初三英语语法全部 新目标的 要求每个单元的分开 就80分啦,拿走好的拿走，全部分数啦，1 像一楼的那个SB一样的就别说话了，免得丢人_百度作业帮
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初三英语语法全部 新目标的 要求每个单元的分开 就80分啦,拿走好的拿走，全部分数啦，1 像一楼的那个SB一样的就别说话了，免得丢人
好的拿走，全部分数啦，1 像一楼的那个SB一样的就别说话了，免得丢人
新目标九年级英语重点基础语法归纳辅导(一)现在完成时态1,现在完成时的定义:现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态.2,现在完成时的构成:现在完成时是由"助动词have/has+动词过去分词"构成的.①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为've/'s.e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样.③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表.Book 3 P255—2573,现在完成时的基本句型.①陈述句肯定形式.e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.②陈述句否定形式.(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven't/hasn't)e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我还未吃午饭. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京.③一般疑问句形式及其答语.(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答)e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃过午饭了没 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.Has he gone to Beijing 他去过北京了没有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.④特殊疑问句形式.(疑问词+一般疑问句) e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪里 4,现在完成时的三个基本用法.(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果.e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it. 你吃过午饭没 有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的.(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了.(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了)该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用.① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前.already, just多用于肯定陈述句.e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活.Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已经看过了.(already偶尔会出现于句末) They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛.有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶,意外.e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已经读完这本书了 (表示惊讶)ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历.e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外国人讲过话吗 (问初次经历)never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗 (否定)② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末.e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已经准备好了吗 He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业.③ before一般位于句末.e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影. 现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词.(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久.e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了.I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了.②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来.e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作.I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就…. e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了.He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期.④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直….e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京.I've known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了.(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累.e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次. We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲.How many pages of the book have you read 这本书你读了多少页了 5,延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用.(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用.(也即现在完成时的第二个基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词).e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了.Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误.(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词或短语,主要有以下几种:①用相应的延续性动词如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②转换成be+名词如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student③转换成be+形容词或副词如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be overfall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed④转换成be+介词短语如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书.I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了.Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了.Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了.His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了. His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了.My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了.My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了.(3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用.e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书.Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了.6,现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换.现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成"It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)"等句型.e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了.= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了.= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了.= A month has passed since Jim came back.I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.7,现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系.现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词.如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等.一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间,地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时.(二)宾语从句1,宾语从句的概说:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.整个复合句结构如下:I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了.主语 + 谓语 +(引导词)+ 主语 + 谓语主句 宾语从句由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子.2,由that引导的宾语从句.(即陈述句作宾语从句)(1) 主句的谓语.① 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.② 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾语从句,表示产生这种感情的原因.e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天会来.I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里.注意:如果主句与从句的主语一致,可把从句改为不定式,如果不一致,则只可用that从句.如②句可改写为I'm happy to see you here. 而①句则不可改.(2) 从句的引导词,即that.在连词that引导的宾语从句中,that本身无意义,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口语或非正式文体中常常省略.e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你们假日愉快.He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他说中国人民很友好.(3) 从句的语序:宾语从句永远用陈述语序.e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科学家吗 Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你会赢吗 (4) 从句的时态.若主句为一般现在时态时,则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态.e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他说他现在病了.He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他说他已经生病十天了.He says (that) he was ill last week. 他说他上周生病了.He says (that) he will return soon. 他说他很快就回来.若主句为一般过去时,则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态.e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他说他那时病了.He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他说他那时正在做作业.若宾语从句说的是客观真理,自然现象等,要用一般现在时.e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转.(5) 否定的转移.若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we),且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时,如果要否定,只能否定主句,而不能否定从句.e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来.Page 3(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句,一般情况下,根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句.e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he 但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说,其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定.e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我认为他不会游泳,对吗 I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是个学生,不是吗 3,由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句.(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)(1) 主句的谓语:可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, show, choose, remember, forget等.e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗 We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到.I am going to see how Kate is. 我准备去看凯特怎么样了.(2) 从句的引导词.由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导,这些词在宾语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语和定语,因而不能省略.e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗 (who在宾语从句中作主语)Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告诉我你在等谁吗 (whom在宾语从句中作宾语)She asked whose jacket it was. 她问这是谁的夹克衫.(whose在宾语从句中作定语,修饰jacket)I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的 (whose在宾语从句中作表语)由连接副词when, where, why和how引导,这些词在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略.e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何时回来吗 We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为何迟到.I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里.(3) 从句的语序:特殊疑问句坐宾语从句,仍用陈述句的语序.e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.(4) 从句的时态:与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样.(5) 注意:① 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语,又引导宾语从句时,句末的介词不可随意省掉.e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他们正在找什么.Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪个房间吗 ②当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语(或宾语)一致,且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义,如should时,从句可简化为疑问词(why 除外)+不定式.e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里.I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我将教你该怎么做它.4,由if和whether引导的宾语从句(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为"是否",该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的.其语序,时态变化和前两种宾语从句一致.e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.(2) 一般情况下,whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用,但在下列情况下,whether和if的用法有区别:whether后可以接不定式短语,而if不能.e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能决定是否去北京.当引导的从句作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if.e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作.whether引导的从句可移至句首,if则不行.e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 这是不是真的,我不敢说.动词discuss后面的宾语从句,只用whether引导,不用if.e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会.当从句中有 "or not" 时,or not可以紧接whether之后,也可以位于句末,此时,一般不用if.e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not. 请告诉我他是否会来这儿.whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句,若宾语从句是否定形式,表示"是否"的连词只能用if.e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我们想知道他们是不是真的不来.whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句,各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句.① if可以引导条件状语从句,意为"如果",whether不能.e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天气晴朗,学生们要去野餐.② whether可以引导让步状语从句,意为"不管,无论"之意.e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.不管是夏天还是冬天,海南岛都是应该去的地方.(一)过去将来时1,表示的意义和用法:过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,判断这一时态一定要有用于表示"过去"的动作,而不是时间,过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中,少单独使用.2,谓语结构.(1). should / would +动词原形,第一人称用should / would 都可以,其他人称只用would. e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我会来的. They told us that they would come back two days later. 他们告诉我们他们两天后会回来.She said she would be free next week. 她说她下周会有空.(2). was / were going to +动词原形e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以为他们今晚会来拜访我.The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音机说明天将下雪.3. 某些"移位"动词如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的过去进行时也可用来表示过去将来时.e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他说没什么时候会来.I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不确定他是否下周会去上海.3,注意:1. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时.e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她说她到上海时将给你打电话.Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告诉我,如果你不去公园的话,他独自去.2. should / would 不一定都表示过去将来时,should可以作为情态动词,表示义务,"应该,应当" 而would 可以表示客气,礼貌的请求,你能……吗 e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁.Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借给我吗 (二)过去完成时1,过去完成时的定义:表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态,即动作或状态发生在"过去的过去".2,过去完成时的构成:过去完成时是由"助动词had+动词过去分词"构成的.助动词had可以与主语缩写为'de.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd 3,过去完成时的基本句型与现在完成时的基本句型基本一样.陈述句肯定形式:e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou. 陈述句否定形式:在助动词had后+not, 可缩写为hadn'te.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou. 一般疑问句形式及其答语:将助动词had提前,答语一般也用had回答e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't. Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.特殊疑问句形式:疑问词+一般疑问句 e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived 4,过去完成时的基本用法.(1). 表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作,常与介词"by / before+过去的时间"构成的短语连用.e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term. 到上学期结束时,我们已经学了一千个单词.By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself. 到爱迪生10岁的时候,他已给自己建了一个实验室.He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6时以前他就起床了.Page 1They had planted 1000 trees before 年以前他们已经种了1000颗树.(2). 表示在过去某一动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me. 他说他已经给我寄来了一封信.("寄"先于"告诉")该用法也常与when, before等引导的从句连用.e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun. 当我来到电影院时,电影已经开始了.("开始"先于"到达")Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home. 在我回到家之前,妈妈已做好了晚饭.("煮饭"先于"到家")After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.在我读完这部小说之后,我睡觉了.("读完"先于"睡觉")注意,因为after和before本身已表达了动作的先后关系,所以谓语动词常用一般过去时代替过去完成时.e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后他便上床睡觉了.Where did you study before you came here. 你来这儿之前你在哪里学习.还可以通过上下文表示.e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time. 昨天我遇到了他,我们彼此很久没有见面了.(3). 表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,往往与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用.e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here. 在我来这儿之前,王老师已在这所学校任教了六年.I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998. 上周我收到了汤姆的一封信.自从1998年以来我从未收到他的来信.5,不用过去完成时的三种情况.句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,强调某动作或状态在该时间发生,谓语动词必须用一般过去时.e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是个工人.He came here yesterday. 他昨天来过这儿.汉语中虽然有"了""曾""过"等表示动作完成的字眼,但没有说明该动作是在过去某一时间或动作之前完成的,译成英语时要用一般过去时,不用过去完成时.e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他们读完了五本英语故事书.They went to Japan last year. 他们去年曾去过日本.叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事,虽然时间有先后之别,但仍用一般过去时.e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike. 他飞快的起床,稍稍地吃了早饭,快速地骑车奔学校而去.(三)动词不定式作主语.动词不定式(短语),可以直接放置于句首担当句子主语.e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 说起来容易,做起来难.To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易.动词不定式作主语的句子,通常可以用形式主语"it"代替,同时把真正的主语,即动词不定式(短语)放在后面,以使句子平衡.即构成句型It + be +形容词+to do sth. e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language. 如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,就在It + be +形容词+to do sth该句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.①在形容词hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+for sb to do sth.e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 对我们来说学习好一门外语不容易.It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河里游泳对你来说很危险.该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式,强调的是做某事怎么样.②在形容词nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有礼貌的), careless, careful等之后,常用of Page 2sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+of sb + to do sth e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我,你真是太好了. It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他们砍伐树木是不对的.该句型中的形容词主要修饰人,表示某人的性质或特征,强调的是这个人怎么样.it作形式主语时,其后的谓语也可以是实义动词.e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我们用了5小时到达那里.It made me happy to find my friends there. 发现朋友在那里令我很高兴.动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which等构成不定式短语,也可作主语.e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用电脑是个问题.Where to go has not been decided. 去哪儿还没有定下来.注意:主语,表语都为动词不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替不定式.e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为实.(四)定语从句定语从句的概念:在复合句中,用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后,对先行词起修饰限定作用.e.g. He is the man who I want to see. 先行词 关系词 定语从句定语从句的引导词:定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分.关系代词引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词应用who (whom, whose) 和that.e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在从句中作主语)这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王.The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that
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被动语态的各种时态及题目我要知道被动语态的各种时态结构要求提供中翻英的习题例如作业昨天完成了作业今天完成了作业明天完成了···要现在完成时,一般现在时,一般过去式,将来时四个时态 四个中文短句习
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