had加德语情态动词过去式式 是什么时态?

  众所周知,词汇和语法是英语两大基础,就像人的两只脚,其重要性不言而喻。虽然没有板块直接对语法进行考查,但不论是读还是写,每一个句子又都是建立在语法基础之上的。从这个角度上来说,考研英语无时无刻不在考查语法。
  动词作为句子主干的核心部分之一,其时态和语态一直都是考查的重点和难点。本文旨在对考研英语中的16种语法进行梳理,用一种更加巧妙的方法帮助广大考生理解并记忆知识点。
  (一)总述
  所谓“时态”,可以被理解为“时间”+“动词状态”。
  佛家称“过去、现在、将来”,这就是所谓“三世诸佛”。这三者也是大部分人能够想到的时间,但是大家还忘记了一种可能,那就是站在过去的某个点去预测将来。比如狄马克上周预言中国A股即将反弹,再比如我昨天预计明天早上我一定会去上班,这些都是过去谈论将来的例子,也决定了我们的语言当中必然要多出一种时间,那就是“过去将来时”。
  至于动词状态,大家联想一下我们已经很熟悉的英语时态,再回到生活中对比一下,就会发现三个比较明显的状态:一般时态、进行时态和完成时态。但在这里,我们又忽略了一种可能性,有的事件是现在已经完成,并且还将一直进行下去,比如说我从现在起,将会在这里和大家分享复习备考的知识,随着这篇文章的刊登,眼下的分享工作已经完成,但以后还会有别的文章陆续跟大家见面,所以这件事还将继续下去,这就是一个典型的完成进行的动作。所以我们的状态也变成了四种:一般、进行、完成和完成进行时。
  综上所述,我们有4种“时间”和4种“动作状态”,而时态就是这两者的排列组合,所以我们就很好理解,英语中总共有16种时态,总结为下表:
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成进行时
一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
现在完成进行时
一般将来时
将来进行时
将来完成时
将来完成进行时
一般过去将来时
过去将来进行时
过去将来完成时
过去将来完成进行时
  至此,我们已经清楚英语中所包含的全部16个时态是如何来的,接下来,我们从形式和用法两个方面,来对这16个时态进行梳理。
  (二)形式
  时态的用法比较多,但形式相对固定,因此,我们先从形式开始考查。
  刚才说过,将时态理解为“时间”+“动作状态”,这种方法不仅可以用在对时态的理解上,也可以运用在对于时态形式的记忆上。
  “时间”包括过去、现在、将来以及过去将来,是影响动词形式的一个因素。比如发生在“现在”的动作,当主语为第一、第二人称和第三人称复数时,动词均为do,当主语是第三人称单数时,动词为does。
  而“动作状态”包含一般、进行、完成和进行完成,也是影响动词形式的一大因素。比如进行时态为be doing的形式,那么不管是过去进行时、现在进行时、将来进行时还是过去将来进行时,动词均包含be doing这个元素。
  下面,我们以动作状态为轴,逐一梳理各时态的形式。
  1.一般时态
  众所周知,“一般”这种动作状态中,动词均为do。所以,一般过去时的动词就是“一般”(do)+“过去”(did),为did。一般现在时的动词就是“一般”(do)+“现在”(do/ does),为do/ does。一般将来时的动词就是“一般”(do)+“将来”(shall/ will do),为shall / will do。
  “过去将来”这个时间比较特殊,严格来说,包含两个时间因素:“过去”和“将来”。 “过去”的动词形式是did,“将来”的动词形式是shall/ will do,这两个合起来形成一个时间概念,为了将它有机融合,就只有寻找“将来时”的过去时态。shall的过去式是should,will的过去式是would,由此,就不难理解,“过去将来时”的形式为should/ would do。
  所以,一般过去将来时就是“一般”+“过去将来”。“一般”为do,“过去将来”为should/ would do,合起来就是should/ would do。
  2.进行时态
  进行时态的形式一般为be doing,这里要注意的是,我们常说的be动词的原形就是be,而非大家最熟悉的am,is,相反,后面这三个词是be动词在现在进行时态中根据主语人称变化的变形。所以现在进行时的形式就是“现在”(do/ does)+“进行”(be doing),为am/ is/ are doing。
  在过去进行时中,“过去”(did)+“进行”(be doing)也有两种变形。当主语为第一人称单数和第三人称单数时,过去进行时的形式为 was doing,当主语为第二人称、第一人称复数和第三人称复数时,过去进行时为were doing。
  在将来进行时中,“将来”(shall/ will do)+“进行”(be doing),动词形式为shall/ will be doing。同理,过去将来进行时中,“过去将来”(should/ would do)+“进行”(be doing),最终的动词形式为should/ would be doing。
  3.完成时态
  完成时态的形式为have done,现在完成时就是“现在”(do/ does)+“完成”(have done),最终形式为 have/ has done。过去完成时则是“过去”(did)+“完成”(have done),最终形式为 had done。将来完成时形式为“将来”(will do)+“完成”(have done),最终为will have done。而过去将来完成时为“过去将来”(should/ would do)+“完成”(have done),最终形式为should/ would have done。
  4.完成进行时态
  毫无疑问,完成进行时态对于大部分同学来说都比较陌生。其含义为一件事情从过去到现在或离现在不远的一段时间内完成的事情,并且会继续进行下去。(在某些句子中,从上下文可以看出,动作已经完成,不会继续下去)
  从形式上,完成进行时仍然符合我们前面所用的方法,用“完成”(have done)+“进行”(be doing)。但是,这里在得出结论的时候需要特别注意,将be doing代入完成时态中,不能取代have的位置,而应与done完美融合。但是,作为进行时态,doing不能改变,所以,只能改变be的形式。be的完成时形态为have been,所以完成进行时的动词形式应该为 have done+ be doing= have been doing。
  在此基础上,现在完成进行时的形式为“现在”(do/ does)+“完成进行”(have been doing),最终形式为have/has been doing。而过去完成进行时的形式应为“过去”(did)+“完成进行”(have been doing),最终形式为had been doing。将来完成进行时的形式为“将来”(will do)+“完成进行”(have been doing),最终形式为will have been doing。过去将来完成进行时的形式则为“过去将来”(should / would do)+“完成进行”(have been doing),最终形式为should / would have been doing。
  综合以上,我们可以得出各时态的形式,总结为下表:
was/ were doing
had been doing
am/ are/ is doing
have/ has done
have/ has been doing
shall/ will do
shall/ will be doing
shall/ will have done
shall/ will have been doing
should/ would do
should/ would be doing
should/ would have done
should/ would have been doing
  (三)用法
  上文已经以动作状态为线索,梳理了16个时态的形式,下面开始,以“时间”为线索,梳理16个时态最普遍、最基本的用法。
  1.“现在”
  “现在”家族包含一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时和现在完成进行时4个成员。在这些时态中,“现在”都限定了,动作发生在当下,或者是从当下起延续的一段时间。
  大家最初学英语的时候,大多都是从一般现在时开始的,因为它最简单。
  一般现在时,顾名思义,表达现在发生的最一般、最普通的事物。那么,用此种时态来描述日常生活中常常发生的事,就成为题中应有之义。
  如:I get up at 7:00 in the morning at home.
  由此延伸,如果一件事是随随便便就能做的,那必然说明对于句子的主语来说,做这件事情非常容易,成为了一种能力或者是习惯。所以一般现在时表达的第二种含义就是能力或是习惯。
  如:Do you drive to work? (表习惯)
  将第一种含义中的“常常”进行推广,日常生活中每时每刻都存在的事物,就是客观存在,或者客观定律,也可以用一般现在时来表达。最常出现的莫过于“I love you”,这就是一个典型的表示客观事实的句子。
  总结以上,一般现在时有三种含义:(1)表示日常行为;(2)表示能力或习惯;(3)表示客观存在。
  相比之下,现在进行时的内涵就更加单一。现在进行时表示现在正在发生的事情。现在进行时的后面可以与表示现在的时间状语连用,也可以不跟任何状语。
  如:what are you doing?
  I&m not doing anything at present.
  现在完成时是相对复杂的一个,它所包含的含义可以概括为这样三种:(1)过去到现在完成;(2)过去发生对现在有影响;(3)过去到现在之间反复做的事。
  笔者曾经在一辆公交上听到一对母子的谈话,很好地诠释了这三种含义。儿子问妈妈晚上可不可以去跟别人玩,妈妈问:“你作业做完了吗?”儿子回答:“做完了。”妈妈再问:“真的都做完了吗?”儿子回答:“早就做完了。”妈妈最后又问:“检查过了吗?”儿子回答:“检查了很多次了。”
  第一次儿子回答“做完了”,因为时间不够明确,可以理解为:反正到目前为止是做完了的。第二次儿子给了一个比较明确的时间点“早就做完了”,可见做完作业这件事情发生在过去,只是这件事对现在有影响,回家之后可以玩了。最后儿子说“检查了很多次了”,显然检查这项工作被完成了不止一次,在过去到现在这段时间内,被反复做了多次。
  与现在完成时连用的时间状语一般都是一个时间段,如for one year,during the three months等,假如需要使用一个时间点,则应与since连用,表示“从某个时间起”。
  如:I haven&t seen my boyfriend since last Sunday.
  Nothing has been quite the same ever since.
  细心的同学可能会发现,现在完成时所描述的动作一般都是不持续的,做完了也就结束了,但是有时候,我们需要表达一个可以持续的动作。比如“我教书13年了”。在大部分情况下,教书13年不会轻易转行,也没有到达退休年龄,所以大部分人讲这句话的时候,只是想说明自己教书的时间比较久,很可能会继续教下去,那么这句话就是一个典型的现在完成进行时:
  I have been teaching for 13 years.
  但是,如果这句话换成“我单身3年了”,那么这句话就需要仔细考量。假如只是简单陈述一个事实,或者想要表达单身很久,想要尽快结束这个单身的状态,那么就应该用现在完成时。
  I have been single for three years.
  但是,有人单身是因为非常享受自由的状态,所以,尽管这些人已经单身了3年,很有可能还想继续单身下去,那么,这句话用现在完成进行时就更加合适。
  I have been being single for three years.
  2. “过去”
  “过去”时间家族包含:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时和过去完成进行时4个成员。“过去”的概念是相对于“现在”来说的,这一系列的动作都发生在“过去”。
  具体来说,一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的事情或存在的状态,常和a minute ago, yesterday,last year等表示过去的时间状语连用,一般过去时表示“之后”的概念,因此要用after,而不能用in。
  如:It happened after three days.
  但是,一般过去时也可以和一些表示现在的时间状语,如today, this week等连用,但此时指的仍然是过去发生的事情。
  比如:Did you take your pills today?
  这句话问“你今天吃药了吗?”问的是在此之前吃过药没,而不包括说话的这个时间点。
  过去进行时则表示在过去某一时间里正在发生的动作,和一般过去时一样,也与表示过去的时间状语连用。
  如:When I called him, he was dating another girl.
  但,如果时间状语是一段时间,过去进行时所表达的状态就必须贯穿这段时间,或者至少是大部分时间。
  比如我们常常看到电视剧里,女主角满怀幽怨的对男主角说:“我那时候一直在等你。”为英语:I was expecting you that time.女主角不是孟姜女,不可能一直望着一个地方等男主角,但至少大部分时间里,她从心理上是在等待男主角的。
  与现在完成时一样,过去完成时也包含三重含义,不同的是过去完成时所描述的动作都是发生在以过去某一时间为截止点的一段时间,也就是我们常说的“过去的过去”。由此,过去完成时表示这样三个含义:(1)从过去的过去到过去已经完成的事情;(2)过去的过去发生,对过去有影响的事情;(3)从过去的过去到过去反复发生的事情。
  举个容易理解的例子,最近比较火的综艺节目《我是歌手》中,歌手林志炫赢得了很多观众的喜爱。于是我们可以说:“在最新一期(第十期)《我是歌手》中,林志炫展现了他的天赋,获得了第三名,在此之前,他已经三次夺冠。”
  在这一句话中,时间非常的明确,第十期《我是歌手》显然是过去的事情,在那一次比赛中他获得了第三,可以用一般过去时,当然,用过去完成时也是说得通的,因为这是在上一期的时候完成的事情。不管怎么写,在那之前,他已经获得了三次冠军,是一个非常明确的“过去的过去”,应该用过去完成时。
  这句话就可以翻译为:After showed his talent again, Zhixuan Lin got the third prize in the latest I Am A Singer. He had already been the top for three times before that. 或者也可以译为After showed his talent again, Zhixuan Lin had got the third prize. He had already been the top for three times before that.
  过去完成进行时表示在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。比如有一句很有名的情诗:“那一月,我转遍经筒,只为触摸你的指尖。”在这句诗中,转经筒是“那一月”发生的事情,显然发生在过去,并且由于这是一个泛化的说法,按照诗句所表达的感情,这种追寻的行为肯定会一直延续下去。所以,此句译为英语:“I had been turning all the cylinders around in that month, in order to touch your fingers.”
  3.“将来”
  “将来时”家族包含一般将来时,将来进行时,将来完成时和将来完成进行时4个成员,共同点是描述的都是将来发生的事情。
  一般将来时表示将来会发生的事情,前文已经说过其形式有will do和shall do两种。对于两者用法上的差别,有些同学不是特别清楚,只是大约知道will用得比shall要更频繁,所以干脆简单地只用will而不用shall。
  shall的语气比will更加强烈,如果觉得不好理解,可以联想两个词的过去式:should和would。两者相比,自然是should在语气上要更加强烈一些。由此,可以反推出shall的语气其实比will要更加强烈。
  我们已经知道,将来时其实是对于将来发生的事情的一种陈述,语气太强烈,就会显得过于笃定。但是,出于礼貌,我们无法对别人的事情如此笃定,只能比较肯定的讨论自己的事。这就是为什么shall一般用在第一人称I或者we的后面,而will既可以说自己,也可以说别人。
  需要特别说明的是,这里的shall,will,should和would都是助动词,都没有特别的含义,只是表达一种语气。彼此之间只有语气强弱的区别,而没有含义上的区别,所以这里的should不能理解为“应该”。
  将来进行时表示将来某个时刻正在发生的事情。严格地说,“将来”与“进行”存在一定的矛盾,既然是未来的事情,表示并没有发生,不可能正在“进行”。所以,这个时态一般只用来表示事先安排好的事情,体现一种期待感,而不能仅仅用来表达自己的想法、愿望之类可能实现,也可能不会实现的事物。
  如:I will be studying in Harford for my master degree next year.(注:作为一个考研的学生,这里说明年这个时候我将在哈佛读硕士,显然是一个愿望,而非板上钉钉的事情,因此,will比shall更合适)
  同理,严格来讲,将来完成时也不能算是真正的完成时态,同样是作为对将来会发生的事情的一种强烈的笃定。比如我们小时候学过《国际歌》,最后一句唱到“布尔什维克就一定会实现”,这就是一个典型的充满了革命浪漫主义的句子,表达了对于将来的信心。这一点我们可以借鉴到我们的作文中,很多人在写作文B节的时候,最后一句都会说“只要这样,我们就能有一个更美好的未来。”通常大家写的句子都是“By doing this can we have a better tomorrow.”那么,可以在这一点上再前进一步,将此句改成:“只要这样,一个更加美好的世界就一定会到来。”译为英文:“By doing this will a better tomorrow have come true.”
  将来完成进行时听起来更少出现,但其实生活中用得比较多。所谓将来完成进行时,就是到将来某个时间会完成,并且会一直进行下去的事情。比如我们可以说:“到今年9月份,我就学习英语15年了。”大多数同学都是从小学开始学习英语,到现在都有十几年了,但是,由于将来的学习和工作中会继续用到,所以相信大家还会继续学习下去,那么这句话用将来完成进行时就非常恰当:“I shall have been studying English for 15 years by this September.”
  这里可以教给同学们一个小技巧,将来完成时和将来完成进行时都要和一个表示“到将来某个时期为止”的时间状语连用,那么这个状语很多时候都是由by加上一个时间点组成的,译为“到xxx为止”。
  4.“过去将来”
  前面已经讲过,站在过去预测将来,就是过去将来时的含义。生活中常常会用到过去将来时。
  一般过去将来时表示说话人站在过去的某个时刻推断将来,比如“You knew I would come.”
  过去将来进行时则表示过去推断的将来某个时刻正在进行的状态,同将来时一样,由于它不能算作正在进行的事情,只能表示已经计划好的事,而不能用来表达想法或者打算。比如:She said she would be setting off on the 10 o&clock train.
  过去将来完成时稍微复杂一些,表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作,并往往会与过去将来某一时间产生联系。
  比如说:笔者过年期间前往广州旅行,有广州的朋友会去车站接我,于是我告诉朋友火车将要到达的时间。这件事虽然是过去发生的,并且讲的是一件对于过去来说将来发生的事,但是对于朋友来说,决定着他什么时候会去火车站,因此用过去将来完成时。
  I told him I would have arrived by 4 o&clock.
  16个时态中,最复杂也最不常用的莫过于过去将来完成进行时。这个时态表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去某一时间。前面讲将来完成进行时的时候举过一个例子,“到今年9月份,我就学习英语15年了”。假如这句话是某人上个月说的,那就构成了一个典型的过去将来完成进行时:“He said that by this September he would have been studying English for 15 years.”
以上总结了英语中16个动词时态的概念、形式和用法,这些语法在我们的实际考试中起着非常关键的作用,希望对大家的复习备考有所帮助。
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&&&&&& (tense)(time)”、“过去”、“将来”、“过去将来”四种。从方面(aspect)”、“进行”、“完成”、“完成进行”四种,英语的动词可以根据动作发生于四种不同的时间,表现在四种不同的方面构成十六种时态。见下表:
② -syyieso,s,x,ch,shes
is, are)与have/has两动词在疑问句中,将这两个动词提到主语前,否定句直接在这两动词后加not。其它行为动词,疑问句中,在主语前加助动词do/dose,否定句在行为动词前加助动词do/dose not。
注意:在美国英语中,have一般也被视为行为动词处理,也需要助动词do/dose。例如:
国英语)Have you any brothers?& No, I
haven’t any.
国英语)Do you have any brothers?& No,
I don’t have any.
1often, sometimes, usually,
always, occasionally, every ……, twice a
month, once a week, never, seldom, on Sundays
We often go there.
He always comes late
He takes a walk after supper every day.
The children go to school at seven every morning.
How often do you wash your hair?
He works hard.
She has great concern for others.
Tigers are fierce animals.
Mary speaks both English and French very well.
I don’t want so much.
Four plus three equals seven.
Light travels faster than sound.
The earth moves around the sun.
No man but errs.
All roads lead to Rome.
A burnt child dreads the fire.
begin, come, close, depart,
finish, go,
leave, open, start, stop,
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the exhibition close?
I’ll tell her when
she comes tomorrow.
We’ll visit the cotton
mill if it is fine tomorrow.
If you see him, will
you tell him to ring me up?
I can’t leave unless
my boss agrees.
①在上述情况下,只有从句(划线部分)要用一般现在时,而主句依然要保持原有时态。
②上述情况仅限于时间和条件状语从句,而原因、结果、程度、目的等状语从句,一般不可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
6make sure that, make certain
that, see to it that, take care thatmind, care, matterhope
Make sure that the
windows are closed before you leave the room.
See (to it) that
children don’t catch cold.
So&long&as&he&works&hard,&I&don’t&mind&when&he&finishes&the&experiment.
I hope that you (will) like it.
The story describes how a young scientist develops a new theory.
The author says that the soldiers fight for
freedom not for money.
Galileo insisted that
the earth moves round the sun.
Columbus proved that the earth is
see, understand, learn, hear, read, remember, knowit be
或现在完成时均可
I forget(have forgotten) her name.
I hear (have heard) he will go to London.
It is(has been) five years since we last met.
(10)Here comes...; There goes...
Here comes the bus.
bus is coming.
There goes the bell.
bell is ringing.
① 使用动词的过去式。
② 除动词be以外,其它动词都没有数的变化;be在第一人称单数和第三人单数时使用was,其余用were。
③ was/were与had两个动词(过去式),在疑问句中,直接将这两个动词(过去式)提到主语前,否定句直接在这两个动词(过去式)后加not。对于其它行为动词的一般过去式,在疑问句中,主语前加助动词did,与此同时行为动词本身恢复为动词原型;否定句中在行为动词前加加助动词did not与此同时行为动词本身也恢复为动词原型。
1yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1986
She suddenly fell ill yesterday.
She bought a Santana last week.
Where did you go just now?
The foreign guests visited Nanjing
last spring.
① How did
you like the dancing?
you like the dancing?
② She always was that way. 如此)
She always is that way.&
so nice to see you.
so nice to see you.&
④ He is less fat than he was.
2never, often, usually
He never smoked.
When I was a child, I
often played football in the street.
She often came to help me at that time.
Barbara usually prepared her lessons in the library.
When I was young I took cold baths regularly.
&&&&&& hope,
want, wonder, think, intendcould(can), would(will)
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
Could you lend me your bike?
一般现在时一般过去时
① What did
you want? () &&What do
you want? ()
② Did you wish to see me? () &&Do you wish to see me? ()
&&&&&& then, and, but一般过去时
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
&&& 这种用法类似于前面我们所提到的,在条件、时间状语从句中用“一般现在时”代替“一般将来时”的用法。。
She told me that she
would not go with us if it rained the next day.
We would not leave until
she came back.
If the earth had no gravity, the moon would fly to the sun.
If I were(was)
you I would reconsider their proposal.
If it weren’t(wasn’t)
raining, we wouldn’t stay indoor.
②wish, if only, would rather, as
if, It is time
I wish I knew his address.
If only I had more time to think about it.
as if he knew all about.
① 第一人称用助动词shall+动词原型;第二、三人称用助动词will+动词原型。
(注意,美国英语所有人称均用助动词will+动词原型)
② shall/willshall/willnot
1tomorrow, next…, in a month
I will/shall
give you a new pen for your
The train will arrive soon.
He will graduate from the college next year.
The agreement will come into force next spring.
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
lang=EN-US style='color:#
will/shall
going to +
What are you going
to do tomorrow?
How long are you going
to stay here
We are going to visit the museum
of Chinese History
He is going to meet Mr. Brown at the airport.
about to +
He is about to retire.
The new semester is about to begin.
We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit her now.
Tom’s birthday party is to be held next Saturday.
的生日聚会在下周日举行。
There is to be a sports meet on Saturday.
&&&&&&&&&&&&& & be going to be to
The girls are to go to school next week.
We are going to discuss the report next Saturday.
① 肯定句: should/would +动词原型
② 其中第一人称使用should,第二、三人称使用would,美国英语第一人称也使用would。
③ 疑问句将助动词should/would提到主语之前,否定句在助动词should/would后加not
He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.
You said that you should go.
She hoped that they would meet again someday.
If I were(was)
you I would reconsider their proposal.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
这件事,我会用另一种做法。(与将来事实相反)
If the earth had no
gravity, the moon would
fly to the sun.
should/would+
①was/were
going to+②was/were about to+③was/were to+
They were going to have a meeting to discuss the matter.
I was about to go out when a friend of mine dropped in.
They were to visit the White House that afternoon.
① be(am/is/are) + 现在分词
② be是助动词,根据人称和数的不同分别使用am, is, are。amisare
③疑问句将助动词(am/is/are)提到主语前,否定句在助动词(am/is/are)后加not。
What are you doing?
doing some washing.
discussing how to sell the
goods elsewhere.
Mr. Green is
writing another novel.
learning English at college.
3() go, come, stay, leave, start, meet, move, arrive, return
coming to see you tomorrow.
We are leaving soon.
The plane is
leaving for London.
meeting the manager
4always, forever,
continually, constantly
He is always thinking of others first.
You are always changing your mind.
He is forever imagining dangers that don’t exist.
一些并不存在的危险。
①表示事实状态的动词,如:have, belong, exist, cost, weight, measure等。
在上述动词中,某些动词的其他某个意义可以有进行时,比如weigh表示“重量是…”不能用进行时,但表示“测重量”时可以用进行式:
He weighs 100 kilos. <span lang=EN-US style='color:#0(不能用进行时)
weighing himself now. (可用进行时)
②表示心理状态的动词,如:love, hate, like, hope, believe, need等。
③系动词没有进行时,但有些系动词,如look在当实义动词时有进行时。
① was/were + 现在分词
② 其中使用was,和使用were
③ 疑问句将助动词was/were提到主语前,否定句在助动词was/were后加not。
playing table tennis at five
yesterday afternoon.
<span lang=EN-US style='color:
When I arrived, they were watching TV.
raining when they left the
cleaning the auditorium from
7 to 9 last night.
2() go, come, stay, leave, start
She asked me whether I was starting the next day.
Mr. White told me that he was leaving for Singapore
in a few days.
① 助动词shall/will + be + 现在分词
② 其中使用shall, 使用will;但通常也可使用will。
③ 疑问句将助动词shall/will提到主语前,否定句在助动词shall/will后加not。
This time next week she will be working in that company.
“What will you be doing
at three tomorrow afternoon?”
“I’ll be flying to Hong Kong.”
be having a meeting in a
be meeting him sometime in
the future.
① 助动词should/would + be + 现在分词
② 使用should,使用would但通常也可使用would。
③ 疑问句将助动词should/would提到主语前,否定句在助动词should/would后加not。
He asked me what I should be doing at six the next day.
They said that they would be expecting us the next week.
① have/has + 过去分词
② 使用has,使用have。
③ 疑问句将助动词have/has提到主语前,否定句在助动词have/has后加not。
before, just, today, yet, never, ever, this
year, in the past few months
finished my work.
I’ve just received a money order.
set up many new factories.
been over Africa.
Grain output has
greatly increased in the past few years.
●注意,现在完成时的时间状语问题:
现在完成时往往与某些时间状语配合使用,具体情况如下:
① 现在完成时不可以跟确定的表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
yesterday, last month, three years ago, in 1960等等。
但是现在完成时可以跟不确定的表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
just, before, already, yet, recently, lately
He has just
seen the film before.
② 现在完成时可以跟表示频度的时间状语连用,如:
often, sometimes, always, ever, never等等。
The Hsisha Islands
have always been Chinese territory.
③ 现在完成时还可以跟表示现在的时间状语连用,如:
now, today, this morning/month/year/summer等等。
Our workshop has made fifty new lathes this month.
2常与since, for, so far, up to now,up to present, These days/years等状语连用
lived in this house since 1960.
<span lang=EN-US style='color:#60
worked here for over
twenty years.
<span lang=EN-US
style='color:#
He has always wanted
to go back to his hometown these years.
注意:在英语中有一些词被称作非延续性动词,这种动词包括:come, go, begin, start, end, leave, finish, become, reach, die, get married等等。这种类型的动词发生后很快就结束。此时用在现在完成时与延续性的状语连用时常常会发生错误:例如:
(错误)She has
gone away for a
(正确)She has
been away for a
(错误)He has
joined the army for a
long time.
(正确)He has
been in the army for a
long time.
(错误)Harry has
got married for six
(正确)Harry got
married six
years ago.&
(正确)Harry has
been married for six
It/This is the … time that
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
This is the second time we’ve met each other.
It/This is +
It/This is the best film that I’ve ever
seen (this year).
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.
He is the most interesting person I have ever met.
①意义上的区别:两种时态的动作都发生在过去,现在完成时强调动作现在的结果;一般过去时着眼过去的动作或状态本身。
比较:(粉色为现在完成时,绿色为一般现在时;下同)
seen the film. 说明我现在了解电影内容
I saw a film yesterday. 叙述昨天做的一件事,与现在无关
taught English for ten
years. 说明她现在是位有经验的教师
She taught English for ten years. 叙述她的经历,与现在无联系
②时间状语的区别与联系:
ⅰ两种时态使用状语的区别
◆一般过去时常常与具体的、确定的时间状语连用
如:yesterday, last month, three years ago, in 1960等等。
◆现在完成时常常与模糊的、不确定的时间状语和表示频度的时间状语连用。
& 不确定时间状语有:just, before, already, yet, recently, lately
&&& 频度时间状语有:often, sometimes, always, ever, never等等。
现在完成时还可以与表示现在的时间状语连用。
&&& 如:now, today, this morning/month/year/summer等等。
ⅱ两种时态有时可以使用相同时间状语,但含义不同。
&&& I have read ninety
pages this morning. 说话时间在上午
&&& I read ninety pages
this morning. &说话时间在下午或晚上
ⅲ在since引出的状语从句中,从句中一般用过去时,主句中一般用完成时。
known each other since we were boys.
① had + 过去分词
② 疑问句将助动词had提到主语前,否定句在助动词had后加not。
ⅰ有表示过去的简单时间状语:
By the end of 1958 we had set up many people’s communes.
ⅱ有表示过去的状语从句作状语
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
got everything ready before
I didn’t go to the film because I had seen it twice.
ⅲ在某些动词的宾语从句中,这些动词使用过去时,宾语从句中用过去完成时。
She said (that) she had
never been to Paris.
He suddenly remembered that he hadn’t locked the door.
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
By the time Wuhan
was liberated in 1949, my father had
worked in the factory for
thirty years.
3hope, wish, want, plan, expect,
think, intend, mean, suppose()
wanted to help you but he
had no time.
meant to tell her the news
but found that she wasn’t in.
hoped that you would come.
But you didn’t.
left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
hadn’t taken your advice,
she would have made a bad mistake.
① shall/will + have + 过去分词
② 其中第一人称用shall, 第二、三人称用will
③ shall/willshall/willnot
By the end of this month we shall have studied ten lessons.
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.
have been here for five
years next February.
① have/has + been + 现在分词
② 使用has,使用have。
③ 疑问句将助动词have/has提到主语前,否定句在助动词have/has后加not。
been waiting for you for two
been waiting for an hour but
she still hasn’t come.
been learning her lessons
since morning.
thought it over.
been thinking it over.
②有时,可表示刚刚结束的动作,这时它与在于:调动作的结果。而则强调动作在不久前持续进行的情景,并常有感情色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in.
You look so tired. What have you been
① had + been + 现在分词
② 疑问句将助动词had提到主语前,否定句在助动词had后加not。
She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
)中的谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语中动词时态的影响和制约。这种现象称为“时态呼应”。其基本规则如下:
● 或将来时,从句可以根据具体需要选用时态。例如:
I know who is/was/will be/has been in charge of the work.
● ,则宾语从句中的谓语动词相应的也要改变。
&&&&&& She told John that she liked his tie.
likedtold。
主句中谓语是过去时态时,从句谓语时态变化的通常的规则是:
(1)从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,此时从句谓语从一般现在时变成一般过去时
(2)从句的动作发生在主句动作这前,此时从句谓语从一般过去时变成过去完成时
(3)从句的动作发生在主句动作之后,此时从句谓语从一般将来时变成过去将来时。
I didn’t know where he was.
I thought the experiment was going on now.
The foreign guests told me that they had learnt a lot during their stay in China.
She said the apparatus would be available next week.
● 在下面情况时,可以不遵循时态响应的规则。
The teacher told the children that the sun is the centre of the solar system.
&&&&&& (2)
The old man said he joined the Red Army in 1933.
<span lang=EN-US style='color:#33(had}

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