sentence best fit?　　Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer c　　14. hoices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or　　15. are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.　　Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the region described as the Pacific islands, or Oceania.　　●　　●　　●　　Answer Choices　　○The first Europeans to reach the area assumed that the islands' original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas.　　○It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.　　○Using linguistic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have determined that the first Pacific islanders were Austronesian people from Southeast Asia.　　○New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.　　○Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing.　　○Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.　　
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overwhelming是什么意思 overwhelming在线翻译 overwhelming什么意思 overwhelming的意思 overwhelming的翻译 overwhelming的解释 overwhelming的发音
overwhelming[,əuvə'hwelmiŋ]overwhelming 基本解释 [变形] overwhelm的现在分词adj. 压倒性的, 无法抵抗的, 势不可挡的, 压倒的overwhelming 同义词v.
overwhelming 网络解释1. 压倒一切的& & 焦虑病人的内心体验是各式各样的,预期性(anticipatory)焦虑体验;广泛性(generalized)焦虑体验,即在多种处境下或事无论大小都感到焦虑;自由浮动(free-floating)或无名焦虑;焦虑具有压倒一切的(overwhelming)性质,以致病人除焦虑外,2. 压倒性的& & 连中华民国的总统陈水扁都承认自己是美国的龟儿子和接受美国在台协会(AIT)的指示. 列强势力范围的重新划分取决的因素是相关国家综合国力的对比,但主要是军事实力的对比. 军事实力一向是压倒性的(overwhelming)因素,香港回归是如此,台湾问题也不会例外. 3. 压倒性& & [1]但在转轨经济如何实施有效公司治理的问题上,似乎有一种压倒性(overwhelming)的观点认为:在这些国家,股权分散的模式是不可行的. 而必须采用依赖资本集中提供人(银行或大额股东)的模式. [6]其理由主要在于如下几点:这种相对孤立和保守的状态的公司治理,4. 壓倒& & 缩短或压倒(overwhelming)正常分娩程序脂质氧化酶(lipoxygenase)与环氧化酶(cyclooxygenase)路径升高o 增加细胞激素(cytokines)的浓度凝血酶(Thrombin)被发现是一强力的子宫收缩剂(uterotonic agent)由于胎盘剥离(placental abruptoverwhelming 网络例句1. But it doesn`t have to be overwhelming. & &但这也并不是无法改变的。2. This is a lot of pressure and it can be overwhelming for anyone. & &这是一个很大的压力，它可以压倒一切的人。3. All you want to do is workout and this can be overwhelming. & &所有你想要做的是做运动，这可以踊跃。4. It was a bit overwhelming, he said. & &这是一个有点势不可挡，他说。5. We have quality products and good service won the overwhelming majority of the user's identity. & &我们以优质的产品和良好的服务赢得了广大用户的认同。6. It was quite an overwhelming day,& he says.& & &那真是奇妙的一天，&他说道。&7. In the world of MIDNIGHT, it is a time of overwhelming darkness. & &在这个世界上，它是午夜的压倒性的黑暗。从 overwhelming 开始单词接龙选择难度小学英语初中英语高中英语大学英语出国英语考试英语overwhelming是什么意思,overwhelming在线翻译,overwhelming什么意思,overwhelming的意思,overwhelming的翻译,overwhelming的解释,overwhelming的发音,overwhelming的同义词,overwhelming的反义词,overwhelming的例句,overwhelming的相关词组,overwhelming意思是什么,overwhelming怎么翻译,单词overwhelming是什么意思常用英语教材考试英语单词大全 (7本教材)
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