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This article is about the concept subconscious as used in psychology, everyday speech and new-age literature.
For a related psychological concept, see .
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In , the subconscious is the part of
that is not currently in focal awareness. The word "subconscious" represents an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by the psychologist
(), who argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind.
said that there is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed.
The subconscious is commonly encountered as a replacement for the
and therefore, laypersons commonly assume that the subconscious is a it is not.
explicitly argues:
"If someone talks of subconsciousness, I cannot tell whether he means the term topographically – to indicate something lying in the mind beneath consciousness – or qualitatively – to indicate another consciousness, a subterranean one, as it were. He is probably not clear about any of it. The only trustworthy antithesis is between conscious and unconscious."
opinion the unconscious mind has a will and purpose of its own that cannot be known to the conscious mind (hence the term "unconscious") and is a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression.
Charles Rycroft explains that the subconscious is a term "never used in psychoanalytic writings". Peter Gay says that the use of the term subconscious where unconscious is meant is "a common and telling mistake"; indeed, "when [the term] is employed to say something 'Freudian', it is proof that the writer has not read his Freud".
Freud's own terms for thinking that takes place outside conscious awareness are das Unbewusste (rendered by his translators as "the Unconscious mind") and das Vorbewusste ("the "); informal use of the term subconscious in this context thus creates confusion, as it fails to make clear which (if either) is meant. The distinction is of significance because in Freud's formulation the Unconscious is "dynamically" unconscious, the Preconscious merely "descriptively" so: the contents of the Unconscious require special investigative techniques for their exploration, whereas something in the Preconscious is unrepressed and can be recalled to consciousness by the simple direction of attention. The erroneous, pseudo-Freudan use of subconscious and "subconsciousness" has its precise equivalent in German, where the words inappropriately employed are das Unterbewusste and das Unterbewusstsein.
The subconscious mind is a composite of everything one sees, hears and any information the mind collects that it cannot otherwise consciously process to make meaningful sense. The conscious mind cannot always absorb disconnected information, as it would be an information overload, so the subconscious mind stores this information where it can be retrieved by the conscious mind when it needs to defend itself for survival (and for other reasons, such as solving puzzles).
The subconscious mind stores information that the conscious mind may not immediately process with full understanding, but it stores the information for later retrieval when ”recalled” by the conscious mind, or by an astute psychoanalyst who can draw out information stored in the subconscious, bringing it to the individual's conscious awareness. This can especially be observed with heightened sensitivity of victims of violence and other crimes, where victims "felt something" "instinctually" about a person or situation, but failed to take action to avoid the situation, for whatever reason, be it embarrassment, self-denial or other reasons to ignore instinct, as they disregard internal warning signals.
A precise example of the subconscious mind at work and related phenomena can be found in a book written by psychoanalyst Gavin De Becker, "The Gift of Fear". He describes how a victim "knew something was wrong", but initially discredited her own instinct/subconscious mind, opting instead to respond to the perceived threat in a normal, "socially acceptable" manner, completely ignoring that the subconscious mind tried to tell the conscious mind "that something is wrong." De Becker tapped into the mind of the victim regarding her "prior awareness by the subconscious mind that caused her to act instinctively" allowing her to realize that the perpetrator was going to kill her. The analyst brought her conscious mind to recognize how her subconscious was working on her conscious mind, by eliciting her original "inner thoughts/voice" through a series of events to which her subconscious mind ultimately drove her conscious mind to behave in such a manner as to protect her from being killed. Gavin was able to elicit her subconscious mind's recognition of a dangerous situation that compelled her conscious mind to act to save her through its basic survival instinct, bringing to the victim's conscious mind that it was the "subtle signal that warned her." The victim describes this as an unrecognized fear that drove her to act, still unaware consciously of precisely why she was afraid. Her conscious mind had heard the words, "I promise I won't hurt you, while her subconscious mind was calculating the situation much faster than the conscious mind could make sense out of WHY the fear was there. The victim stated that "the animal inside her took over."
This section needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013)
The idea of the subconscious as a powerful or potent agency has allowed the term to become prominent in
literature, in which investigating or controlling its supposed knowledge or power is seen as advantageous. In the New Age community, techniques such as
are believed to harness the power of the subconscious to influence a person's life and real-world outcomes, even curing sickness.
magazine criticized the lack of
of these claims. Physicist , for instance, criticized it as unmeasurable and questioned the likelihood that thoughts can affect anything outside the head. In addition, critics have asserted that the evidence provided is usually
and that, because of the , as well as the
nature of any results, these reports are susceptible to
Psychologists and psychiatrists use the term "unconscious" in traditional practices, where metaphysical and New Age literature, often use the term subconscious. It should not, however, be inferred that the concept of the unconscious and the New Age concept of the subconscious are precisely equivalent, even though they both warrant consideration of mental processes of the brain. Psychologists and psychiatrists take a much more limited view of the capabilities of the unconscious than are represented by New Age depiction of the subconscious. There are a number of methods in use in the contemporary New Age and paranormal communities that affect the latter:
Transdisciplinary topics
Henri F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious (1970)
(1964). "Approaching the unconscious". Man and his Symbols. Doubleday. p. 37.  . Such material has mostly become unconscious because — in a manner of speaking — there is no room for it in the conscious mind. Some of one's thoughts lose their emotional energy and become subliminal (that is to say, they no longer receive so much of our conscious attention) because they have come to seem uninteresting or irrelevant, or because there is some reason why we wish to push them out of sight. It is, in fact, normal and necessary for us to "forget" in this fashion, in order to make room in our conscious minds for new impressions and ideas. If this did not happen, everything we experienced would remain above the threshold of consciousness and our minds would become impossibly cluttered. Compare .
Sigmund Freud, The Question of Lay Analysis (Vienna 1926; English translation 1927)
Charles Rycroft, A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (London, 2nd Ed, 1995), p. 175
Peter Gay, Freud: A Life For Our Time (London 2006), p. 453
Peter Gay (ed.), A Freud Reader (London, 1995), p. 576
Adivinar el Inconsciente / Deviner l’Inconscient, bilingual Spanish~French, Punto Publishers, Barcelona, 2010
Whittaker, S. , The Montreal Gazette, May 12, 2007.
Kaptchuk, T., & Eisenberg, D. (1998). "The Persuasive Appeal of Alternative Medicine". Annals of Internal Medicine 129 (12): 1061–5. :.  .
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<旗下网站：超我到底属于潜意识，还是意识层？
悬赏20个健康币
时间： 12:10:12
健康咨询描述：
超我到底属于潜意识,还是意识层?或者两层,甚至三层中都有? 意识,前意识,潜意识?
想得到怎样的帮助：请不要,敷衍我,拒绝contrl C+ contrl V（感谢医生为我快速解答——该。）
十大相似问答推荐
医生答案显示区
帮助网友：18称赞：5
病情分析：.本人认为三层都有,您本身就有这种潜意识才会有前意识与意识,三者是有关系的少了谁都不行你才会是孤独的,博爱的,完善的.指导意见：超我是自我发展的最高阶段,超我是孤独的我,超我是博爱的我,超我是信仰中的我,超我是完善的我
帮助网友：38922称赞：2064
你好需要详细的叙述患者的症状, 以便给你更多的帮助.
帮助网友：7427称赞：776
病情分析：能不能说详细点.你说明你有超能力吗?指导意见：你好,能不能说详细点.你说明你有超能力吗?说明白点.
帮助网友：1506称赞：202
病情分析：你好,医学上没有超我的说法.指导意见：根据你说的超我只能算是自我幻想,不属于潜意识,也没有两层,三层意识的说法.希望我的回答对你有所帮助.
帮助网友：5323称赞：663
病情分析：超我到底属于潜意识,还是意识层?或者两层,甚至三层中都有? 意识,前意识,潜意识?指导意见：关于你的问题首先的是提出这一论题的人是弗洛伊德,他提出 人的意识有 本我
自我一般的讲是本我：本我是就是最原始,本能冲动的意识 追求快乐和回避痛苦 是过分的,冲动的,盲目的,非理性的,非社会化的,自私的,并且是纵情享乐的.自我：为了满足本我所构建的那个外在的主观的意识和人格超我：责任感,愧疚感等等良心等范畴的东西主要是社会行为准则及形成的禁忌. 所以一般认为跟潜意识是有联系的 但是不属于潜意识的 二者之间是满意是不属于的关系的 好不好 希望回复对您有所用 希望您能够满意
帮助网友：12称赞：2
病情分析：您好,您想对超我有更深的理解,弄清楚超我和意识的关系.指导意见：1,本我,自我,超我是弗洛伊德对于人格结构进行分析时所提出的概念.2,本我包含要求得到眼前满足的一切本能的驱动力,按照快乐原则行事.本我中的一切,都是无意识的,是属于潜意识层面的.
自我处于本我和超我之间,代表理性和机智,它按照现实原则来行事,充当仲裁者,监督本我的动静,给予适当满足.任何能成为意识的东西都在自我之中.
超我代表良心,社会准则和自我理想,是人格的高层领导,它按照至善原则行事,指导自我,限制本我.弗洛伊德认为,只有三个“我”和睦相处,保持平衡,人才会健康发展.3,从以上的分析中我们不难发现超我是属于意识层面的.4,对于自我,本我,超我,以及意识,前意识,潜意识的详细解释,推荐看一下弗洛伊德的"自我与本我"和“梦的解析”两本书.
帮助网友：220称赞：26
病情分析：先搞懂他们的概念是什么,无意识,潜意识,前意识,意识,超我,意识层,指导意见：无意识——潜意识——前意识——意识——超我等由低到高的精意识层次无意识：人脑无主观思维活动潜意识：是一种可以被回忆起来的,能被召唤到清醒意识中的意识最初期,前意识：又称下意识,比潜意识又高一层次,是调节潜意识和意识的中介机制,处于潜意识和意识之间意识：比前意识又高一层次,是客观存在的人.事.物在人脑中的具体反映（马克思哲学中有这个概念）,较高的思维活动.每一个人的世界观和人生观不同,产生的意识也不同,超我：在意识的基础上能够进行对自己的不良行为自我批判和道德控制的理想,它是儿童在生长发育过程中受到社会和家庭尤其是父母给他的赏罚活动中形成的,换言之,是父母作为爱的角色和纪律的角色的赏罚权威的内化,也就是父母的好的行为是影响孩子的超我形成的关键因素,能达到“超我”这种层次的人,世界上太少了,
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幻觉是感觉器官缺乏客观刺激时的知觉体验，并且与真正的知觉体验有相同的特征。幻觉是产生于外界(或躯体内部)的一种类似知觉的体验，而不像意象是内心的体验。幻觉是精神病患者最常见的症状之一，少数正常人也可体验到幻觉，特别是疲劳时。......
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如何收藏问题？
方法一：同时按住Ctrl键和D键收藏问题。
方法二：点击浏览器上的收藏按钮收藏问题。谁收藏了这篇日志[xià yì shí]
大家都在背：
1. He caught her arm in a subconscious attempt to detain her.
他下意识地抓住她的胳膊想挽留她。
来自柯林斯例句
2. Unconsciously, by force of habit, she plugged the coffee pot in.
下意识地，她习惯性地把咖啡壶的插头插上了。
来自柯林斯例句
3. Nail biting is often a subconscious reaction to tension.
咬指甲通常是紧张时的下意识反映.
来自《简明英汉词典》
4. Almost by reflex, he helped himself to a drink.
几乎是下意识的, 他给自己弄了杯酒.
来自《简明英汉词典》
5. She unconsciously moved back a pace or two.
她下意识地向后退了一两步.
来自《简明英汉词典》
1. (名)心理学上指不知不觉、没有意识的心理活动。
偏正式：下（意识
他～地掏出了手枪。（作状语）
1.subconsciousness
1.subconscious
基本信息 词目：下意识 拼音：xìa yì shī 解释：下意识仅从心理学意义上讲，即人的不自觉的行为趋向。 下意识和潜意识的区别我们可以这样看： 1、下意识仅从心理学意义上讲，即人的不自觉的行为趋向。而潜意识则是人心理上潜在的行为取向。 大家可以发现，除了有个别字眼有区不明显的区别外，这两个名词可说是很相类似的。而在文学领域内的这两个词一般是通用的。 2、如果从完全的心理学角度分析，可以参照弗洛伊德的心理学理
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