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第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定l个最佳选项。31、回答31-45题：
Evidence of Ancient Hunters
Russian and Norwegian scientists have reported finding stone objects and animal bones in the far north of European Russia. The scientists say the objects provide the first evidence that ancient hunters lived in the area more than 30 thousand years ago. They say this is at least 15 thousand years earlier than experts had thought.
The Russian and Norwegian team worked at a camp along the Usa River and the Arctic Circle. The scientists say they found several ancient stone tools. They also found 123 bones from animals such as horses, reindeer(驯鹿)and wolves.
The scientists say their most important discovery was a tusk from an ancient elephant called a mammoth(猛犸). The huge, curved tooth was more than l meter long. The tusk is covered with small cuts. The scientists believe humans made the marks with sharp-edged stone tools.
The scientists used a process known as radiocarbon(放射性碳)dating to measure the age of the tusk. Radiocarbon dating shows the level of a radioactive form of carbon in a substance. The tests showed the tusk is about 36 thousand years old.
The scientists say they are not sure what kind of humans left the stone objects and bones along the river. They said the people were either early humans called Neanderthals(穴居人,尼安德特人) or modern humans. Modern humans spread through Europe and Asia 30 thousand years ago. The scientists say the ancient people needed a high level of social development to survive in the extremely cold environment.
The objects were discovered about 300 kilometers northeast of another area where scientists say humans once lived. That area has objects more closely linked to modern humans. Those objects are believed to be about 28 thousand years old.
Nature magazine also published a report by John Gowlett of the University of Liverpool in England. He said the discovery shows the ability of early humans to do the unexpected. He also said the discovery should renew debate about the effects of the climate on the movements of early human population.
Before people found stone objects and animal bones in the north of European Russia, some experts thought human beings lived in that area aboutA．30 thousand years agoB．20 thousand years agoC．28 thousand years agoD．15 thousand years ago
The following statements are true concerning the significance of the finding EXCEPT thatA．it brings forwards the time in which ancient hunters lived in that areaB．it provides the evidence of a high level of ancient human societyC．it showed the unexpected ability of the early humansD．it indicates the effect of climate on the movement of early human population
Which is the most important discovery among the findingsA．A long elephant tusk.B．Ancient stone tools.C．123 bones from animals.D．mammoth tusk covered with small cuts
How old is the tusk? About years oldA．25 thousandB．28 thousandC．36 thousandD．40 thousand
What did the ancient people need to survive in the extremely cold environmentA．the ability to do the unexpectedB．a high level of social developmentC．thick clothesD．small animals to feed on36、回答36-50题：
Natural Medicines
Since earliest days, humans have used some kinds of medicines. We know this because humans have survived. Ancient treatments for injury and disease were successful enough to keep humans from dying out completely.
They were successful long before the time of modern medicine. Before the time of doctors with white coats and shiny (发亮的) instruments. Before the time of big hospitals with strange and wonderful equipment.
Many parts of the world still do not have university-educated doctors. Nor do they have expensive hospitals. Yet injuries are treated. And diseases are often cured. How? By ancient methods. By medicines that might seem mysterious, even magical (有魔力的). Traditional medicines are neither mysterious nor magical, however.
Through the centuries, tribal (部落的) medicine men experimented with plants. They found many useful chemicals in the plants. And scientists believe many of these traditional medicines may provide the cure for some of today's most serious diseases.
Experts say almost 80% of the people in the world use plants for health care. These natural medicines are used not just because people have no other form of treatment. They are used because people trust them. In developed areas, few people think about the source of the medicines they buy in a store. Yet many widely-used medicines are from ancient sources, especially plants. Some experts say more than 25% of modern medicines come, in one way or another, from nature.
Scientists have long known that nature is really a chemical factory. All living things contain chemicals that help them survive. So scientists' interest in traditional medicine is not new. But it has become an urgent concern. This is because the earth's supply of natural medicines may be dropping rapidly.
The passage indicates that ancient treatments for injury and disease wereA．much more successful than modem ones.B．successful enough for humans to survive.C．successful in all cases.D．of little help to humans.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?A．Modern medicines are now available all over the world.B．Many big and modem hospitals are expensive.C．Traditional medicines are neither mysterious nor magical.D．Humans have used some kinds of medicines since earliest days.
It is believed by scientists that traditional medicinesA．can cure all kinds of diseases.B．may cure some of today's most serious diseasesC．are no longer useful for modem men.D．are too cheap to be useful.
What do the majority of the people in the world use for health care?A．Strange and wonderful equipment.B．Factory-produced chemicals.C．Modern medicines.D．Plants.
It can be seen from the passage that the earth's supply of natural medicinesA．may never be exhausted.B．may be dropping rapidly.C．is surprisingly big.D．is as rich as ever.41、回答41-55题：
Young Smokers
It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent and sexually precocious. Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.
There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.
It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises. This rule has been introduced at Summerhill School where I spent my schooldays.
There is, however, a risk of children smoking just to rebel against the rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.
In this passage the author puts an emphasis onA．the consequence of smoking among children.B．the difficulty in prohibiting children from smoking.C．the causes of smoking among children.D．the solution to ban smoking among children
Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokersA．Disobedience.B．Laziness.C．Abstinence.D．Vanity.
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passageA．Some children start to smoke out of curiosity and vanity.B．Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature.C．In order to have fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workers should set examples.D．It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adults from smoking..
The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smokingA．hould be introduced, for it really works at the school.B．should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance.C．should be introduced though it may not work effectively.D．needn' t be introduced as long as teachers don' t smoke.
The author's attitude towards his writing isA．Objective.B．Emotional.C．Critical.D．Indifferent.
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2015职称英语理工类A级阅读理解真题答案
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　　第三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light　　Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and
electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating
part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they
operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets
the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather
heat.　　That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest
much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And
it’s also a space problem： photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the
roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.　　In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials
science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made
with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra
from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from
Queen’s University, Canada.　　Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon， but you can also make
solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They
don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper.
And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint.
Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news
physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.　　&That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light —
pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,& Pearce explains，which
is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of
the market.　　However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the
Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT.
You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s
group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near
the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame
the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to
a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a
day，they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.　　41. PVTs are not efficient in　　A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells.　　C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors.　　42. One of the problems PVTs have is that　　A. their thermal applications are costly. B. they are too expensive to
afford.　　C. they occupy too much space. D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.　　43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film
silicon solar cells?　　A. They are electrically efficient. B. They are less expensive.　　C. They are flexible. D. They are environment friendly.　　44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because　　A. their advantages are not well-recognized. B. they do not work well if
exposed to light.　　C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised.　　45 Which of the following statements is true?　　A. Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.　　B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.　　C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.　　D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been
created.　　2015年理工类A级参考答案：　　第4部分：阅读理解(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)　　31-35.　DBBD A　　36-40. D A D D D　　41-45. C C A B A　　另外，根据往年及合格标准发布时间推测，2015年职称英语考试成绩查询、合格标准一般于考后2个半月公布，届时，请广大考生密切关注新东方在线职称英语考试频道，我们会第一时间发布相关考试信息。　　相关推荐：　　最后，新东方在线再次预祝考生顺利通过考试!
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　　第三篇　 15 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety Disorder
　　Social anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million Americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds.
　　The disorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. Thirty-six percent of those with social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the Anxiety Disorders Association of America reports.
　　“Social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and irrational fear of social or performance situations,” Jerilyn Ross, the association’s president and CEO, said during a teleconference Wednesday.
　　“The condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassing themselves,” Ross said.
　　Social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and job performance, Ross noted. “It also makes it very difficult for people to develop friends and romantic partnerships,” she said.
　　People with this disorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, Ross noted. “But they feel powerless to do anything about it,” she said.
　　Social anxiety disorder can start in the early teens, Dr. Mark H. Pollack, director of the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said during the teleconference.
　　“This is a disorder that starts affecting people early on1,” Pollack said. “The typical age of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13, and many individuals report a history of anxiety dating back to2 earlier childhood.”
　　The disorder also has physical symptoms, including heart palpitations, feelings that their throat will close up3, sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, Ross said.
　　Among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. In addition, 69 percent said they didn’t want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percent said they were embarrassed by their condition, Ross said.
　　However, when the condition is diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. In fact，59 percent who were receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. In addition, 39 percent who had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful aided their decision to get help, Ross noted.
　　41、Which
NOT true of the
people with
frequently
　　参考答案：B
　　42、 People
beneficial
controllable
　　参考答案：C
　　43、 Usually
　　参考答案：D
　　44、All
heart palpitations
　　参考答案：C
unavailable
　　参考答案：D
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