设三阶方阵A，B满足方程A2B-A-B=E，试求矩阵B以及行列式|B|，其中A＝_百度知道
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Table of ContentA使用说明........................................................................................................................................... 1 GMAT 阅读 117 篇 .......................................................................................................................... 1 一、GMAT 新题 63 篇 ................................................................................................................... 1 Passage 1 (1/63) ........................................................................................................................ 1 Passage 2 (2/63) ........................................................................................................................ 3 Passage 3 (3/63) ........................................................................................................................ 6 Passage 4 (4/63) ........................................................................................................................ 8 Passage 5 (5/63) ...................................................................................................................... 10 Passage 6 (6/63) ...................................................................................................................... 14 Passage 7 (7/63) ...................................................................................................................... 16 Passage 8 (8/63) ...................................................................................................................... 19 Passage 9 (9/63) ...................................................................................................................... 21 Passage 10 (10/63) .................................................................................................................. 24 Passage 11 (11/63)................................................................................................................... 27 Passage 12 (12/63) .................................................................................................................. 30 Passage 13 (13/63) .................................................................................................................. 33 Passage 14 (14/63) .................................................................................................................. 36 Passage 15 (15/63) .................................................................................................................. 39 Passage 16 (16/63) .................................................................................................................. 42 Passage 17 (17/63) .................................................................................................................. 44 Passage 18 (18/63) .................................................................................................................. 47 Passage 19 (19/63) .................................................................................................................. 50 Passage 20 (20/63) .................................................................................................................. 53 Passage 21 (21/63) .................................................................................................................. 55 Passage 22 (22/63) .................................................................................................................. 58 Passage 23 (23/63) .................................................................................................................. 61 Passage 24 (24/63) .................................................................................................................. 64 Passage 25 (25/63) .................................................................................................................. 66 Passage 26 (26/63) .................................................................................................................. 68 Passage 27 (27/63) .................................................................................................................. 71 Passage 28 (28/63) .................................................................................................................. 74 Passage 29 (29/63) .................................................................................................................. 76 Passage 30 (30/63) .................................................................................................................. 79 Passage 31 (31/63) .................................................................................................................. 82 Passage 32 (32/63) .................................................................................................................. 84 Passage 33 (33/63) .................................................................................................................. 87 Passage 34 (34/63) .................................................................................................................. 89 Passage 35 (35/63) .................................................................................................................. 91 Passage 36 (36/63) .................................................................................................................. 94 Passage 37 (37/63) .................................................................................................................. 97 Passage 38 (38/63) .................................................................................................................. 99 Passage 39 (39/63) ................................................................................................................ 101 Passage 40 (40/63) ................................................................................................................ 102 Passage 41 (41/63) ................................................................................................................ 105 http://www.chasedream.com/ by GemjBTable of ContentPassage 42 (42/63) ................................................................................................................ 107 Passage 43 (43/63) ................................................................................................................ 109 Passage 44 (44/63) ................................................................................................................ 112 Passage 45 (45/63) ................................................................................................................ 115 Passage 46 (46/63) ................................................................................................................ 117 Passage 47 (47/63) ................................................................................................................ 119 Passage 48 (48/63) ................................................................................................................ 121 Passage 49 (49/63) ................................................................................................................ 123 Passage 50 (50/63) ................................................................................................................ 126 Passage 51 (51/63) ................................................................................................................ 128 Passage 52 (52/63) ................................................................................................................ 131 Passage 53 (53/63) ................................................................................................................ 133 Passage 54 (54/63) ................................................................................................................ 134 Passage 55 (55/63) ................................................................................................................ 137 Passage 56 (56/63) ................................................................................................................ 139 Passage 57 (57/63) ................................................................................................................ 142 Passage 58 (58/63) ................................................................................................................ 143 Passage 59 (59/63) ................................................................................................................ 145 Passage 60 (60/63) ................................................................................................................ 147 Passage 61 (61/63) ................................................................................................................ 149 Passage 62 (62/63) ................................................................................................................ 150 Passage 63 (63/63) ................................................................................................................ 153 二、GMAT 补充 22 篇 ............................................................................................................... 155 Passage 64 (1/22) .................................................................................................................. 155 Passage 65 (2/22) .................................................................................................................. 157 Passage 66 (3/22) .................................................................................................................. 160 Passage 67 (4/22) .................................................................................................................. 162 Passage 68 (5/22) .................................................................................................................. 165 Passage 69 (6/22) .................................................................................................................. 168 Passage 70 (7/22) .................................................................................................................. 170 Passage 71 (8/22) .................................................................................................................. 173 Passage 72 (9/22) .................................................................................................................. 175 Passage 73 (10/22) ................................................................................................................ 178 Passage 74 (11/22) ................................................................................................................ 181 Passage 75 (12/22) ................................................................................................................ 184 Passage 76 (13/22) ................................................................................................................ 187 Passage 77 (14/22) ................................................................................................................ 189 Passage 78 (15/22) ................................................................................................................ 192 Passage 79 (16/22) ................................................................................................................ 195 Passage 80 (17/22) ................................................................................................................ 197 Passage 81 (18/22) ................................................................................................................ 199 Passage 82 (19/22) ................................................................................................................ 202 Passage 83 (20/22) ................................................................................................................ 205 Passage 84 (21/22) ................................................................................................................ 208 by Gemj http://www.chasedream.com/Table of ContentCPassage 85 (22/22) ................................................................................................................ 211 三、GMAT 考古题 15 篇............................................................................................................ 213 Passage 86 (1/15) .................................................................................................................. 213 Passage 87 (2/15) .................................................................................................................. 216 Passage 88 (3/15) .................................................................................................................. 220 Passage 89 (4/15) .................................................................................................................. 222 Passage 90 (5/15) .................................................................................................................. 225 Passage 91 (6/15) .................................................................................................................. 229 Passage 92 (7/15) .................................................................................................................. 231 Passage 93 (8/15) .................................................................................................................. 234 Passage 94 (9/15) .................................................................................................................. 237 Passage 95 (10/15) ................................................................................................................ 239 Passage 96 (11/15) ................................................................................................................ 242 Passage 97 (12/15) ................................................................................................................ 245 Passage 98 (13/15) ................................................................................................................ 247 Passage 99 (14/15) ................................................................................................................ 250 Passage 100 (15/15) .............................................................................................................. 252 四、OG 新增 17 篇 ..................................................................................................................... 254 Passage 101 (1/17) ................................................................................................................ 254 Passage 102 (2/17) ................................................................................................................ 257 Passage 103 (3/17) ................................................................................................................ 259 Passage 104 (4/17) ................................................................................................................ 261 Passage 105 (5/17) ................................................................................................................ 264 Passage 106 (6/17) ................................................................................................................ 265 Passage 107 (7/17) ................................................................................................................ 267 Passage 108 (8/17) ................................................................................................................ 269 Passage 109 (9/17) ................................................................................................................ 271 Passage 110 (10/17) .............................................................................................................. 273 Passage 111 (11/17)............................................................................................................... 275 Passage 112 (12/17) .............................................................................................................. 276 Passage 113 (13/17) .............................................................................................................. 278 Passage 114 (14/17) .............................................................................................................. 279 Passage 115 (15/17) .............................................................................................................. 281 Passage 116 (16/17) .............................................................................................................. 282 Passage 117 (17/17) .............................................................................................................. 285 GRE 阅读(No. 2―No. 9)............................................................................................................. 287 No. 2-1 .................................................................................................................................. 287SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 287 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 290No. 2-2 .................................................................................................................................. 294SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 294 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 297No. 2-3 .................................................................................................................................. 301SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 301http://www.chasedream.com/by GemjDTable of ContentSECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 304No. 3-1 .................................................................................................................................. 307SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 307 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 311No. 3-2 .................................................................................................................................. 315SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 315 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 319No. 3-3 .................................................................................................................................. 322SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 322 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 326No. 4-1 .................................................................................................................................. 329SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 329 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 333No. 4-2 .................................................................................................................................. 337SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 337 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 340No. 4-3 .................................................................................................................................. 344SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 344 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 348No. 5-1 .................................................................................................................................. 351SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 351 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 355No. 5-2 .................................................................................................................................. 359SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 359 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 362No. 5-3 .................................................................................................................................. 365SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 365 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 369No. 6-1 .................................................................................................................................. 373SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 373 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 376No. 6-2 .................................................................................................................................. 380SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 380 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 384No. 6-3 .................................................................................................................................. 388SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 388 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 391No. 7-1 .................................................................................................................................. 395SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 395 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 399No. 7-2 .................................................................................................................................. 402SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 402 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 406No. 7-3 .................................................................................................................................. 410 by Gemj http://www.chasedream.com/Table of ContentESECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 410 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 413No. 8-1 .................................................................................................................................. 417SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 418 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 422No. 8-2 .................................................................................................................................. 425SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 425 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 429No. 8-3 .................................................................................................................................. 433SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 433 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 436No. 9-1 .................................................................................................................................. 440SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 440 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 443No. 9-2 .................................................................................................................................. 447SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 447 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 451No. 9-3 .................................................................................................................................. 454SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 454 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 458No. 9-4 .................................................................................................................................. 462SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 462 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 466No. 9-5 .................................................................................................................................. 469SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 469 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 473No. 9-6 .................................................................................................................................. 477SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 477 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 480GRE 国内题全部阅读 ................................................................................................................. 484 1990 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 484SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 484 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 4881990 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 492SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 492 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 4961991 年 02 月........................................................................................................................ 500SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 500 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5031991 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 507SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 507 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5111991 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 515SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 515http://www.chasedream.com/by GemjFTable of ContentSECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5181992 年 02 月........................................................................................................................ 522SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 522 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5261992 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 530SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 530 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5341992 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 537SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 537 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5411993 年 02 月........................................................................................................................ 544SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 544 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5481993 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 551SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 551 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5551993 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 562SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 562 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5661994 年 02 月........................................................................................................................ 570SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 570 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5731994 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 576SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 576 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5801994 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 584SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 584 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5881995 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 592SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 592 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 5961995 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 600SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 600 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6041996 年 04 月北美................................................................................................................ 608SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 608 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6111996 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 615SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 615 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6191996 年 10 月........................................................................................................................ 623SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 623 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6271997 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 630 by Gemj http://www.chasedream.com/Table of ContentGSECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 630 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6341997 年 11 月 ........................................................................................................................ 637SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 637 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6421998 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 645SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 645 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6491998 年 11 月 ........................................................................................................................ 653SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 653 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 6571999 年 04 月........................................................................................................................ 660SECTION A ......................................................................................................................... 660 SECTION B ......................................................................................................................... 664LSAT 第 01 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 669 LSAT 第 02 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 678 LSAT 第 03 套 SECTION II ..................................................................................................... 689 LSAT 第 04 套 SECTION IV .................................................................................................... 700 LSAT 第 05 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 711 LSAT 第 06 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 722 LSAT 第 07 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 733 LSAT 第 08 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 744 LSAT 第 09 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 754 LSAT 第 10 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 765 LSAT 第 11 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 775 LSAT 第 12 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 785 LSAT 第 13 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 796 LSAT 第 14 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 806 LSAT 第 15 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 817 LSAT 第 16 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 827 LSAT 第 17 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 838 LSAT 第 18 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 848 LSAT 第 19 套 SECTION IV .................................................................................................... 857 LSAT 第 20 套 SECTION IV .................................................................................................... 867 LSAT 第 21 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 878 LSAT 第 22 套 SECTION IV .................................................................................................... 888 LSAT 第 23 套 SECTION III .................................................................................................... 899 LSAT 第 24 套 SECTION II ..................................................................................................... 909 LSAT 第 25 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 920 LSAT 第 26 套 SECTION IV .................................................................................................... 929 LSAT 第 27 套 SECTION I ....................................................................................................... 940 LSAT 第 28 套 SECTION IV .................................................................................................... 951 LSAT 2002 年 SECTION III ..................................................................................................... 962http://www.chasedream.com/by Gemj
使用说明使用说明1、各题答案均隐藏在(D)选项后（放在这里主要是避免下一题答案也被显示从而影响做题） ， 显示的方法是鼠标左键单击“常用”工具栏“显示/隐藏编辑标记”按钮（只有 WORD 才有此按钮，写字板没有） 。再次单击又被隐藏。见下图：2、做题时请切换至“普通”视图，因为显示答案时页面变化小；在“页面”视图下，可以 欣赏到以当今世界一流技术精心打造的一流风姿！ 3、本文件包括所有的 GMAT 阅读、GRE 全部 No 题和 99 年之前全部国内题的阅读以及（28 ＋1）套 LSAT 阅读，共计 2772 题，是无比宝贵的学习材料（也是馈赠亲友的最珍贵礼 物，并值得永久收藏） 。它不仅仅能够提高阅读能力，也是扩大词汇、研究语法的宝贵 材料。GRE 的难度突出表现在语言文字的艰深和意思的晦涩，而 LSAT 题对逻辑思维的 要求很高，GMAT 文字上的难度不如 GRE，逻辑上次于 LSAT（个人观点） 。 4、文档中绿色单词或词组的后面有释义，看注释请按上述第 1 点操作。少数难题加注了我 个人的看法（一律被隐藏） ，未必正确，仅供参考。 5、一部分文档题目中的行号添加了超链接，按住 Ctrl 的同时用鼠标左键单击有超链接标志 的行号即可到达相应内容。但因为我时间紧，没有做完（对于没有超链接的题目，做题 时可以用“查找”命令搜索。无论如何，比纸面的用起来肯定方便。在电脑上做题吧， 如果你的 WORD 用的比较熟练，再在你的电脑上装几本电子词典，你会感到效率倍增， 妙趣无穷！； ） 另外， 由于 WORD 软件本身的缺陷， 格式上可能未必有 “GMAT&LSAT CR” 与“GMAT SC 885”那么完美统一。这些都有待于将来修正与完善。 6、试题及答案均经多数遍仔细校对（断断续续前后历时 1 年有余） ，是当今最准确、错误非 常少的电子版本。 但错误肯定还有， 请各位不吝指正 （可以上 http://www.chasedream.com/ 相关论坛贴出） ，共同完善，不胜感谢！祝你成功！Gemjhttp://www.chasedream.com/by Gemj
GMAT1GMAT 阅读 117 篇 一、GMAT 新题 63 篇 Passage 1 (1/63)(This passage was written in 1978.) Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities―as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises. Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980‘s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company‘s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer. A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reason clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as Dfronts‖ with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures. Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming―and remaining―dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.http://www.chasedream.com/by Gemj2GMAT, GRE, LSAT 阅读The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies (B) describe a situation and its potential drawbacks (C) propose a temporary solution to a problem (D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement (E) explore the implications of a finding1.2.The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions? (A) What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts? (B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to find minority subcontractors? (C) How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts? (D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972? (E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended?3.According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have (A) been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy (B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors (C) not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations (D) not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers (E) not had adequate representation in the centers of government power4.The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to (A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm (B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses (C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government (D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors (E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts5.The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should (A) avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding (B) concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation (C) try to expand its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation (D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to otherby Gemjhttp://www.chasedream.com/GMATminority-owned concerns (E) use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns 6. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are (A) more popular with large corporations (B) more specific (C) less controversial (D) less expensive to enforce (E) easier to comply with 7.3Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author?s assertion that, in the 1970?s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial (A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979. (B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent. (C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses. (D) The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high. (E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.8.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors? (A) Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future. (B) Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970?s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts. (C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970?s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980?s. (D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970?s made substantial response impossible. (E) The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion that used to plague small minority-owned businesses.Passage 2 (2/63)Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he said that the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximum freedom meanshttp://www.chasedream.com/by Gemj4GMAT, GRE, LSAT 阅读ma our Dopenness‖ is to be the measure of our stability. Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the DOld World‖ categories of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a Dstatus quo‖ defended or attacked. The United States, it was believed, had no status quo ante. Our only Dstation‖ was the turning of a stationary wheel, spinning faster and faster. We did not base our system on property but opportunity―which meant we based it not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the more rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. The conventional picture of class politics is composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of instability and change in which to scramble for the things they have not. But Americans imagined a condition in which speculators, self-makers, runners are always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economic leaders (front-runners) would thus be mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to ca an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered Dstarting lines.‖ DReform‖ in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, Da piece of the action,‖ as it were, for the disenfranchised. There is no attempt to call off the race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor the quiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in our legends, no heroism of the office clerk, no stable industrial work force of the people who actually make the system work. There is no pride in being an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was an employer). There has been no boasting about our social workers―they are merely signs of the system‘s failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things to be eliminated. We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the fact that our system can serve others, that we are able t empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland race we must all run, all trying to win, none winning in the end (for there is no end).1.The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) criticize the inflexibility of American economic mythology (B) contrast “Old World” and “New World” economic ideologies (C) challenge the integrity of traditional political leaders (D) champion those Americans whom the author deems to be neglected (E) suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a race2.According to the passage, “Old World” values were based on (A) ability (B) property (C) family connections (D) guild hierarchies (E) education3.In the context of the author?s discussion of regulating change, which of the following http://www.chasedream.com/by GemjGMATcould be most probably regarded as a “strong referee” (line 30) in the United States? (A) A school principal (B) A political theorist (C) A federal court judge (D) A social worker (E) A government inspector 4. The author sets off the word “Reform” (line 35) with quotation marks in order to (A) emphasize its departure from the concept of settled possessiveness (B) show his support for a systematic program of change (C) underscore the flexibility and even amorphousness of United States society (D) indicate that the term was one of Wilson?s favorites (E) assert that reform in the United States has not been fundamental 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of the action” (line 38) is (A) a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative measure (B) an example of Americans? resistance to profound social change (C) an innovative program for genuine social reform (D) a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers (E) a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills 6. Which of the following metaphors could the author most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the American economic system (lines 35-60)? (A) A windmill (B) A waterfall (C) A treadmill (D) A gyroscope (E) A bellows 7.5It can be inferred from the passage that Woodrow Wilson?s ideas about the economic market (A) encouraged those who “make the system work” (lines 45-46) (B) perpetuated traditional legends about America (C) revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy (D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929 (E) began a tradition of presidential proclamations on economics8.The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions? I. What techniques have industrialists used to manipulate a free market?http://www.chasedream.com/by Gemj6GMAT, GRE, LSAT 阅读II. In what ways are “New World” and “Old World” economic policies similar?III. Has economic policy in the United States tended to reward independent action? (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) II and III only 9. Which of the following best expresses the author?s main point? (A) Americans? pride in their jobs continues to give them stamina today. (B) The absence of a status quo ante has undermined United States economic structure. (C) The free enterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States. (D) The myth of the American free enterprise system is seriously flawed. (E) Fascination with the ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.Passage 3 (3/63)No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions. On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part. Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typicalby Gemjhttp://www.chasedream.com/GMAToceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors7have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth‘s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.1.According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates? (A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors (B) Spreading of ocean trenches (C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges (D) Sinking of ocean basins (E) Differences in temperature under oceans and continents2.It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the (A) Indian Ocean (B) Black Sea (C) Mid-Atlantic (D) South Atlantic (E) Pacific3.The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to (A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle (B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents (C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling (E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges3.The author regards the traditional view of the origin of the oceans with (A) slight apprehension (B) absolute indifference (C) indignant anger (D) complete disbelief (E) guarded skepticism4.According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides? (A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan (B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridgehttp://www.chasedream.com/by Gemj8GMAT, GRE, LSAT 阅读(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge (D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge (E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan5.Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would most support the traditional view of ocean formation? (A) Convection usually occurs along lines. (B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid. (C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate. (D) Sinking plates cool the mantle. (E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.6.According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea can best be compared to a (A) rapidly moving conveyor belt (B) slowly settling foundation (C) rapidly expanding balloon (D) violently erupting volcano (E) slowly eroding mountain7.Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage? (A) A Description of the Oceans of the World (B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation (C) The Traditional View of the Oceans (D) Convection and Ocean Currents (E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the WorldPassage 4 (4/63)The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were―reptiles or birds―are among the questions scientists have puzzled over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal‘s body.by Gemjhttp://www.chasedream.com/GMATThe pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic9constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts. Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct. Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs‘ hind feet resembled a bat‘s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees withou}