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Stand Watie (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) — known as Standhope Uwatie, Degataga (: ????, "stand firm"), and Isaac S. Watie — was a leader of the
during the . He commanded the Confederate
of the , made up mostly of ,
and , and was the final Confederate general in the field to surrender at war's end.
Prior to removal of the Cherokee to
in the late 1830s, Watie and his older brother
were among leaders who signed the
in 1835. The majority of the tribe opposed their action. In 1839 the brothers were attacked in an assassination attempt, as were other relatives active in the Treaty Party. All but Stand Watie were killed. Watie in 1842 killed one of his uncle's attackers, and in 1845 his brother Thomas Watie was killed in retaliation, in the continuing cycle of violence. Watie was acquitted at trial in the 1850s on the grounds of self-defense.
During the
and soon after, Watie served as
(). By then, the majority of the tribe supported the Confederacy. A minority supported the Union and refused to ratify his election. The former chief , a Union supporter, was captured in 1862 by Union forces.
Watie led the Southern Cherokee delegation to Washington after the war to sue for peace, hoping to have tribal divisions recognized. The US government negotiated only with the leaders who had sided with the Union, and named John Ross as principal chief in 1866 under a new treaty. Watie stayed out of politics for his last years, and tried to rebuild his plantation.
Watie was born in Oothcaloga, Cherokee Nation (now ) on December 12, 1806, the son of Uwatie (Cherokee for "the ancient one", sometimes spelled Oowatie), a full-blood Cherokee, and Susanna Reese, daughter of a white father and Cherokee mother. He was named Degataga. According to one biography, this name meant "standing firm" when translated to English. He combined his Cherokee and English names into Stand Watie. His brothers were Gallagina, nicknamed "Buck" (who later took the name ); and Thomas Watie. They were close to their paternal uncle , and his son , both later leaders in the tribe. By 1827, their father David Uwatie had become a wealthy , who held African-American
as laborers.
After Uwatie converted to Christianity with the , he took the name of David U he and Susanna renamed Degataga as Isaac. In his life, Degataga preferred to use a form of the English translation of his Cherokee name, "Stand Firm." Later, the family dropped the "U" from the spelling of their surname, using "Watie." Along with his two brothers and sisters, Stand Watie learned to read and write English at the
mission school in Spring Place, Cherokee Nation (now ).
Stand Watie occasionally helped write articles for the
newspaper, for which his older brother Elias served as editor from . The first Native American newspaper, the Phoenix published articles in both Cherokee and English.
Watie became involved in the dispute over Georgia's repressive anti-Indian laws. After gold was discovered on Cherokee lands in northern Georgia, thousands of white settlers encroached on Indian lands. There was continuing conflict, and Congress passed the 1830 , to relocate all Indians from the Southeast, to lands west of the . In 1832 Georgia confiscated most of the Cherokee land, despite federal laws to protect Native Americans from state actions. The state sent
to destroy the offices and press of the Cherokee Phoenix, which had published articles against Indian Removal.
Believing that removal was inevitable, the Watie brothers favored securing Cherokee rights by treaty before relocating to . They were among the Treaty Party leaders who signed the 1835 . The majority of the Cherokee opposed removal, and the Tribal Council and Chief , of the National Party, refused to ratify the treaty.[]
One source states that Stand Watie married four women: Eleanor Looney, Elizabeth Fields, Isabella Hicks, and Sarah Caroline Bell. His child with Elizabeth Fields was stillborn in 1836. He and Sarah Bell married in 1842. They had three sons and two daughters, but there were no grandchildren.
In 1835, Watie, his family, and many other Cherokee emigrated to Indian Territory (eastern present-day Oklahoma). They joined some Cherokee who had relocated as early as the 1820s and were known as the "Old Settlers".
Those Cherokee who remained on tribal lands in the
were rounded up and forcibly removed by the U.S. government in 1838. Their journey, on which they took their slaves, became known as the "," as 4,000 people died.[]
After removal, members of the Cherokee government carried out sentence against Treaty Par their giving up tribal lands was a "blood" or capital offense under Cherokee law. Stand Watie, his brother , their uncle Major Ridge and cousin John Ridge, along with several other Treaty Party men, were all sentenced to death on 22 June 1839; only Stand Watie survived. He arranged for his brother Elias' children to be sent for their safety and education to their mother's family in C their mother Harriet had died in 1836 before the migration.
In 1842 Watie encountered James Foreman, whom he recognized as one of his uncle's executioners, and murdered him. This was part of the post-Removal violence within the tribe, which was close to civil war for years. Ross supporters executed Stand's brother Thomas Watie in 1845. In the 1850s Stand Watie was tried in Arkansas for the murder of F he was acquitted on the grounds of self-defense. His nephew , who had returned to the West and become a lawyer, defended him.
Watie, a slave holder, developed a successful
on Spavinaw Creek in the . He served on the Cherokee Council from 1845 to 1861, and part of the time served as Speaker.[]
After John Ross fled to Federal-controlled territory in 1862, Watie replaced Ross as principal chief.
Watie was one of only two Native Americans on either side of the Civil War to rise to a 's rank. The other was , a
who fought on the Union side.
Fearful of the Federal Government and the threat to create a State (Oklahoma) out of most of, what was then, the semi-sovereign "Indian Territory", a majority of the Cherokee Nation initially voted to support the Confederacy in the
for pragmatic reasons, though less than a tenth of the Cherokee owned slaves. Watie organized a
of . In October 1861, he was commissioned as
Although he fought Federal troops, he also led his men in fighting between factions of the Cherokee and in attacks on Cherokee civilians and farms, as well as against the ,
and others in Indian Territory who chose to support the . Watie is noted for his role in the , , on March 6–8, 1862. Under the overall command of General , Watie's troops captured Union
positions and covered the retreat of Confederate forces from the battlefield after the Union took control. However, most of the Cherokees who had joined Colonel John Drew's regiment defected to the Union Side. Drew, a nephew of Chief Ross, remained loyal to the Confederacy.
In August 1862, after John Ross and his followers announced their support for the Union, went to , the remaining Southern Confederate minority faction elected Stand Watie as principal chief.
After Cherokee support for the Confederacy sharply declined, Watie continued to lead the remnant of his cavalry. He was promoted to
by General
on May 10, 1864, though he did not receive word of his promotion until after he led the
on July 16, 1864. He commanded the First Indian Brigade of the , composed of two regiments of Mounted Rifles and three battalions of Cherokee, Seminole and
infantry. These troops were based south of the , and periodically crossed the river into Union territory.[]
They fought in a number of battles and skirmishes in the western Confederate states, including the Indian Territory, Arkansas, , , and Texas. Watie's force reportedly fought in more battles west of the
than any other unit. Watie took part in what is considered to be the greatest (and most famous) Confederate victory in Indian Territory, the Second Battle of Cabin Creek, which took place in what is now
on September 19, 1864. He and General
led a raid that captured a Federal wagon train and netted approximately $1 million worth of wagons, mules, commissary supplies, and other needed items. Stand Watie's forces massacred black haycutters at
during this raid. Union reports said that Watie's Indian cavalry "killed all the Negroes they could find", including wounded men.
Since most Cherokee were now Union supporters, during the war, General Watie's family and other Confederate Cherokee took refuge in
counties of east Texas. The Cherokee and allied warriors became a potent Confederate fighting force that kept Union troops out of southern Indian Territory and large parts of north Texas throughout the war, but spent most of their time attacking other Cherokee.[]
The Confederate Army put Watie in command of the Indian Division of Indian Territory in February, 1865. By then, however, the Confederates were no longer able to fight in the territory effectively.
On June 23, 1865, at
Nation, Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives for his command, the First Indian Brigade of the . He was the last Confederate general in the field to surrender.
In September 1865, after his surrender, Watie went to Texas to see his wife Sallie and to mourn the death of their son, Comisky, who had died at age 15.
After the war, Watie was a member of the Cherokee Delegation to the
which renegotiated treaties with the United States.
John Ross had signed an alliance with the Confederacy in 1861 in order to avoid disunity within his tribe and among the Indian Territory Indians. Within less than a year, Ross and part of the National Council concluded that the agreement had proved disastrous. In the summer of 1862, Ross removed the tribal records to Union-held Kansas and then proceeded to Washington to meet with President Lincoln. After Ross' departure, Tom Pegg took over as principal chief of the pro-Union Cherokee. Following Lincoln's
in January 1863, Pegg called a special session of the Cherokee National Council. On February 18, 1863, it passed a resolution to emancipate all slaves within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. Most of the "freed" slaves were held by masters who were part of the pro-Confederate Cherokee.
After many Cherokee fled north to Kansas or south to Texas for safety, pro-Confederates took advantage of the instability and elected Stand Watie principal chief. Ross' supporters refused to recognize the validity of the election. Open warfare broke out between Confederate and Union Cherokee within Indian Territory, the damage heightened by brigands with no allegiance at all. After the Civil War ended, both factions sent delegations to Washington, D.C. Watie pushed for recognition of a separate "Southern Cherokee Nation", but never achieved that.
The U.S. government refused to recognize the divisions among the Cherokee. As part of the new treaty, it required the Cherokee free their slaves. The Southern Cherokee wanted the government to pay to relocate the
from their lands. The Northern Cherokee suggested adopting them into the tribe, but wanted the federal government to give the Freedman an exclusive piece of associated territory. The federal government required that the Cherokee Freedmen would receive full rights for citizenship, land, and annuities as the Cherokee. It assigned them land in the Canadian addition. In the treaty of 1866, the government declared John Ross as the rightful Principal Chief.[]
The tribe was strongly divided over the treaty issues and return of Ross. He died in 1867 and a new chief was elected, , a
and compromise candidate. He was a shrewd and politically savvy Principal Chief, bringing about reconciliation and reunification among the Cherokee. Tensions lingered into the 20th century, but the Cherokee did not have the extended insurrection among pro-Confederate forces that occurred in the South.
Shortly after Downing's election, Watie returned to the nation. After the treaty signing, he had gone into exile in the Choctaw Nation. He tried to stay out of politics and rebuild his fortunes. He returned to Honey Creek, where he died on September 9, 1871. He was buried in the old Ridge Cemetery, later called Polson's Cemetery, in what is now , on September 9, 1871. He was a citizen of the Cherokee Nation.
Stand Watie is featured occasionally in , a novel by . It portrays the experiences of a young Union soldier from Kansas, who meets Watie and his people in .
He was featured as a character in the film
(1953), played by .
The song "Coyotes," recorded by , is a longtime cowboy's lament about losses from the : , , , , the , and Stand Watie.
Dale, Edward E. Chronicles of Oklahoma, "Some Letters of General Stand Watie." Volume 1, Number 1, January, 1921. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Lowery, Charles D. "The Great Migration to the Mississippi Territory, ," Journal of Mississippi History. ): 173–192
Frank, Andrew K. , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed April 27, 2013)
James W. Parins (2005). . American Indian Lives. University of Nebraska Press.  .
"Ely S. Parker…Civil War General…Seneca Chief" CivilWarBummer blog. Posted December 1, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
Franks, Kenny A. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Watie's Rifles." Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Knight, Wilfred (1988). Red Fox: Stand Watie's Civil War Years, pp. 245-253. Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale. .
Allardice, Bruce S. (2008) Kentuckians in Gray, p. 101, University Press of Kentucky. .
Oklahoma Historical Society, John Bartlett Meserve, Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 15, no.1, March 1937, pg.57-59. Read account at . Accessed on 12/21/12.
, Civil War Home
, WBTS in Indian Territory
"Stand Watie's Last Battle." Grand Lake Business Journal. November 13, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Moulton, Gary E. John Ross: Cherokee Chief (1978), pp. 171-174.
Moulton, 1978, pp. 174-175.
, American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 1998)(stable url ), accessed 6 September 2011.
Warde, When the Wolf Came: The Civil War and Indian Territory (2013), chapters 3-6.
Dale, Edward Everet, and Gaston Litton. Cherokee Cavaliers, pp. 229-234 & 263-266. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939) .
, BookRags Study Guides (accessed April 27, 2013)
(accessed April 27, 2013)
Cottrell, Steve. Civil War in Indian Territory. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1998.
Cunningham, Frank. General Stand Watie's Confederate Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Franks, Kenny A. Stand Watie and the Agony of the Cherokee Nation. Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press, 1979.
Langguth, A. J. (2010). Driven West: Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears to the Civil War (Print). New York: .  .
Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Wilkins, Thurman. Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
, Paul Ridenour Website
 "". . 1900.
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