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【建筑】APS强攻：留德是一条挑战毅力的路（5.13更新）
本帖最后由 colinvc 于
14:51 编辑
今天早晨出门随手刷了一下aps网页，显示通过了。刚看到审核结果有感动有兴奋，选择留德这条路的同学自己才知道这过程需要承受多少压力。
这段时间毕业的事情被耽搁了不少，先条重要的说，以后一点点更新帖子把资料整理出来，希望能对大家有些帮助。
先为aps正名，确实它的存在给我们很大压力，但从我们几个的经验来看他们并没有提过分的问题，也都比较正常，我的审核官员是土爷（主）和老爷爷，土爷问得节奏很快，但是大家一定听清楚问题再答，没听清就问，这个很重要。
除了准备知识，想想自己交过的特殊材料有哪些，比如辅修/双专业/双学位证明，交换交流证明等等，涉及验证提交材料真实性的问题。
复习重点：（这里只是根据经验的重点，实际情况审核官有决定性作用）
复习重点放在专业准备上，发现现在越来越轻自我介绍和签证问题了，我和我的3个同学都是这样，我审核的时候是直接进入课程
快题，内容常规，我的感觉是不需要多好，毕竟只有20分钟，有的人可能有40分钟，起码大致勾一下总平和一层，总平记得标出入口（比如你有地下停车但是来不及画，但是把车库出入口在总图标出来）和层数，一层房间名称。
建筑物理（热学重点）
建筑构造，墙体（包括女儿墙）屋面（注意保温构造）等
建筑物理，结合构造考察，战友问到比较多的是热血和保温构造，这科注意结合实例或者现象。
毕业设计，问的详细程度不一，我的是简单介绍一下然后提问
成绩单没来得及更新的课程（如果问这个问题其实审核官就把选择课程的权利交给你自己了）
如果你的学校课程名字叫“建筑设计1/2/3/4……”之类的，提前回忆一下都做了啥
准备审核这段时间，情绪一直比较低沉，感谢家人一如既往的鼓励我给我支持，特别感谢女友，在这段阴沉的时间里一直陪伴，感谢毕业设计和毕业论文老师老师的谅解，也感谢身边一起战斗的朋友！还有要感谢几个学姐把他们的复习资料给我参考复习，感谢你们！
毕业设计和毕业论文在赶，过了这阵继续更新，先把自己觉得重要或者容易忽视的问题跟大家分享。既然有留德的愿望，说不定坚持一步就走出重围，愿大家一路顺利！
设计有关生活，还有关梦想。
更一下前辈经验贴的连接，在这里也十分感谢大家！
（连接如未授权有不妥请请联系删除）
今天更一下签证问题和专业课整理的复习， 自己的手写资料还没有拍照，下次一并更。
最近毕设好忙，lz读了双学位马上要有两个ddl，作品集都没有准备，答辩之后真的来得及吗？想到这lz心痛1w下。
并继续更新。。这里还是要感谢很多人的智慧！抱拳！
【走神儿大神的aps强攻（自我介绍与签证）】
“有梦想就要去坚持，也许途中会有些坎坷，但是坚持下来都会有回报的，不要放弃！”
自我介绍言简意赅就好（因为很多时候说到一半人家会打断你开始问问题），说说我的名字，我的年龄，我的家乡，我的专
业，为什么想去德国。英审的同学可以自我介绍用德语，回答问题用英语。楼主这次三审一进门先和主审副审聊了好一会儿
的天。。。。。。之后我说我用德语自我介绍用英语回答问题，副审说it‘s a good idea。但是以防万一可以准备一份英语的
一份德语的。若是问到了为什么去德国最好要有充足的理由，我这次回答完一个，他问还有呢，我说完了他又问还有呢。。。
反正大家就准备好在他们面前大肆表达对德意志的喜爱吧~~~
大致有你有没有亲戚朋友在那里，你会在德国打工么，你一个月准备多少钱，资金哪里来，你以后会留在德国么，结婚了么。
这些问题一定要回答无误，很坚定。
另一部分是表面你对德国有很深的的了解你是真的想去德国留学并且你能适应德国的生活以及学习的，
大致有你打算去什么学校什么城市，你打算学习多久，你用什么语言上课，你读硕士学位还是什么，你打算住哪里，你对德
国有什么印象，有没有去过德国，为什么选择德国而不是美国英国。。。
这些问题都可以结合自己的见解，让审核官认为你真的深层次地了解过并且思考过这类问题。
一般性问题&&General&&Issues
1、你可以简短的自我介绍一下吗？&&Could you take a few minutes to one brief introduction of yourself?
2、你的名字有特殊含义吗？ Is there any special meaning of your name?
3、你的父母是从事什么职业的？ What are the occupations of your parents?
4、你的父母住在哪里？
5、你跟父母一起住吗?& &
Where are your parents living now?
Do you live with your parents?
6、你的家乡有什么特产?& &Is there any Special Product in your hometown?
7、你业余时间喜欢做什么？&&What are your interests in the spare time (off-hour)?
8、你学德语学多长时间了？& &How long have you leant the German?
9、你的家乡在哪个省？& & Which province is your hometown?
10、你有兄弟姐妹吗？& &Do you have siblings? (brothers or sisters？)&&
11、你对德国有什么印象？ What is your impression of Germany?
12、你觉得你能适应在德国的生活吗？ Do you think you could adapt to the life in Germany?
13、你有旧交、朋友、亲戚在德国可以帮助你解决问题吗？&&Do you have any friend or relative in Germany could help you solve
the problems?
12、你对德国有什么了解?(政治、经济、文化、地理)& &
Political\Economic\Cultural\Geography?
What is your understanding to Germany
13、你了解过德国的信息？从哪里了解？& &How are you aware of the Germany information?
14、你觉得你能适应德国的文化吗？& &Do you think you could adapt to the German culture?
in fields of
关于教育背景问题& &Educational Background
1、你受过哪些教育？&&What are your education in detail?
2、你什么时候在哪里上的这些学校？ When and where do you take these education?
3、你上大学上了多长时间？How long have you studied in your college\university now?
4、你已经毕业了吗？ Have you graduated now?& &
5、你是什么专业？ What is your profession?& &
6、你为什么想中断在中国的学业？ Why do you wanna interrupt your studying course in China?
7、你给我讲述下你在中国职业经历？Can you explain your occupation experience in China?
8、你参加过实习吗？& &Have you taken part in any internships\practice?
9、你对什么最感兴趣?科目& &Which subject are you interested in firstly?
10、你认为你学的这些学业对你将来有帮助吗？& &Do you think there is any help to your future by the profession subjects
11、能简短介绍下你所学的专业吗？Could you make a brief introduction to your professional?
12、你所学专业的重点是什么？& &What is the main point in your professional?
13、你在这个专业学到什么？& &What do you learn from your professional?
14、你在中国已经有工作了，为什么还去德国？& &You already have one occupation in China ,why do you wanna go to
15、你的毕业论文题目是什么？
What is the topic of your graduated thesis?&&
16、你给我介绍下你的毕业论文、设计？ Could you make a introduction&&
17、你的毕业设计的框架是什么？ What is the framework in your graduated design?
18、你为什么选择这个题目作为你的毕业设计？ Why you chose this issue as your graduated design?
19、你想在中国的学习结束后，还是想中断中国的学业立即去德国？
20、Do you wanna go to Germany after you finish your studying in China, or interrupt your studies in China and go to Germany
immediately ?
德国学业问题 German Academic Problems
1、你为什么想去德国学习?&&Why you wanna go to German for studying?
2、你想去德国哪个地方？为什么？&&Where do you wanna go in German and Why?
3、你在德国的学业谁来资助？ Who will fund your studies in German? (Financial Issues)
4、你学业在德国完成后，想继续留在德国吗？& &When you finish your education in German, do you wanna still live in
5、如果你必须打工来维持学业，你怎样保证毕业？&&
will graduate successfully？
6、你认为你在德国能找到工作么？（上学期间）& &
If you have to wage to maintain your studies, how could you ensure your
Do you think you will find the works during the period of your studying in
7、你怎么看待你自己和德国学生的关系的？& &What do you think about the relationship between the German students and
8、你对德国的高校了解过么？Have you ever understood the Germany’s colleges and universities?
9、你对你未来想就读的学校有哪些了解？& &Do you have any idea to the university where you will go to study in future?
10、你在德国的学业有哪些方向？& &What is the direction of your professional in German?
11、你在德国有什么期望？& & What do you expect in German?
12、你还会别的外语么？& &Could you speak other foreign language?
13、哪个德国城市最合你胃口？& &Which is your favorite city in Germany?
14、为什么你在德国要选择英语授课？&&Why would you like to choose the courses by English language in German?&&
15、你想从冬季还是夏季开始读？& &Which terms do you wanna begin to study, the winter courses or the summer courses?
16、你为什么不想去别的国家继续学习？& &Why don’t you think about other country for your studying?
17、你知道在德国读书的话1年要花多少钱吗？& &How much do you know will be pay for your studying courses in one years?
1、你结婚了吗？ Have you married?&&Are you single or married?
2、你打算在德国每个月花费多少钱？& &How much money do you expect to pay for your normal fee for every month?
1. Zun?chst m?chten wir Sie bitten:&&Stellen Sie sich uns doch kurz vor.
2.Sagen Sie uns, was Sie in Deutschland studieren m?chten?
3.Wissen Sie schon, an welcher Universit?t Sie studieren wollen?
4.Wissen Sie schon, an welcher Universit?t Sie studieren wollen?
5. Wer finanziert Ihnen das Studium?
6. Do you have siblings? (brothers or sisters？)
7. What is your impression of Germany?
Haben Sie Geschwester?&&
8. Do you think you could adapt to the life in Germany?
9. Do you have any friend or relative in Germany could help you solve the problems?
10. How are you aware of the Germany information?
11. Do you think you could adapt to the German culture?
12. Which subject are you interested in firstly?
13. Could you make a brief introduction to your professional?
14. Why you want go to German for studying?
15. Where do you want go in German and Why?
16. Which is your favorite city in Germany?
17. How much do you know will be pay for your studying courses in one years?
18. How much money do you expect to pay for your normal fee for every month?
19. Was sind Ihre Eltern von Beruf?
20. Was sind Ihre Eltern von Beruf?
21. Wie lange werden Sie in Deutschland studieren? Wie viel Jahre?
22. Haben Sie schon einen Plan fuer Ihr Studium in Deutschland?
23. Was haben Sie vor, wenn Ihr Studium fertig ist?
24. Was haben Sie vor, wenn Ihr Studium fertig ist?
25. 我对你的材料很感兴趣，你的成绩也不错，你能说说建筑的意义吗？&&
26. 第一道题是画一个中国传统建筑的总平面，你能给我解释一下吗？
Redemittel
1. Our classes didn’t involve this topic.
2. My professor just gave an introduction about this topic. She/ he didn’t talk about the details of the concept.& &
3. My professor just gave an introduction about this topic. She/ he didn’t talk about the details of the concept.& &
4. Entschuldigen Sie, k?nnen sie bitte die Frage wiederholen?&&
5. K?nnten sie etwas lauter ( langsam ) sprechen?&&
6. K?nnten sie bitte die Frage anderes formulieren?&&
7. sehr angenehm, Sie kennenzulernen&&
8. Danke, aber Sie übertreiben. Danke, aber Sie übertreiben.&&
9. in this course we learned some theories, for example …,and some standards/criterions, which are important during the xxx
design. We also researched and discussed about some cases, for example…..
10. I think I can show you a project of mine to explain it better, and it won’t waste too much time. Shall we?
11. I’m sorry, the course just gave us a brief introduction to these ….., and for further applications, which are not so common
in the design, we still have to look for some professional information.
【走神儿大神的aps强攻（专业审核）】
“有梦想就要去坚持，也许途中会有些坎坷，但是坚持下来都会有回报的，不要放弃！”
笔试 25min
快题A3,尽量标上可以标的尺寸，尽量设计完整不求多好，简单就好。标题。平面。剖面。
根据三次的经验，面试的时候审核官一般只会扫一下你写的答案，甚至你写什么都不是太关键（比如半温锻造有一个小题我
的答案是： Entschuldigung, das haben wir bei der Vorlesung nicht gelernt.）。那什么是关键？你有没有写！！！空白留在最
后，表示你没时间做了，绝对不能留在前面！！在前面表示你不会！！谨记，哪怕是真的不会，空白绝对不可取。诚恳地写
点东西也好。
热阻，厚度，材料系数
室内设计&&移动学校&&小区规划&&改造&&火车站设计
图书馆：藏书一万；还有几个分区好像都是150平米的要求；平面和剖面一比两百
关于专业的知识，只要你有平时认真学习看书的那些储备粮，其实，整个过程好似一个向不懂得建筑的朋友解释建筑的各种
知识的过程。记得之前从德国留学回来的专业课老师跟我讲，APS审核并不是一个仪式性的活动，它是一个思辨的过程，整
个过程不应该是对审核官一味地惧怕和不停的说JA或者YES的过程，而应该是一个互动的过程，要对自己的专业知识有坚实的
△复习的过程中一定要重视绘图，很多东西，其实你可能无需讲的那么明白，但是你可以画明白，审核官也非常欢迎你画图
基础素养课
Art I, Art II（作品集）
在这门课里我们主要学习了一些素描的基础，画了一些石膏像，甚至是一些创意画，主要是以一些基础的绘画能力训练为
In this class we learned some basic technique of sketch, we drew some plaster statues, and some creative pictures. This class aimed
to train our basic ability of sketch.
这门课是延续设计美术Ⅰ的一门课程，主要学习的是水彩静物写生，学习怎样用色彩去表达，仍然是一些基础的色彩绘画能
After the training of art 1, we learned sth about the color paintings, we use watercolor，gouache to express, this is also a basic
composition training.
Drawing: is to describe the position of an object on a given plane, it can train us to master the object brightness level and the
basic image.&&
Watercolor: It is transparency, color overlap, the following colors can through, it is not easy to change colors for years. The
first half watercolor class hours in the studio is to study still-life painting, the teacher teached us basic knowledge and skills.
Gouache: opaque watercolor paint. It can be used for thick, large area and the color doesn’t appear uneven. Gouache
lesson is mainly to learn still-life painting in the studio.
Architecture Art I, Architecture Art II（作品集）
As the name suggests, it is a quick sketch of drawing methods, belongs to a kind of drawing. Sketch is not only the basic of
plastic arts, but also an independent art form. Sketch can train our observation ability, drawing broad capabilities,& &collect a
amount of creative materials, improve our image of memory and dictation capability. This course lasted only a week, the teacher
teached basic painting skills for us and demand shape and proportion of accurate, in order to strengthen our ability of
hand-painted.
在这门课里我们主要学习的是利用钢笔画一幅建筑画，内容上从简单的一些静物、植物等渐渐的改变成了建筑。内容上从简
单的临摹、静物等转变到了写生。
This this the art course we hv after we become a architectural student, at the beginning we still review the water color painting, and
the rest time we all use to draw the sketch with pen, we always go to the west lake or some street with ancient architectures to
draw the sketch.
这门课是我们学习的最后一门绘画类的课程，主要以钢笔淡彩为主，一般都是去西湖或者小河直街写生。
This is the last course of art, we still draw some sketch with pen, but this time we have to use water color also.
Art Practice (A)*
美术实习期间我们去了厦门，主要画的是鼓浪屿，中山路的民国租界区等一些西洋式的建筑以及集美大学村内的一些建筑。
在这个为期十天的美术实习期间我们看了很多的建筑，画了很多的建筑，主要是以钢笔线稿、钢笔淡彩以及水彩画为主。
This is the short semester we did after the 4th semester, we went to xiamen， and stay there for 10 days. We draw on gulangyu
island, zhongshan road, jimei village and also some gardens. We mainly draw the sketch with pen and also water color paper.
The school organized all architectural students come to Changbai Mountain landscape area for art practice (Practice watercolor),it
lasted 8 days in total. During this period, the teacher lead us to a fixed location to drawing such as: drift river, village houses,
country lanes and forest trees. The teacher gave us main points about the compositions and methods. The teacher and students
come together and the teacher gave evaluations for each student's paintings in order to improve our painting skills. After this art
practice I learned a lot and got a lot of exercise and had a greater interest in watercolor painting and a new understanding.
Architectural Visualization*
在这门课之中我们主要学习的是A3图幅的钢笔建筑画（黑白和彩色）。首先我们上了一些理论课程，临摹了一张黑白的钢
笔线条画，一张水彩+彩铅画，然后再完成一张是按照一张图片来画一张带钢笔线条画，另在完成之后复印一张为其上上颜
In this course we firstly learn how to draw a good picture of architecture, we saw a lot of pics, and the teacher will told us what is
the point, then we will see some works before. We hv to finish 4 pics, two of the with color, and two without. Two of them are
facsimile，and the others shd be finished by ourselves from a photo.&&
Descriptive Geometry
在这门课上我们主要学习了建筑字体的练习，形体/建筑三视图的绘制，基本体块的投影知识，点线面的投影，线面关系，
曲线曲面，以及建筑形体的表达，以及一些投影轴测的画法。
The projection of point, line, plane on different surface. The relationship between lines, planes, line and planes in the interspace.
（parallel，vertical, intersect）also, we learned about axonometric projection. We also ran a lot of time with architectural font.
Perspective Geometry & Projection
投影的绘制，三视图的绘制，建筑图的生成与画法，点线面的投影，轴测图，透视图的绘制，以及在各类图中阴影的绘制，
其中还会涉及到一些建筑绘图的基本概念。这门课其实是在画法几何的基础上对每一种画法又有了一些深入的了解，更加注
重建筑形体的把握，专业性更强一些。（画法演示）
We learn to draw the three view of some basic cubes or some simple building, plan, elevation, and sections. Also we need to know
how to draw plans, sections, elevations, perspective and axonometry, and we also need to know how to transform between these
Architectural drawings are drawn according to a set of conventions, which include particular views, sheet sizes,
units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross reference. Conventionally, drawings were made in ink on
papers and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand.&&
This course is divided into two parts: the construction of painting shadows and perspective, the main task is mapping.
Learning this course aims to develop the ability to map and interpret blueprints, so that we can read and understand design
drawings when we study or work in the future.
Architectural Rendering
渲染这门课是我们在学期开始之前的暑假里面的短学期学习，持续时间为两周。在这段时间内我们学习怎样用毛笔墨汁在水
彩纸上进行层次的渲染。我们在这个期间完成了一张立方体渲染，一张黑白效果渲染。并且学习了开始使用水性针管笔进行
手绘出图的表达以及裱纸等建筑基本专业技巧的学习。
This is our short semester, which is special in our uni, it always at the end of a semester or the beginning. During this time we shd
use the chinese ink and attenuate it then use it to draw the picture, the darkness is depends on how many times u did on it, it’s a
work need patience and careful.
Introduction of Technology & Creative Design
Introduction of design, all kinds of design such as architecture, production design, urban design…
Case of Technology & Creative Design*
在这门课上老师主要讲给我们一些精典的或者是比较新兴有特色的设计案例，但是这个案例并不局限在于建筑设计。最后我
们通过小组报告的方式。
In this course, students are allowed to choose a case and present it from a personal angle.The case is not in architecture or
product beschrankt. We studied a case of a changeable facade, which can temperature and sonlight automatically control.
Computer Aided Architectural Design I, Computer Aided Architectural Design II
在这门课中我们学习了cad的基本绘制方法，这门课里涉及到的其实是一些最最基本的东西，是一种引入性的学习，更多的
其实是我们在平时做设计的时候不断的练习时而学习到的。
In this course we shd learn to use some basic software to aided our architectural design, such as autocad, ps, sketchup…
简单的ps操作以及一些3dmax的渲染设置，需要我们运用3dmax做最基本的渲染图，这门课里涉及到的其实是一些最最基
本的东西，是一种引入性的学习，更多的其实是我们在平时做设计的时候不断的练习时而学习到的。
This time we learn how to render a pic.
CAD-Computer Aided Design is a computer graphics software, mainly used to draw architecture plans, elevations, sections
and nodes Detailing. It can create a straight line, circle, ellipse, polygon, spline curve and other basic graphics in many ways,
drawing speed is fast, the size is precise, and it is convenient to modify and preserve.&&
It is a software to make animation and render, in architecture design it mainly used to set up indoor and outdoor model, as well as
architectural animation. 3D max can be used to create the space and help us to observe body mass and the shape of scrutiny from
different perspectives. And we can choose colors and materials of construction, compare and choose the best design.
（建筑摄影 Architectural Photography）
在这门课里我们主要学习的是一些关于相机的基本知识，在什么时间应该怎样调节光圈、快门，怎样通过调节这些数据来达
到一些摄影上的特殊效果等。
This class is just like one of my professional courses. We have to learn how to use a digital camera, and learn how to make a good
photo, how to Adjust the aperture, shutter speed, how to adjust the composition etc.
这一门摄影课是我们专业的一门必修课，我们主要学习的是怎样去拍好一张建筑摄影，应该选择在什么样的时间段内去拍摄
建筑，应该选用什么样的镜头拍摄什么样的建筑，在阳光什么角度下拍摄最佳，以及拍摄时应该怎样做到动静结合，颜色搭
配等等，以及一些后期的ps设计。这门课不同于普通的摄影课，更注重的是摄影的技巧，怎样调节光圈的大小，快门的速
度等。虽然这些技巧性的知识我们都会学到，但是景框的选择更为重要。在这门课中我们还学习到了黑白胶片的拍摄以及冲
洗，自己的照片能够自己洗出来成为成品很有成就感。
In this course we mainly learn how to composition a photo, how to take a good picture of buildings, when shd we take photo. We
hv to take many photo every week and pick 3 of them as the homework to hand on, and the teacher will give some commen. We
also hv a chance to take photo on the roof of high-rise building in our school at dusk. And we also learn how to use the old black
and white film camera to take photos and how to develop it.
Engineering Materials
The fundamental theories of the materials structure, properties are illustrated systemically. Subsequently, the course focuses on
acknowledges and applications of the traditional engineering materials of metals, ceramics, and polymers.
All materials used in construction is known as building materials.&&
& & The earliest materials used for construction are stone, wood and earth, and later developed into lime, brick, tile and so on.
Then we have reinforced concrete, and a variety of new wall materials, such as: aerated concrete block (which is a light, porous,
thermal insulation, fire protective new building material and it can nail, saw and has anti-seismic capacity. It was proved that: 20cm
thick aerated concrete wall insulation effect is equivalent to 49cm thick clay brick wall, so it can greatly reduce the wall thickness
and expand the efficient use of space, and reduce building self-gravity at the same time. The internal structure of aerated concrete
evenly distribute a large number of closed pores, so it is a sound-absorbing material, such as KTV rooms and hotels), small
concrete hollow block,&&new wall panel.&&
Basic properties of construction materials: physical properties (density), mechanical properties (strength and plasticity),
durability, thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity), decorative properties (color, luster, texture, shape, size).
1) Natural Stone: ancient architecture--granite, marble.&&
& & 2) Burning earth products: ordinary clay brick, tile, ceramic block.&&
3) Glass: it is a transparent, high strength and hardness, airtight material. Common glass are: ordinary plate glass (5-6mm is
mainly used for external walls and windows, doors and other small area of light t 7-9mm is mainly used for
indoor screen and other large area), figured glass, hollow glass ( is mainly used for place which has insulation requirements).&&
4) Gas rigid cementitious materials: Such as lime, gypsum and sodium silicate, are generally used in a dry environment, but
should not be used in humid environment, and also may not be used in the water.&&
5) Water rigid cementitious materials: it can not only hardened in the air but also in the water to maintain and develop its
strength, this type of material is called cement. The mortar or concrete made with cement are widely used in civil construction,
water conservancy, national defense and other projects. They are very strong and durable.
& & 6) concrete and mortar:&&
& & 7) Steel: steel is characterized by high strength, light weight, rigidity, so it is particular suitable for the construction of
large-span and high-rise building, for example: heavy industrial plant, large gymnasium, hangar, high-and ultra-high-rise
construction.&&
& & 8) Wood: Ancient China - Beijing Forbidden City / roof trusses, stringers, beams, columns and other structural materials and
interior decoration materials.&&
& & 9) macro-molecular material: rubber, plastic, coating, adhesive. Reduce building self gravity, improve performance and
working efficiency, reduce construction and installation costs, good decoration and artistic effect. Such as PVC (doors and windows
and energy-saving materials).& &
& & 10) Architectural Coating: color appearance, protect the main body, to improve the durability of the main building materials.&&
& & Other new buildings, new structures, new technology and new materials are constantly emerging, we should pay attention to
use of the various kinds of materials rationally in the construction, and also develop a variety of lightweight, high-performance
new materials.
Architecture Construction I, Architecture Construction II*
1. 这门课主要介绍了建筑物的基本构成以及其具体的施工方法和基本的图面表达知识。主要介绍的内容有
in this class we mainly learn about some important component members of building and their construction. We also hv to know
how to express them in a construction draw. Such as foundation, slabs, floor, canopy, stairs, slope, elevator, escalator, door,
window and roof construction.
地基和基础，foundations are the most important part of a building, and it can be divided to many species. When the soil is not so
good, we hv to use pile foundation, as for the high-rise building, we shd buried the foundation underground at least 1/15 height
of the building, and we can also separate that by materials, rigid foundation including quicklime mixed clay -, brick -, concrete -,
rubble -, 三合土lime sand and stone mixed -. Flexible foundation including single -, strip -, two-way strip -, raft -, box -.
墙体, the function of walls shd be bearing loads, separated space, and enclosure a space围合空间. Walls shd hv following
functions, enough bearing strength and stability, heat and sound insolation, fire-prevention, damp- and water-proof, and some
industrial requirement. Wall can be divided by load bearing wall, partition wall, and masonry wall.
楼板层、地坪和雨棚
楼板层由面层、结合层、附加层、顶棚层组成，要有足够的强度，隔声，保温，防水等要求。
The slab course shd included surface course, combined course, structural course, additional course and false ceiling course. And
shd meet the demands of enough strength, heat and sound insolation, water proof…Slab can be divided into wooden slab,
reinforced slab and steel panel slab.
地坪由面层、结构层、垫层组成floor is made up of surface course, structure course and leveling or filling course.&&
As for balcony, we shd consider about drainage, safety, endurance and also beauty.
Canopy, structure can be extension the slab or cable-stayed.
楼梯stair、坡道slope，电梯elevator（lift shaft, lift motor room, lift pit, lift car），自动扶梯escalator
门窗构造window/door construction
heat and sound insolation, water-, wind- and fire-proof, flexible, stable and easy to clean.
We shd know all kinds of door and the basic dimension of them. For example, side-hung door, sliding door, swing door, folding
door, roller shutter door, revolving door… security door, air-tight door.
Fixed win, sliding win, top-hung win, centered-pivoted win, hopper win, skylight, louver win.
屋顶构造roof construction
main point is heat insolation, the material of leveling course are cement mortar, fein concrete or asphalt mortar.
隔气层moisture barrier.
保温层：松散材料（膨胀珍珠岩，膨胀蛭石），板块材料（加气混凝土，沥青膨胀块，硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料），现场整浇（蛭
石，聚氨酯泡沫塑料）；
loose materials(vermiculite, pearlite), block materials( gas concrete, asphalt expanded block, rigid polyurethane foam plastics )，
cast-in-place
1、Building construction design principles&&
1) Basic: load-bearing structure, it bears the full load passed down by the upper structure of the building, and pass down to
the foundation together with the weight of its own. Embedded depth: the basis of the lowest water table below the underside
& & 2) Wall:
It is not only the load-bearing component, but also the exterior
protected component, layout: horizontal
load-bearing walls, vertical load-bearing walls, vertical and horizontal load-bearing walls.&&
& & 3)&&Floor and ground floor: Floor is horizontal load-bearing structure, ground floor is the role of noise protection, load
transmission, moistureproof.&&
& & 4) Doors and windows: It is exterior pr doors open orientation(towards to the evacuation direction).& &
& & 5) Stairs: Vertical transport.&&
6) Roof: Exterior protected construction: resist wind, rain, snow, and the invasion of solar radiation heat.&&
2、High-rise building construction, architectural decoration construction:
1) structure: masonry structure, reinforced concrete structure, steel structure, mixed structure with reinforced concrete.&&
2) high-rise building external wall construction: light-weight/thin-wall and
top grade decorative materials, glass curtain wall.&&
3) The renovation construction: inorganic decoration materials (aluminum, marble, glass); organic decoration materials (wood,
organic Polymer materials). Divided into: walls, floors, ceiling.&&
8. Bearing wall non-bearing wall,&&
9. The condition of force/construction,& &
11. Entity wall/hollow wall/ combined single material, such as brick/concrete/reinforced concrete/ , hollow board/hollow brick ,
aerated concrete, is responsible for…..(bearing/heat preservation/heatproof )
12. A way to express& && &
13. Fireproof/moisture proof/noise proof
14. permeate 渗透& &&&
15. Decoration layer/reinforced fiber layer
16. Brick 240mm*115mm*53mm multiplied by
17. Wall corner& && &
18. wood frame floor light, capability of hp, comfortable , durability, rot, easy to kindle, /reinforced concrete floor high
strength ,fireproof performance, can be easily produced in factory, forms multiplex, most widely used /profiled steel sheet frame
floor, can increase the span, reduce the amount of beam, light, speed up the process of construction
19. The types of roofs are, generally speaking, divided into two, these being flat and pitched...& && && &
20. Unorganized drainage, organized drainage rain gutter the gutter took away the rain-water from the roof, / parapet easily
construction, economical, appearance laconic concise& && &
21. Heat insulating material friable material---glass wool/ integral m, combines the cement with the friable m/ clintheriform m,
aerated concrete board, plastic foam board& &
22. Dubai tower 800m/Taipei 101 tower 508m/Shanghai World Financial Center 492m
23. 100以下 high-rise 100以上 super high-rise
24. reinforced concrete structure---fireproof durability good，the source of m is rich/
Steel structure widely used in the western country, -----light, small section, easy to install, Short construction period, earthquake
resistance good, low environmental pollution----lots of steel, bigger stiffness , relatively expansive, not so fireproof&&
Sometimes combined, to exert their different advantages, steel , vertical load bearing/ r concrete , horizontal wind force,
earthquake, saving of steel&&
25. Frame system----all made up of single frame component, bad resistance to earthquake, not too strong, low stiffness,10-12
floor, span4-9m, / shear wall , longitudinal and traverse r concrete bear the load, high stiffness,35 floor ,110 m, the form of the
plan is limited, equally/ tube system , a tube made up of frame or shear wall, use floor to connect them with the outerwall. Much
bigger stiffness, high-rise widely used/combined—shear wall supported by frame, frame-shear wall system,core tube—frame,tube
in tube,good for super high-rise& &
26.&&Concrete ---cement water aggregate
27.&&Stiffness of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation
28.&&glass curtain wall-----transparent, beautiful, beauty of technique, the fa?ade changes with the light.-----light pollution,
huge consume , but can be solved with the development of new technology and material, gradually
29.All materials used in construction is known as building materials.&&
30.The earliest materials used for construction are stone, wood and earth, and later developed into lime, brick, tile and so on.
Then we have reinforced concrete, and a variety of new wall materials, such as: aerated concrete block (which is a light, porous,
thermal insulation, fire protective new building material and it can nail, saw and has anti-seismic capacity. It was proved that: 20cm
thick aerated concrete wall insulation effect is equivalent to 49cm thick clay brick wall, so it can greatly reduce the wall thickness
and expand the efficient use of space, and reduce building self-gravity at the same time. The internal structure of aerated concrete
evenly distribute a large number of closed pores, so it is a sound-absorbing material, such as KTV rooms and hotels), small
concrete hollow block,&&new wall panel.&&
31.Basic properties of construction materials: physical properties (density), mechanical properties (strength and plasticity),
durability, thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity), decorative properties (color, luster, texture, shape, size).
32.Natural Stone: ancient architecture--granite, marble.&&
33. Burning earth products: ordinary clay brick, tile, ceramic block.&&
34. Glass: it is a transparent, high strength and hardness, airtight material. Common glass are: ordinary plate glass (5-6mm is
mainly used for external walls and windows, doors and other small area of light t 7-9mm is mainly used for
indoor screen and other large area), figured glass, hollow glass ( is mainly used for place which has insulation requirements).&&
35.Gas rigid cementitious materials: Such as lime, gypsum and sodium silicate, are generally used in a dry environment, but
should not be used in humid environment, and also may not be used in the water.&&
36. Water rigid cementitious materials: it can not only hardened in the air but also in the water to maintain and develop its
strength, this type of material is called cement. The mortar or concrete made with cement are widely used in civil construction,
water conservancy, national defense and other projects. They are very strong and durable.
37. concrete and mortar:&&
38. Steel: steel is characterized by high strength, light weight, rigidity, so it is particular suitable for the construction of
large-span and high-rise building, for example: heavy industrial plant, large gymnasium, hangar, high-and ultra-high-rise
construction.&&
39.Wood: Ancient China - Beijing Forbidden City / roof trusses, stringers, beams, columns and other structural materials and
interior decoration materials.&&
40. macro-molecular material: rubber, plastic, coating, adhesive. Reduce building self gravity, improve performance and
working efficiency, reduce construction and installation costs, good decoration and artistic effect. Such as PVC (doors and windows
and energy-saving materials).& &
41. Architectural Coating: color appearance, protect the main body, to improve the durability of the main building materials.&&
42. Other new buildings, new structures, new technology and new materials are constantly emerging, we should pay attention
to use of the various kinds of materials rationally in the construction, and also develop a variety of lightweight, high-performance
new materials.
3、large-span building construction:&&
4、industrialized construction:&&
Block construction, large panel building, large formwork construction or panel construction. It’s characterized by large and
flexible division of space.&&
& & During architectural design, it is not only resolve the division of space and composition, appearance and other issues, but also
must consider the feasibility of building construction. So we should consider a comprehensive structure selection, material
selection, construction methods, components as well as technical and economic, artistic and other issues in building construction
design. design a more robust, economy, beautiful, applicable building.&&
Architectural Mechanics and Building Structure I, Architectural Mechanics and Building Structure II. Architectural Mechanics and
Building Structure III*, Architectural Mechanics and Building Structure IV*
（我复习了三种梁（悬臂梁，外伸梁，简支梁），梁柱内部的箍筋方式，弯矩图，剪力图。）
Building mechanics is mainly about strength (the ability to resist destruction ), rigidity (the ability to resist deformation),
stability (the ability to maintain the original balance) of building structures under various conditions.&&
一、静力学基本知识：
1、二力平衡公理、力的平行四边形法则
2、约束与受力图：柔体、光滑接触面约束、圆柱铰链约束、固定铰链支座、可动铰链支座、单链杆支座、固定端支座&&
3、物体的受力分析和受力图、结构的计算略图
4、力矩与力偶
5、平面汇交力系的合成与平衡方程：对象—受力图—投影轴—建立平衡方程并求解
&&6、计算：外伸梁、悬壁梁、简支梁、多跨静定梁、三铰拱的支座反力
1、Basic knowledge of statics:&&
1）2 force balance of justice, equality of power law quadrilateral.&&
& & 2）Constraints and force diagram: soft body, smooth contact surface constraints, cylindrical hinge constraints, fixed-hinge
supports, movable hinge supports, single-chain rod bearings, fixed-side bearings.&&
& & 3）force analysis and force diagram and calculation sketch map of the structural.&&
& & 4）torque and couple of forces&&
& & 5）synthesis of planar converging system of forces and balance equations: Object - force diagram - projection axis - establish
equilibrium equations and solve.
& & 6）calculated as follows: outrigger beams, cantilever beams, simply supported beams, multi-span statically determinate beam,
three-hinged arch of the reaction force.
二、静定结构的内力计算：
&&1、平面体系的几何组成分析：约束/刚片：在平面内几何形状不变的物体/ 链杆、单铰
&&2、梁的内力计算与内力图
& &&&静定梁的形成：单跨静定梁（简支梁、对伸梁、悬壁梁）、多跨静定梁
& &&&梁的内力图（据剪力图和弯矩图作内力图）：剪力图、弯矩图
&&3、静定平面刚架的内力计算与内力图：
&&4、三铰拱的内图：
三、杆件的强度与压杆稳定：
&&1、应力与应变的概念：
2、材料在拉伸和压缩时的力学性能：
低碳钢（弹性、屈服、强化、局部变形阶段）：强度指标、塑性指标。
3、材料强度的确定及轴向受力构件的强度条件：
&&4、截面的几何性质：重心与形心、静力矩与惯性矩
四、静定结构的变形计算与刚度校核（略）
五、超静定结构内力计算（略）
2、the internal forces of statically determinate structure, calculated as follows:&&
& & 1）flat system of geometric composition analysis: Constraints/rigid plate: in-plane geometry of the object remains
unchanged/chains, single hinge.&&
& & 2）beam internal force calculation and internal force diagram.&&
& && &Statically determinate beam formation: single-span statically determinate beam (simply supported beam, the extension
beams, cantilever beam), multi-span statically determinate beam&&
& && &Beam internal force diagram(according to the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for internal force
diagram):shear force diagrams, bending moment diagrams.&&
& & 3）the internal forces of statically determinate plane frame calculation and internal force diagram:&&
& & 4）three-hinged arch:&&
3、rod piece strength and strut stability:&&
& & 1）the stress and strain concepts:&&
& & 2）materials in tension and compression mechanical properties:&&
Low-carbon steel(elastic,yield,strengthen,local deformation stage): strength index, plasticity index.&&
& & 3）material strength and axial force components to determine the strength of conditions:&&
& & 4） cross-sectional geometric properties: center of gravity and centroid, static moment and moment of inertia&&
4、statically determinate structure, deformation and stiffness Check (omitted)&&
5、internal forces of statically indeterminate structure calculations (omitted)
1）shear wall location:&&
Principle: must follow the uniform, symmetrical, peripheral, scattered. Because in the case of earthquake, it needs shear walls
to resist seismic shear.&&
Location: near the end of the building, alteration of flat shape, location with large constant-load, as well as stair and elevator
locations. In general, the shear wall is distributed in the lift and plane corners of a house.&&
shear wall structure(12-30 storey residence, hotel), frame-shearwall structure (office building, shopping mall and other public
2）component size to determine: the height is the beam span of 1/12~1/18 or so.
3、简单的静定结构：包括静定梁，静定平面刚架，三铰拱，静定桁架，静定组合结构。
3）simple statically determinate structure: it consists of statically determinate beam, statically determinate plane frame,
three-hinged arch, statically determinate truss, statically determinate combined structure.
1.在这个学期我们主要学习了一些建筑力学的基本概念，杆件本身在承受荷载的作用下，自身产生形变以抵抗结构受到的破
坏。我们主要研究的对象是构建的强度，刚度，稳定性和材料的力学性质。在这个过程之中我们需要记住一些基本的力学性
质以及受力特点，并需要对一些简单的力学模型进行计算。
In this semester, we mainly learn about some basically concept of mechanics. When the member carrying load, it will have a
deformation, if that member isn’t strong enough, it will be broken. We have a exam at the end of the class and we have
homework twice each week. We shd remember some basic properties of the mechanics and hv some simple calculation of basic
应力stress应变strain,应力应变曲线来表示材料的变形能力，简单的超静定问题的计算。
The stress-strain curve, which can tell us the deformation capacity of materials, and simple statically determinate problem.
剪切扭转shear deformation and torsion.
了解梁内力，应力，变形,梁的荷载，支座反力以及基本的支座模型，并进行简单的截面内力计算，绘制剪力图和弯矩图。
We shd know the basic concept of the internal force of beams, stress, deformation, load, the end reaction and also some basic
model of beams, such as simple support beam, overhanging beam, cantilever beam. We also hv to do some basic computation of
the internal force of section and draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.
2.在主要这门课上我们我们开始进一步学习一些基本的杆件结构类型，例如，刚架，桁架，拱等。
In that semester we mainly learned some basic type of structure, such as truss structure, arch, rigid frame structure, then we need
to compute the support force, axis force, shear force and also the bending moment, then draw a diagram. We also learn to
analyse the rigid frame structure and simplify it.
常用的静定结构包括以下5种形式：梁，刚架，三铰拱/三角钢架，桁架组合结构。
In generally, we always use the following 5 types structure, beam, rigid frame, three-hinged arch, truss structure and the
composite structure.
梁包括简支梁，悬臂梁，伸臂梁，多跨静定梁。由于弯曲变形，引起正应力在界面上分布不均匀，使得材料的强度得不到充
分的利用，所以大跨情况不适合用梁
the beam including simple support beam, overhanging beam, cantilever beam, multi-span statically determinate beam. Because
of the bending, so the stress on the section of the beam can not be uniformly distributed, so the strength of the material can not
be fully used. Beam is not fit for a long-span structure.
刚架，即为若干梁刚接而成，能形成多跨，多层使用空间。
Rigid frame, means many beams are rigid connected, this structure has a better property of long-span structure than beams.
三铰拱/三铰刚架，由于有水平推力的作用，所以可以减小截面弯矩，主要承受压力。可选用抗拉强度较低的石头、混凝土
Three-hinged arch has the horizontal pushing force, so that the bending moment of the section can be smaller. This property can
help this structure to bear more compression. And the materials with lower strength of extension can also fit in this structure.
桁架，只产生轴力，截面正应力分布均匀，充分利用材料强度，适用于大跨空间。
Truss structure is a good choice of long-span space. Each rod of the truss has only axis force, so the stress of the section can be
uniformly distributed, and the strength of materials can be fully used.
组合结构，充分利用材料强度。
With the Composite structure, we can fully use the material strength, make it fit for different space.
3. 在这门课上我们主要学习的是一些建筑基本的结构选型basic structure form selection，例如，混凝土结构concrete
structure，砌体结构masonry structure，钢结构steel structure，大跨结构long-span structure以及一些抗震结构anti-seismic
structure的基本知识(basic knowledge of…)。
In this class we mainly learned…
Concrete structure including plain concrete (without steel, so the strength of extension is bad, mainly used in basis cushion course),
reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete，feature：fire resistance, fit for long-span beam and slab structure.
Masonry structure constitute by brick, stone, or building blocks, then use mortar to connect it. (clay, lime and stone), hv good fire-
proof and endurance quality. It’s good at heat insolation and energy conservation. And also a easy way to build. But it is heavy,
has a lower strength, worse anti-seismic quality.
Steel structure has a higher quality in extension strength, compressive strength, and shear strength, and the weigh is light, which
can also lower the building price. But it’s easier to get rust, and bad at fire resistance.
Composite structure is made up of steel structure and concrete structure.
It can also divided by the type of structure, mixed structure (reinforced concrete beam and slabs with masonry structure as internal
walls.), bent structure (component with roof columns and basis, between roof and columns is pin joint, but the columns is fixed to
the basis.), frame structure (reinforced beams and slabs as the bearing structure), shear wall structure (has more side and vertical
rigidity than frame structure, better ability of resist horizontal trust), frame shear wall structure, tube structure(shear wall core and
thick columns around)
High-rise building, low-rise building, and multi- story building.
基本尺寸：楼板厚不小于100，双向板不小于1/40L（短向），单向板&=1/30L短，外挑板&=1/12L（挑）， 板式楼梯板厚
1/30L（楼梯水平跨）+10mm
basic dimension: the slab thickness shd more than 100, the two-way slab thickness shd more than 1/40 short side distance,
one-way slab thickness shd more than 1/30 short side distance, and overhanging slab thickness shd more than 1/12 the
overhanging distance, the slab of plate type stairs shd more than 1/30+10mm
抗震建筑设计：规则性，选择合理的结构，提高结构的延展性
anti-seismic design, regular design, choose the rational structure, and improve the extension capacity of materials.
4. 高层建筑设计之中所需要注意的一些基本概念，
some basic concept of high-rise building, in generally, more than10 floors or more than 28meter height building are high-rise
building, and more than 100 meters building is super high-rise building.
We shd pay attention to the rigidity of structure, the proportion of height and width, the layout point, and the structure type. We
shd know some basic knowledge point such as anti-seismic joint, settlement joint (from the top to besement, )and extension joint
(shd be filled in 2 month after the building finished).&&
The concept of basis where to find a site place (stable, with high soil quality), which kind of soil shd be selected (cracks, rocks, fein
stones… )&&
Typical basis: isolated foundation, strip foundation, raft foundation, box foundation, and some typical beams such as gird/gird,
lintel，outrigger…
System Science and Engineering*
The basic theory, methods and applications of system science and engineering are studied in the course. The systems analysis and
system design, system simulation model, system evaluation, system engineering decision-making and system reliability analysis are
focused studied.
Building Equipments*
在建筑设备这门课上我们主要学习的是建筑室内外的给排水，消防给水，热水的供应，建筑的通风供暖，空气的调节，燃气
的供应以及建筑的防排烟设计，还包括一些基本的供电照明系统，弱电系统以及电梯系统等等的基本信息。
This course introduces the mechanical and electrical systems and equipment for buildings. Major topics include water supply and
waste, gas supply, refrigeration fundamentals, HVAC systems, electrical systems, vertical transportation, smoke and fire protection
systems, as well as the most recent development in equipment, systems, and other building related technologies. The newest
regulations, standards, and codes will be followed.
nfluence factors (standard of living, living habits, climatic conditions, water costs, water quality)&&
3) water purification process (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection)
4) The distribution arrangement of water distribution network (branch-type pipe network, ring-type pipe networ
Construction equipment is installed in buildings for people to living and working and provide convenient, comfortable, security
and other conditions. This discipline mainly includes three parts:&&
1、drainage works&&
1) water supply and drainage works (outdoor water supply projects, indoor water supply and drainage projects, outdoor
drainage projects)
2) domestic water standard k)&&
5) water supply (direct water supply, water supply tanks, locate water tanks and pumps, area of water supply, pressure water
supply, frequency modulation pumps )&&
6) The high-rise building water supply (the height of high-rise buildings is very different from top to bottom, in order to
avoid the lower water pressure too high and flow speed too fast, result and the upper water pressure& &
produce negative pressure even produce suction phenomenon, high-rise buildings often supply water by regional along the
vertical direction in order to reduce the water pressure for each region)&&
7) Outdoor Fire water (urban and residential fire-fighting water is usually from a direct supply of urban water supply network.
For the nearest natural water and there is still a reliable guarantee of the dry season can also serve as fire water, we should use fire
water storage tank when the town water supply pipe-line does not meet the needs of the fire water)&&
8) Building Fire Water Supply System (the fire hydrant system, automatic sprinkler water supply system, spray fire-fighting
9) snorkel pipe’s role: maintain normal drainage riser
exclude tube’s stink
10) The role of rainwater hopper( transport water flows)&&
11) The layout of rainwater hopper requirementsa) we should take into account storm intensity, drainage area and drainage
capacity, as well as
if the joints or firewall department has a rainwater hopper, we should set up one at each
side of joints. (b)rainwater hoppers of each construction should not less than two, in case of one doesn’t&&work, the roof would
be flooding.
2、heating ventilation and air conditioning&&
1) hot water heating systems (natural cycle of hot water heating systems, mechanical circulating hot water heating systems,
high-rise building hot water heating systems, hot water heating and household metering systems)&&
2) The air curtain (it can emit a certain speed curtain-form airflow by a special air distribution device, so as to close the door,
hall, opening, counter to reduce and cut off intrusion air from outside)&&
3) low-limit thermal resistance
4) The working process of steam boilers&&
5) Building Ventilation (divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, in order to maintain indoor air environment
in line with health standards)&&
6) Natural ventilation and combination of architectural design (for example: (1)When we decide general layout orientation of
workshop , it should be arranged toward north, to avoid large areas of windows and walls affected by west sunlight. (2)The best
angle between windward of workshop and the main summer prevailing wind direction is 60 ~ 90 degrees, should not less than 45
degrees. Annexe should not be arranged in a windward&&of building. Because it can affect natural ventilation.)&&
7) Air-conditioning(is the use of technical means to a particular environmental control of air space within a certain state, to
meet human comfort requirements or production process)
8) Air-conditioned rooms layout (air-conditioned rooms can not be arranged near the large quantities of pollutions or high
temperatur Air-conditioned rooms should be a Air-conditioned rooms should
minimize the outside window area and take to shade measures)&&
9) Measures to reduce air conditioning noise (reduced noise source, install
oscillator between basic and seismic focus, such
as spring-shock absorber, cork)
3、Electrical Engineering&&
1) Electrical system components (power generation, substations, transmission, distribution, electricity)&&
2) The electricity load grade (it is divided into three grades according to
influence and economic losses when interrupt power supply)&&
3) the form of distribution system(radiation type, tree type, mixed type)&&
the importance of electricity load and the political
4) Outdoor Lighting (plaza and road lighting, airplane barrier lighting, landscape lighting, architectural facade lighting)&&
5) The installation of lamps(hanging wire, hanging chain, ceiling, wall mounted and embedded)&&
6) Building Lightning Protection (simply means that the building with the lightning rod and metal of its own, in order to avoid
building itself suffered a direct lightning strike damage)&&
7) intelligent fire control system (fire detection system, emergency warning system, automatic sprinkler system)&&
8) Intelligent buildings (intelligent buildings are buildings as a platform, both construction equipment, office automation and
communication network system, concentrate the structure, system, service, management and the most optimal combination, to
provide people with a safe, efficient, comfortable, convenient construction environment)&&
In architecture planning, design, construction and usage, construction and construction equipment are working together and
indispensable. Only with understanding, coordination and eliminate contradictions can we do construction work well, so the
buildings can play functions properly.&&
Physical Factors in Architecture I*， （Physical Factors in Architecture II*）
光和热，舒适度
In this class we learn the basic property of light, warm and wet.
And we use them as the teststandard to exam if a architecture space comfortable is.
Actually we can use them as designstandard as well.
In this class we learn the basic property of sound, the absorption materials and construction, the sound insolation construction or
members, how to control the noisy, and hoe to design the internal sounds environment.
在这门课上我们主要学的是建筑物理声学部分的知识。首先介绍了一下声音的基本性质和特性，而这些也是我们在高中就已
经有所了解的基本概念（振动发声，介质传声等等，周期，频率，波长，速度）,声音传播的基本性质（透射，反射，吸收，
绕射），基本的计算（声功率，声压级，声强&-级，响度，回声等），主要引入的一个新的概念是混响声，混响时间，这对
于室内声环境的设计，特别是剧场，体育场之类的对声环境要求比较高的大空间尤其重要，特别是音乐厅和剧院。通过这些
定量的计算我们需要对一个空间的声音进行评价，主观上有：丰满度，清晰度，响度，亲切感，空间感等；客观上：混响时
间，早起衰减，明晰度c80，声压级与强度指数，混响时间的频率特性等等。
In this class we mainly learn the sound part of physics, firstly, we learn some basic concept and properties, such as vibration,
medium, period, frequency, wavelength, loudness, echo…some spread properties like transmission, reflection, absorption,
diffraction…some basic compute like acoustical power, sound press level, sound intensity level, volume，echo. The new concept is
reverberation, and reverberation time, which is very important for theater, opera, museum hall, and gymnasium. Through these
computation, we shd evaluate about the internal sound environment. Subjective evaluation can be given from fullness, articulation,
volume, cordial feeling and sense of space.
Objective evaluation: reverberation time, early stage attenuation, definition, sound press level, frequency properties.
吸声材料主要运用在需要隔音的房间的外墙面上，以及一些噪声较大的设备管道中，如空调管道，排气管等等。Sound
absorption materials mainly used in the external wall or wall between two room, and also some noisy equipment pipes, such as
conditional pipe, vent pipe…主要的吸声材料有多孔吸声材料porous materials. [absorb high frequency sound(polyurethane foam
plastic, pearlite)，穿孔板吸声材料perforated plate materials,-low frequency (perforated gypsum, fc board)，薄板吸声材料 thin
plate sound absorption materials, -middle(gypsum, aluminum alloy plate)，薄膜吸声结构thin film sound absorption
materials,-middle(leather, plastic thin film)，以及多孔材料吊顶板perforated material false ceiling(pearlite plate),特殊结构
（change the shape, use the reflection and refraction to attenuate the voice）。影响因素，空气流阻，孔隙率，厚度，表观密
度，背后条件，面层，温度和湿度
the effected factory: the air flow resistance, porosity, thickness，performance density, the distance between materials and wall,
surface, temperature, humidity.
We also shd know the standard of noise, and hv to do some artificial strategy to avoid or at least reduce the bad influence to
people. First way is to hide the noise from the original, avoid putting the industrial and residential building together, use screen or
plants to reduce the voice, try best to make a better area planning to avoid the noise. Also we shd add some absorption materials
in the wall so that can also keep the internal area quiet. The weakness is doors and window, so we hv to improve their sound
insolation ability, such as use two storied gate, double window, and add sound insolation materials…etw.. As for some special
equipment, we shd make a basement for it and also acoustic shield.
Building energy efficiency is to use energy saving technology, equipment and material to improve thermal insulation
performance, air conditioning cooling and heating system's efficiency.
building energy consumption include: heating, air conditioning, hot water supply, cooking, lighting, household appliances,
elevators. It usually takes up 30% of total energy consumption in the country.&&
1）体形系数：建筑物与室外大气接触的外表面积与其所包围的体积的比值。&&
2）围 护 结 构 传 热 系 数(K)：围护结构两侧空气温差为1K，在单位时间内通过单位面积围护结构的传热量。W／(m2．K)。
3）采暖能耗(Q)：本标准中的采暖能耗主要指建筑物耗热量和采暖耗煤量。
4）耗热量指标(qn)：在采暖期室外平均温度条件下，为保持室内计算温度，单位建筑面积在单位时间内消耗
的、需由室内采暖设备供给的热量。W/m。
5）窗墙面积比（Cm）
1) Shape coefficient of building: the ratio of building exterior surface area contact with air to the surrounded volume.&&
2) overall heat transfer coefficient (K):it means the heat transfer capacity through unit area of the envelope structure when the
air temperature difference on both sides of envelope structure is 1K. W / (m?. K)&&
3) energy consumed for heating (Q): it primarily refers to the building heating energy consumption of heat and heating coal
consumption by this standard.&&
4) index of heat loss of building(qn): it means the quantity of heat which is supplied by the heating equipment. In this
condition it can&&maintain the indoor temperature and supply the loss of heat quantity in unit time. W / m&&
5) Area ratio of window to wall(Cm)
China is a large population, resource poor country,building energy consumption&&takes up nearly half of total energy
consumption, it has become essential to reduce building energy consumption. Solution: First, reduce building exterior surface area,
strengthen the building envelope thermal insulation to reduce heat loss. Second is to strengthen the heating system design and
operation management to improve the boiler efficiency or strengthen the pipe insulation to improve the efficiency of the delivery
Energy saving materials: The external walls of masonry using aerated concrete block, which has good thermal insulation
performance and energy saving effect. It can achieve good results when use external wall insulation such as:polystyrene board,
polyurethane, rock wool board.& &
PVC window: processability is strong, energy saving is good. For example: a single steel, aluminum glass window of the heat
transfer coefficient is 64W/m?; single PVC window of the heat transfer coefficient is 47W/m?.&&
Germany's energy saving technology: As we know, Germany's building energy saving technology is a leader in the world, and
energy-saving materials are also very advanced, I would like to have an opportunity to learn about it.
Architectural Physics is mainly about the sound, light, heat and movement of physical phenomena. The task is to improve the
quality of architectural features and create a suitable living and working environment.& &
1、building thermal engineering:&&
1) Basic concepts:&&
Heat transfer methods: conduction heat transfer, convection heat transfer, radiation heat transfer.&&
2) the cyclical nature of flat-wall heat transfer:&&
Thermal resistance: it is a total thermal resistance which is in order to restrict the low interior tempreture reflect the ability to
stop heat transfer.The larger the thermal resistance it is, the better thermal insulation is it. To calculate the minimum thermal
resistance doesn’t mean that the real thermal resistance of the structure must be equal to it, it is only the minimum standard.
Real thermal resistance can be larger than it, but it must not be smaller than it.
蓄热系数：半无限厚物体表面热流波动的振幅与温度波动振幅的比值。
热惰性指标：围护结构在谐波作用下抵抗温度波动的能力。
材料层表面蓄热系数：材料层表面的热流波动振幅与表面温度波动振幅的比值。
& & coefficient of heat accumulation: semi-infinite surface heat flow and temperature fluctuations in the amplitude of fluctuations
in the ratio of amplitude.&&
& & Thermal inertia indicator: envelope under the action of the harmonic capacity of resistance to temperature fluctuations.&&
& & Coefficient of the surface heat storage material layer: a layer of material fluctuations in the surface heat flow amplitude and
the ratio of surface temperature fluctuation amplitude.&&
3) heat preservation in building:&&
(1) strive for the best and proper orientation and building spacing (full use of solar energy) (2) choose the right size and flat
form of architectural (shape factor S=F/V, the smaller it is the better insulation has it) (3) the envelope structure should have good
thermal performance (select insulation, energy saving materials such as aerated concrete block) (4) increase the building airtight,
prevent the adverse effects from cold air infiltration.&&
4）外围护结构的蒸汽渗透及冷凝：&&
饱和蒸汽压：在一定温度下，与液体或固体处于相平衡的蒸汽所具有的压力。
绝对湿度：单位体积空气中所含水蒸汽的质量。
相对湿度：一定温度一定大气压，湿空气的绝对湿度与同温同压下饱和蒸汽量的百分比。
露点温度：一定状态下的空气，在保持含湿量不变的条件下，温度下降到相对湿度达到
100%的温度。
防止冷凝措施：采用外保温、设置隔气层、设置通风间层、泄气通道。
4) The peripheral retaining structures, and condensing the steam penetration:&&
& & Saturated vapor pressure: In a certain temperature, with liquid or solid in equilibrium with the steam of the pressure.&&
& & Absolute humidity: unit volume of water vapor in air quality.&&
& & Relative Humidity: Be sure the temperature will certainly atmospheric, wet air temperature and absolute humidity with the
same amount of saturated steam with the percentage of depressed.&&
& & Dew-point temperature: a certain state of the air, while maintaining constant moisture content conditions, the temperature
dropped to the relative humidity reached 100% of the temperature.&&
Measures to prevent condensation: use external insulation, traps gas, set the ventilation between the layers, discouraged
5) heat insulation in building&&
& & Roof: use light color roof to reduce heat absorption, increase the thermal resistance. External wall: through the wall
construction, such as using double-hole hollow block, light wall plate. Doors and windows should have shade measures. Rooms
should avoid west sunlight to reduce space heat gain. Buildings layout: natural ventilation of declining and staggered arrangement
of buildings are better th arrangement of different heights construction is also good for natural ventilation.
2、construction optics:&&
1) Basic Knowledge:&&China’s light climate is divi visible light wavelength is 380-780nm.&&
光通量：光通量指人眼所能感觉到的辐射能量(Lm)。
发光强度Ia：光通量的空间分布密度（cd）。
照度E：被照面上的光能量密度，表示被照面被照射的程度(L。
亮度La：发光体在视线方向上单位面积发出的发光强度（cd/㎡）
定向反射材料：玻璃镜、光滑金属表面；定向透射材料：压花玻璃。
均匀扩散反射材料：石膏、MgO；均匀扩散透射材料：乳白玻璃、半透明塑料、膜结构；
Luminous flux: it refers to the radiation energy feeled by human eyes (Lm).&&
&&Luminous intensity: the spatial distribution of luminous flux density (cd).&&
&&Illuminance: the illuminated surface of the optical energy density, indicating the extent of being face to face by irradiation (L.&&
&&Brightness: luminous body in the line of sight direction issued by the luminous intensity per unit area (cd / ㎡)&&
&&Definite-reflective materials: glass, mirror,
definite- transmitted Materials: embossed glass.&&
&&Homogeneous diffuse reflection materials: gypsum, MgO; evenly spread transmission materials: opal glass, translucent plastic,
membrane structure.
&&Glare: Because of the brightness distribution is not even, or exist the extreme brightness in space or time, cause visual
discomfort and reduce the visibility of objects. Glare divided into direct: such as sunlight, indirect: reflector from
smooth surface(glass curtain wall and smooth paper).&&
& & measures to Reduce }