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你可能喜欢From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Australian Open is a
tournament held annually over the last fortnight of January in , Australia. First held in 1905, the tournament is chronologically the first of the four
tennis events of the year – the other three being the ,
and the . It features men's and women' men's, women's and mixed doubles and junior' as well as wheelchair, legends and exhibition events. Prior to 1988 the tournament had been played on
courts, but since then two types of
surfaces have been used at
– green coloured
up to 2007 and, afterwards, blue .
Nicknamed the "Happy Slam" by , the Australian Open is the largest annual sporting event in the , typically having high attendances that rival and occasionally exceed the historically larger US Open. The Australian Open holds the record for the highest attendance at a Grand Slam event. It was also the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts, the ,
and the refurbished
equipped with retractable roofs.
The Australian Open is managed by , formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at the
in Melbourne in November . This facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre.
The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships and then became the Australian Championships in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969. Since 1905, the Australian Open has been staged in five Australian and two New Zealand cities:
(55 times),
(17 times),
(14 times),
(7 times),
(3 times),
(1906) and
(1912). Though started in 1905, the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924, by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) at a 1923 meeting. The tournament committee changed the structure of the tournament to include seeding at that time. In 1972, it was decided to stage the tournament in
each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city. The tournament was played at the
from 1972 until the move to the new
complex in 1988.
The new facilities at Melbourne Park (formerly Flinders Park) were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong's capacity. The move to Melbourne Park was an immediate success, with a 90 percent increase in attendance in 6) on the previous year at Kooyong (140,000).
Because of Australia's geographic remoteness, very few foreign players entered this tournament in the early 20th century. In the 1920s, the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days. The first tennis players who came by boats were the US
players in November 1946. Even inside the country, many players could not travel easily. When the tournament was held in Perth, no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train, a distance of about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) between the east and west coasts. In Christchurch in 1906, of a small field of 10 players, only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander.
at the Australian Open with the old
surface. , the centre court, in the background
The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments. Before 1905, all Australian states and New Zealand had their own championships, the first organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony of
(later the Championship of Victoria). In those years, the best two players – Australian
(whose name is now written on the men's singles cup) and New Zealander  – almost did not play this tournament. Brookes came once and won in 1911, and Wilding entered and won the competition twice (1906 and 1909). Their meetings in the Victorian Championships (or at Wimbledon) helped to determine the best Australasian players. Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1912, Wilding, though three times Wimbledon champion, did not come back to his home country. It was a recurring problem for all players of the era. Brookes went to Europe only three times, where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice. Thus, many players had never played the Austral(as)ian amateur or open championships: the Doherty brothers, , , , , , , , , , , , , and others, while Brookes, , , came just once. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, when travel was less difficult, leading players such as , , ,
(who only came once, when 35 years old) and
came rarely or not at all.
Inside Rod Laver Arena prior to an evening session in 2007
Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the
at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit. Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970, 's , which employed , , , Pancho Gonzales,
and , prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by .
In 1983, ,
entered the tournament. Wilander won the singles title and both his
singles rubbers in the
shortly after. Following the 1983 Australian Open, the
prompted the
to change the site of the tournament, because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event. In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park (later renamed Melbourne Park). The change of the venue also led to a change of the court surface from grass to a hard court surface known as . Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts. In 2008, after being used for 20 years, the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned, medium-paced, acrylic surface known as .
are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige. The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer. This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead-up tournaments to the Australian Open. The change was controversial because of the new surface's similarity to , the surface used by the .
at the 2010 Australian Open
Before the Melbourne Park stadium era, tournament dates fluctuated as well, in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events. For example, the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 (the 1920 tournament was played in March) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet. After a first 1977 tournament was held in December ;– January 1977, the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days, then a second 1977 tournament was played (ended on 31 December), but this failed to attract the best players. From 1982 to 1985, the tournament was played in mid-December. Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January (January 1987), which meant there was no tournament in 1986. Since 1987, the Australian Open date has not changed. However, some top players, including
and , have said that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays, thus preventing players from reaching their best form, and expressed a desire to shift it to February. Such a change, however, would move the tournament outside the summer school holiday period, potentially impacting attendance figures.
Another change of venue was proposed in 2008, with New South Wales authorities making clear their desire to bid for hosting rights to the tournament once Melbourne's contract expires in 2016. In response, Wayne Kayler-Thomson, the head of the Victorian Events Industry Council, was adamant that Melbourne should retain the event. In a scathing attack of the New South Wales authorities, he said, "It is disappointing that NSW cannot be original and seek their own events instead of trying to cannibalise other Australian cities." Since the proposal was made, a major redevelopment of Melbourne Park has been announced, which is expected to run into the hundreds of millions of dollars. Melbourne Park will include upgraded and increased seating in major venues, a roof over Margaret Court Arena, improved player facilities, a new headquarters for Tennis Australia and a partly covered "town square" area featuring large televisions showing current tennis play. A year later, these plans were largely approved, with former
confirming the state government's willingness to commit A$363 million to complete the renovations, a move which guaranteed there will be no change of venue until at least beyond 2036.
Since 1973, the
has served as the host broadcaster of the Australian Open. In March 2018, it was announced that the
would acquire rights to the tournament beginning in 2020, for a period of five years. The Open's broadcast rights are lucrative in the country, as it occurs near the end of the
— which gives its broadcaster opportunities to promote their upcoming programming lineup.
In Europe the tournament is broadcast on . Other broadcasters in the region have included the BBC in the United Kingdom,
in Switzerland,
in Netherlands and
in Serbia. In the United Kingdom, the
dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts, leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster.
Elsewhere,
broadcasts it into the Middle East and Northern Africa, and SuperSport in Sub-Sahara Africa. In the United States, the tournament is broadcast on ,
and the . The championship matches are televised live on ESPN. While it is broadcast on
in Central and Latin America. It is broadcast on
in Canada.
Panorama of
during the 2008 Australian Open
The following record of attendance provides a consistent year-to-year comparison given that since 1987 all tournaments have been played in the January period of the year (the immediate preceding tournament was Dec 1985). 1987 was the last year that the Kooyong Tennis Club was host to the grand slam and since 1988 Melbourne Park has hosted all tournaments. The average growth rate over the period covered below is 7% compared to 3% for the same period for the US Open attendance.
The prize money awarded in the men's and women's singles tournaments is distributed equally. The total prize money for the 2018 tournament is AUD $55,000,000. In 2018 the prize money is to be distributed as follows:
Round of 16
Round of 32
Round of 64
Round of 1281
A$4,000,000
A$2,000,000
Mixed Doubles
* per team
Note: All amounts in Australian dollars. (The winner's prize money approximates to GBP ?2,271,000; EUR EUR2,612,000; USD $2,797,000.)
On 4 October 2011, when they launched Australian Open 2012, the tournament director announced that the prize money was increased to A$26,000,000. It is the highest prize money for a tennis tournament. It was announced the prize money will be increased to AUD $40 million from 2015 onwards.
The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetual
The women's singles winner is presented with the
Memorial Cup.
The men's singles winner is presented with the
Challenge Cup.
Ranking points for the men () and women () have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points:
Australian Open champions listed by event:
was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2018. It was his 20th Major Singles title and his sixth at the Australian Open.
was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2018. It was her 1st Grand Slam singles title.
was part of the winning Men's Doubles in 2018. It was his 1st Grand Slam men's doubles title.
was part of the winning Men's Doubles team in 2018. It was his 1st Grand Slam men's doubles title.
was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her 1st Grand Slam women's doubles title.
was part of the winning Women's Doubles team in 2018. It was her 2nd Grand Slam women's doubles title and her 1st at the Australian Open.
was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was her 2nd Grand Slam mixed doubles title and her 1st at the Australian Open.
was part of the winning Mixed Doubles team in 2018. It was his 2nd Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 1st at the Australian Open.
6–2, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 3–6, 6–1
7–6(7–2), 3–6, 6–4
6–4, 6–4
6–4, 6–3
2–6, 6–4, [11–9]
The Australian Open is played at , whic the event moved to this site in 1988. Currently 3 of the courts used have retractable roofs, allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat. As of 2017 spectators can also observe play at show courts 2 and 3, which have capacities of 3,000 each, as well as at Courts 7–15, 19 and 20 from small accessible viewing positions.
Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium will start in 2019 as part of a $271 million redevelopment of the precinct.
Since 2008, all of the courts used during the Australian Open are hard courts with
acrylic surfaces (though Melbourne Park does have 8 clay courts not used for the tournament). This replaced the
surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park. The ITF rates the surfaces speed as medium.
Arena Roof
Retractable
(Melbourne Park Multi-Purpose Venue)
Retractable
(Formerly Show Court 1)
Retractable
Unlike the other three
tournaments, which became open in 1968, the Australian tournament opened to professionals in 1969. Thus, the records here break at the 1969 tournament. Citations for these records.
Men since 1905
Winner of most
Men's Singles titles
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most
consecutive
Men's Singles titles
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most
Men's Doubles titles
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most
consecutive
Men's Doubles titles
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most
Mixed Doubles titles -
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most
Championships (total:
singles, men's doubles,
mixed doubles) – Men
Before 1969:
(3 singles, 10 men's doubles, 0 mixed doubles)
After 1968:
(6 men's doubles)
(6 men's doubles)
(6 men's singles)
(6 men's singles)
Women since 1922
Winner of most
Women's Singles titles
, , , , , 1973
Before 1969:
, , , 1966
After 1968:
, , , 2017
Winner of most
consecutive
Women's Singles titles
Before 1969:
, , , 1966
After 1968:
Winner of most
Women's Doubles titles
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most consecutive
Women's Doubles titles
Before 1969:
After 1968:
, , , 1989
Winner of most
Mixed Doubles titles -
Before 1969:
After 1968:
Winner of most
Championships (total:
singles, women's doubles,
mixed doubles) – Women
Before 1969:
(6 singles, 10 women's doubles, 4 mixed doubles)
After 1968:
(3 singles, 8 women's doubles, 1 mixed doubles)
Miscellaneous
Youngest winner
Men's singles:
18 years and 2 months (1953)
Men's doubles:
18 years and 2 months (1953)
Women's singles:
16 years and 4 months (1997)
Women's doubles:
15 years and 10 months (1998)
Oldest winner
Men's singles:
37 years and 2 months (1972)
Men's doubles:
46 years and 2 months (1924)
Women's singles:
35 years and 8 months (1954)
Women's doubles:
37 years and 7 months (1956)
Mixed doubles (men):
52 years (1923)
Mixed doubles (women):
46 years and 3 months (2003)
was used from
and since 2008
Except for ,
during rain delay.
was attended by 743,667 people. The next highest attended Grand Slam (not including the Australian Open) was the , which was attended by 721,059 people.
Last Australian Men's Singles champion:
Last Australian Women's Singles champion:
Paxinos, Stathi (20 November 2007). . The Age. Melbourne.
Ti, JACQUELINE WILLIAMS New York (). . The Bulletin.
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on 30 January .
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Unknown (9 November 1923). . The Sydney Morning Herald 2010.
Frank Cook (14 February 2008). . . .
from the original on 1 February .
. . Archived from
on 30 September .
. . Archived from
on 31 January .
. Australian Stadiums.
from the original on 17 January .
Nikki Tugwell (14 January 2008). . . .
from the original on 1 February .
Alan Trengove. . wilandertribute.com 2008.
. . Archived from
on 30 June .
. . . 29 January .
Christopher Clarey (13 January 2008). . The New York Times.
. itftennis.com.
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. news.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 11 October 2008.
Cameron H Jason Dowling (11 October 2008). . www.smh.com.au. .
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on 2 February .
Pallisco, Marc. . Real Estate Source 2017.
. TV Tonight. .
. News.com.au.
Gill, Kieran (11 December 2015). . Daily Mail 2016.
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. Twitter. 28 January 2018.
. 30 January 2017.
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on 4 February 2009.
(PDF). Australian Open. Archived from
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. . Archived from
on 18 January .
 – Altius Directory
. Sports Illustrated. CNN. 30 January 2005.
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(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sport. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sport. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sport. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Tennis Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Lawn Tennis Association 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Lawn Tennis Association of Australia 2017.
(PDF). Clearinghouse for Sports. Lawn Tennis Association of Australia 2017.
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(PDF). Tennis.com 2017.
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on 21 December .
From 1941 through 1945, no Australian Championships were held because of World War II
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Events in the
: Hidden categories:}