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深圳市2013年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
深圳市统计局&& 日
　　2013年，面对十分复杂的国内外形势，深圳坚持稳中求进的工作总基调，坚定不移推进改革，努力创造科学发展的“深圳质量”，全市经济呈现稳中有进、稳中向好的发展态势，完成了全年经济发展主要目标。各项社会事业取得新发展。
　　一、综合
　　初步核算，全年本地生产总值14500.23亿元，比上年增长10.5%。其中，第一产业增加值5.25亿元，下降19.8%；第二产业增加值6296.84亿元，增长9.0%；第三产业增加值8198.14亿元，增长11.7%。第一产业增加值占全市生产总值的比重不到0.1%；第二和第三产业增加值占全市生产总值的比重分别为43.4%和56.6%。人均生产总值136947元/人，增长9.6%，按2013年平均汇率折算为22112美元。
图1& 年本地生产总值
　　在现代产业中，现代服务业增加值5492.37亿元，比上年增长12.6%；先进制造业增加值4162.87亿元，增长12.2%；高技术制造业增加值3370.67亿元，增长12.3%。在第三产业中，交通运输、仓储和邮政业增加值504.09亿元，增长9.0%；批发和零售业增加值1765.43亿元，增长14.2%；住宿和餐饮业增加值269.77亿元，增长2.5%；房地产业增加值1334.42亿元，增长10.8%。民营经济增加值5620.82亿元，增长11.2%。
　　四大支柱产业中，金融业增加值2008.16亿元，比上年增长15.0%；物流业增加值1445.62亿元，增长11.4%；文化产业增加值1085.94亿元，增长14.5%；高新技术产品增加值4652.00亿元，增长12.4%。
表1& 2013年分区本地生产总值
单位：亿元& %
本地生产总值
比上年增长
比上年增长
比上年增长
比上年增长
新宝安区（不含光明、龙华新区）
新龙岗区（不含坪山、大鹏新区）
　　六大战略性新兴产业中，生物产业增加值228.28亿元，比上年增长11.3%；互联网产业增加值590.59亿元，增长28.2%；新能源产业增加值335.97亿元，增长14.1%；新一代信息技术产业增加值2180.30亿元，增长23.6%；新材料产业增加值310.36亿元，增长11.9%；文化创意产业增加值1357.00亿元，增长18.0%。
　　全年完成公共财政预算收入1731.26亿元，比上年增长16.8%。其中税收收入1498.40亿元，增长12.7%。公共财政预算支出1690.20亿元，增长7.7%。其中，教育支出280.99亿元，增长14.2%；文化体育与传媒支出32.69亿元，减少0.5%；医疗卫生支出105.61亿元，增长0.3%；一般公共服务支出148.03亿元，增长3.2%。
图2& 年公共财政预算收入及增长速度
　　全年居民消费价格总水平比上年上升2.7%。全年工业生产者购进价格指数为98.3%；工业生产者出厂价格指数为98.0%。
图3& 2013年居民消费价格单月同比上涨幅度
图4& 年居民消费价格指数（上年为100）
表2& 2013年居民消费价格指数
　　年末城镇登记失业率为2.4%。
　　二、农业
　　全年农作物播种面积81472亩，比上年减少6.7%，其中，蔬菜播种面积81057亩，下降4.3%。水果播种面积38035亩，下降19.1%。
　　全年蔬菜产量101324吨，比上年下降2.5%；水果产量1745吨，下降35.3%。主要畜产品产量见表3。
表3& 2013年主要畜产品产量
比上年增长（%）
肉猪出栏量
家禽饲养量
　　全年水产品总产量19107吨，比上年下降33.5%。其中，海产品18062吨，下降34.2%；淡水产品1045吨，下降20.1%。
　　三、工业和建筑业
　　全年规模以上工业增加值5695.00亿元，比上年增长9.6%。其中，国有企业增加值222.63亿元，增长1.8%；股份制企业增加值2541.52亿元，增长16.5%；外商及港澳台投资企业增加值2863.94亿元，增长5.4%。分轻重工业看，轻工业增加值1124.40亿元，增长3.1%；重工业增加值4570.59亿元，增长11.4%。
图5& 2013年规模以上工业增加值分月累计增长速度（%）
图6& 年工业增加值及增长速度
表4& 2013年分区规模以上工业增加值
绝对值（亿元）
比上年增长（%）
新宝安区（不含光明、龙华新区）
新龙岗区（不含坪山、大鹏新区）
　　全年规模以上通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业增加值3159.49亿元，比上年增长12.8%，占规模以上工业增加值比重55.5%。
　　全年高新技术产品产值14133.00亿元，比上年增长9.3%，其中具有自主知识产权的高新技术产品产值8649.00亿元，增长9.6%。
　　全年规模以上工业销售产值21774.47亿元，比上年增长3.2%。其中，出口交货值10765.13亿元，下降1.8%，占规模以上工业销售产值比重49.4%，比上年下降2.6个百分点。工业产品销售率98.2%，比上年下降0.3个百分点。主要工业产品产量见表5。
表5& 2013年主要工业产品产量及增长速度
比上年增长（%）
微型计算机设备
其中：笔记本计算机
程控交换机
其中：数字程控交换机
移动通信基站设备
新能源乘用车（客车）
金属集装箱
数码照相机
复印和胶版印制设备
硬盘存储器
半导体存储盘
移动通信手持机（手机）
彩色电视机
电视接收机顶盒
半导体分立器件
液晶显示屏
精炼食用植物油
包装饮用水类
家用电风扇
家用吸尘器
　　全年规模以上工业企业主营业务收入比上年增长1.6%；实现利税总额增长17.3%；实现利润总额增长18.3%。
　　全年建筑业增加值407.79亿元，比上年增长4.6%。
图7& 年建筑业增加值及增长速度
　　四、固定资产投资
　　全年完成固定资产投资额2501.01亿元，比上年增长14.0%。其中，房地产开发项目投资887.71亿元，增长20.5%；非房地产开发项目投资1613.30亿元，增长10.7%。
图8& 年固定资产投资及增长速度
表6& 2013年分区固定资产投资
固定资产投资
房地产开发项目
非房地产开发项目
绝对值（亿元）
比上年增长（%）
绝对值（亿元）
比上年增长（%）
绝对值（亿元）
比上年增长（%）
新宝安区（不含光明、龙华新区）
新龙岗区（不含坪山、大鹏新区）
　　从三次产业看，第一产业投资3.13亿元；第二产业投资380.18亿元，比上年下降21.9%，其中，工业投资377.28亿元，下降22.4%；第三产业投资2117.70亿元，增长24.3%。
表7& 2013年分行业固定资产投资及增长速度
公共管理和社会组织
表8& 2013年房地产开发主要指标完成情况
比上年增长（%）
商品房施工面积
其中：住宅
商品房竣工面积
其中：住宅
　　五、国内贸易
　　全年社会消费品零售总额4433.59亿元，比上年增长10.6%。其中，批发和零售业零售额3954.54亿元，增长10.9%；住宿和餐饮业零售额479.05亿元，增长8.1%。在社会消费品零售总额中，限额以上零售额3424.28亿元，增长11.2%，占社会消费品零售总额的77.2%。
图9& 年社会消费品零售总额及增长速度
表9& 2013年分区社会消费品零售总额
绝对值（亿元）
比上年增长（%）
新宝安区（不含光明、龙华新区）
新龙岗区（不含坪山、大鹏新区）
　　全年商品销售总额19393.34亿元，比上年增长23.2%。其中批发销售总额15361.65亿元，增长26.1%。全年限额以上批发零售业商品销售中，十大类商品销售情况为：文化办公用品类增长64.5%；通讯器材类增长56.3%；食品饮料烟酒类增长31.6%；日用品类增长19.2%；金银珠宝类增长18.5%；汽车类增长13.4%；家用电器和音响器材类增长12.1%；服装鞋帽针织类增长7.9%；体育娱乐用品类增长4.8%；书报杂志类下降0.6%。
　　六、对外经济
　　全年外贸进出口总额5373.59亿美元，比上年增长15.1%。其中出口总额3057.18亿美元，增长12.7%，占全国出口总额的13.8%，占全省出口总额的48.0%；进口总额2316.41亿美元，增长18.5%。外贸出口总额连续二十一年居内地城市首位。
图10& 年进出口总额及增长速度
表10& 2013年外贸进出口总额及增长速度
表11& 2013年主要商品出口金额及增长速度
金额（亿美元）
比上年增长（%）
自动数据处理设备及其部件
自动数据处理设备的零件
服装及衣着附件
打印机（包括多功能一体机）
家具及其零件
录、放像机
液晶显示板
纺织纱线、织物及制品
表12& 2013年主要商品进口金额及增长速度
金额（亿美元）
比上年增长（%）
自动数据处理设备及其部件
液晶显示板
自动数据处理设备的零件
初级形状的塑料
二极管及类似半导体器件
印刷、装订机械及零件
未锻造的铜及铜材
纺织纱线、织物及制品
表13& 2013年对主要国家和地区进出口总额及增长速度
国家和地区
出口（亿美元）
比上年增长（%）
进口（亿美元）
比上年增长（%）
　　全年新签外商直接投资合同项目2056项，比上年下降15.3%；合同外资金额67.00亿美元，增长7.0%；实际使用外商直接投资金额54.68亿美元，增长4.6%。
表14& 2013年分行业外商直接投资及增长速度
合同外资金额（万美元）
比上年增长（%）
实际使用金额（万美元）
比上年增长（%）
电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业
交通运输、仓储和邮政业
信息传输、计算机服务和软件业
批发和零售业
住宿和餐饮业
租赁和商务服务业
科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业
水利、环境和公共设施管理业
居民服务和其他服务业
文化、体育和娱乐业
　　全年对外承包工程业务完成营业额222.07亿美元，比上年增长45.3%。
&&&&&&& 七、交通、邮电与旅游&
　　全年货物运输总量29685.02万吨，比上年增长3.5%。货物运输周转量2101.91亿吨公里，增长6.1%。
表15& 2013年各种运输方式完成货物运输量及增长速度
比上年增长（%）
货物周转量
表16& 2013年各种运输方式完成旅客运输量及增长速度
比上年增长（%）
旅客周转量
　　全年深圳港港口货物吞吐量23397.98万吨，比上年增长2.6%；集装箱吞吐量2327.84万标箱，增长1.5%，其中，出口集装箱吞吐量1208.30万标箱，增长3.0%。全市年末拥有港口泊位数159个，其中万吨级泊位67个。
　　全年深圳机场货邮行吞吐量91.35万吨，比上年增长6.9%；机场旅客吞吐量3226.81万人次，增长9.1%。年末开通运营国内航线128条；国际航线20条；港澳台航线3条。
　　全年全市民用汽车拥有量258.08万辆，比上年增长16.7%，其中，私人小汽车拥有量196.95万辆，增长20.5%。
　　全年邮电业务总量（2010年价格）586.66亿元，比上年增长26.5%。其中，邮政、快递业务量220.36亿元，增长89.6%；电信业务量366.31亿元，增长5.4%。全年订销报纸1.10亿份；订销杂志785万份；收寄函件1.46亿份；特快专递93.60万件（邮政口径）。年末全市有邮政、电信局（所）797所。全市固定电话交换机总容量597万门，增长2.8%；年末固定电话用户490.15万户。移动电话交换机容量2812万门；年末移动电话用户2553.52万户。国际互联网宽带用户433.26万户。
图11& 年年末电话用户数
　　全年旅游住宿设施接待过夜游客4566.80万人次，比上年增长10.1%。其中海外游客1214.89万人次，增长0.7%；国内游客3351.91万人次，增长14.0%。在过夜海外游客中，外国游客166.82万人次，下降1.3%；港澳同胞1004.88万人次，增长1.3%；台湾同胞43.19万人次，下降5.1%。全年旅游外汇收入45.31亿美元，增长4.7%。宾馆、酒店、度假村开房率64.1%，比上年提高1.1个百分点。
　　全年经过一线口岸入出境人数2.25亿人次；入出境交通工具1600万辆（艘）次。经特区管理线进入特区人数6.00亿人次；车辆2.10亿辆次。
　　八、金融、证券和保险
　　年末全市国内金融机构人民币存款余额29830.99亿元，比年初增长15.1%；国内金融机构人民币贷款余额19803.58亿元，比年初增长14.1%。
表17& 2013年末国内金融机构人民币存贷款及增长速度
金额（亿元）
比年初增长（%）
国内金融机构各项存款余额
其中：单位存款
&&&&& 个人存款
国内金融机构各项贷款余额
其中：短期贷款
&&&&& 中长期贷款
　　年末全部金融机构本外币各项存款余额33943.15亿元，比年初增长14.1%；金融机构本外币各项贷款余额24680.07亿元，比年初增长12.9%。
　　年末深圳证券交易所上市公司1536家，比上年减少4家。上市股票1577只，减少4只，其中，A股1524只，减少4只；B股53只，与上年持平。总发行股本8070.35亿股，增长11.8%；总流通股本6265.99亿股，增长19.2%。上市公司市价总值87911.92亿元，增长22.7%。上市公司流通市值63053.16亿元，增长33.1%。全年证券市场总成交金额亿元，增长66.1%。其中，A股总成交金额亿元，增长58.8%；B股总成交金额749.38亿元，增长64.8%。总成交股数21653.82亿股，增长55.4%。
　　全年保险机构原保险保费收入468.76亿元，比上年增长16.8%。其中，财产险172.80亿元，增长11.8%；人身险295.97亿元，增长19.9%。各项赔付支出125.19亿元，增长16.2%。其中，财产险业务支出86.30亿元，增长10.3%；人身险业务支出38.89亿元，增长31.9%。
　　九、教育和科学技术
　　年末全市各级各类学校总数达1997所，比上年增加141所；毕业生36.75万人，招生数48.14万人，在校学生数164.13万人，分别增长6.1%、8.7%和8.1%。年末全市有幼儿园1313所，增加127所；在园幼儿36.89万人，增长16.4%。有小学335所，增加2所；在校学生73.02万人，增长6.9%。有普通中学314所，增加12所；在校学生37.17万人，增长3.4%。学龄儿童入学率和小学毕业生升学率均保持在100%，初中毕业生升学率78.5%。全年普通高等学校10所，招生2.76万人，增长7.1%；毕业生1.86万人，增长1.6%；在校学生8.24万人，增长9.0%。
表18& 2013年各类教育招生、在校生和毕业生人数及增长速度
比上年增长（%）
比上年增长（%）
比上年增长（%）
各类中等职业技术教育（不含技工学校）
图12& 年各类教育在校生人数&
　　年末全市各类专业技术人员121.63万人，其中具有中级技术职称及以上的专业技术人员39.21万人，分别比上年增长5.2%和4.2%。年末三项专利申请受理量80657件，增长10.3%。专利授权量49756件，增长2.2%。
　　十、文化、卫生和体育
　　全市有各类公共图书馆633座，公共图书馆总藏量2865.65万册（件），比上年增长6.3%。全市拥有博物馆、纪念馆28座，拥有广播电台1座，电视台2座，广播电视中心3座，有线广播电视站20座，广播、电视人口覆盖率达100%。全年报纸出版印数72707万份；杂志2619万册；图书1072万册。
　　年末全市有卫生医疗机构2228个，比上年增加220个，其中医院117个，增加2个。卫生机构拥有床位29261张，增长4.6%，其中医院病床27079张，增长3.7%。全市有卫生技术人员65782人，增长6.2%。全年各级各类医疗机构完成诊疗量9112.14万人次，增长5.5%，其中处理急诊747.34万人次，增长8.8%。入院人数109.44万人，增长3.8%。病床使用率84.2%。
　　全市国民体质综合评定达到《体质测定标准》合格以上人数比例（简称综合达标率）为90.2%。其中，3―6岁幼儿综合达标率为98.3%；7―18岁学生为87.4%；19―59岁成年人为90.3%。成年人达到优秀、良好和合格的比例分别为12.5%、40.4%和37.4%。
　　十一、城市建设、环境和安全生产
　　全年基本建设投资中用于城市基础设施的投资617.28亿元，比上年增长26.1%。全年全市用电量729.77亿千瓦时，增长1.3%。其中城乡居民生活用电103.94亿千瓦时，增长0.8%。全市自来水日供应能力674万立方米，全年供水总量15.91亿立方米。其中居民家庭用水量5.42亿立方米。全市自来水普及率达100%。
　　全市年末公共汽车营运线路881条，比上年末增加27条。公共交通营运线路总长度19087公里，增加751公里。年末实有公共汽车营运车辆30590辆，增加2.5%。其中，公共汽车14617辆，增加0.5%；出租小汽车15973辆，增加4.4%。全年公共汽车客运总量26.34亿人次，减少2.1%。轨道交通线路长度177公里，轨道交通客运总量9.17亿人次，增长17.4%。
　　全市建成区面积871.19平方公里。建成区绿化覆盖率45.1%。全市生活垃圾无害化处理率98.4%。
　　全年亿元本地生产总值生产安全事故死亡率0.039人，比上年减少0.004人/亿元；道路交通万车死亡率1.93人，减少0.34人/万车。
　　十二、人口、人民生活和社会保障
　　全市年末常住人口1062.89万人，比上年末增加8.15万人，增长0.8%。其中户籍人口310.47万人，占常住人口比重29.2%；非户籍人口752.42万人，占比重70.8%。全市各区人口分布见表19。
表19& 2013年末分区常住人口
常住人口（万人）
比上年末增长（%）
非户籍人口
非户籍人口
新宝安区（不含光明、龙华新区）
新龙岗区（不含坪山、大鹏新区）
　　根据居民家庭抽样调查资料显示，全年居民人均可支配收入44653元，比上年增长9.6%。居民人均消费性支出28812元，增长7.8%。恩格尔系数为36.1%。
图13& 年居民人均可支配收入及增长速度&
　　年末全市有835.54万人参加了基本养老保险，930.45万人参加了失业保险。
表20& 2013年末全市参加各类保险人数
基本养老保险年末参保人数
社会医疗保险年末参保人数
1．综合医疗保险
2．住院医疗保险
3．异地务工医疗保险
失业保险参保人数
生育医疗保险年末参保人数
工伤保险年末参保人数
其中：异地务工工伤保险年末参保人数
　　年末社区服务设施8100个，比上年增加1157个。社会福利院数32个，社会福利院床位数5894张。年末居民最低生活保障线以下人数7095人，减少17.5%；全年共发放最低生活保障金3657.79万元，下降11.9%。
　　注：1．本公报所列2013年数据为初步统计数；统计图中年数据为年报数。
　　2．个别数据因四舍五入的原因，存在着与分项合计不等的情况。
　　3．战略性新兴产业为深圳相关产业发展规划的口径，与国家、广东省及内地城市有所不同。
　　4．地区生产总值及其产业增加值绝对数按现行价格计算，增长速度按可比价格计算。
价格指数（%）
居民消费价格总指数（以上年为100）
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is a , Israel ranks
nations on the UN's , which places it in the category of "Very Highly Developed".
products, metal products, electronic and biomedical equipment, agricultural products, processed foods, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and the
is one of the world's centers for
and polishing. Relatively poor in natural resources, Israel depends on imports of , raw materials, wheat, motor vehicles, uncut diamonds and production inputs, though the country's nearly total reliance on energy imports may change with recent discoveries of large
reserves off its coast. Israel is active in software,
development.
Israel's quality
and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for ushering in the country's high technology boom and rapid economic development. With its strong educational infrastructure and high quality incubation systems for new ideas boasts a high concentration of high-tech industries in Israel, which are backed by a strong , gave it the nickname "", which is considered second in importance only to its . Numerous Israeli companies have been acquired by global corporations for their reliable and quality corporate personnel. The country was the destination for 's first investment outside the United States when it purchased , and the first research and development centers outside the United States for companies including , , and . American business magnates and investors , ,
as well as Mexican business magnate
have each praised Israel's economy and each entrepreneur has invested heavily in numerous Israeli industries that include real estate, high technology, and manufacturing beyond their traditional business activities and investments back in their home nations. Israel is also a major , with 3.54 million foreign tourists visiting it in 2013.
In September 2010, Israel was invited to join the . Israel has also signed
with the European Union, the United States, the , Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Jordan, Egypt, and on 18 December 2007, became the first non-Latin-American country to sign a free trade agreement with the
trade bloc.
The first survey of the
in 1911, by the Russian Jewish engineer , led to the establishment of Palestine Potash Ltd. in 1930, later renamed the . In 1923,
was granted an exclusive concession for the production and distribution of electric power. He founded the Palestine Electric Company, later the . Between 1920 and 1924, some of the countries largest factories were established, including the Shemen Oil Company, the Societe des Grand Moulins, the Palestine Silicate Company and the Palestine Salt Company. In 1937, there were 86 spinning and weaving factories in the country, employing a workforce of 1,500. Capital and technical expertise were supplied by Jewish professionals from Europe. The Ata textile plant in , which went on to become an icon of the Israeli textile industry, was established in 1934. The industry underwent rapid development during World War II, when supplies from Europe were cut off while local manufacturers were commissioned for army needs. By 1943, the number of factories had grown to 250, with a workforce of 5,630, and output increased tenfold.
From 1924, trade fairs were held in Tel Aviv. The
was inaugurated in 1932.
After statehood, Israel faced a deep economic crisis. As well as having to recover from the devastating effects of the , it also had to absorb hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees from Europe and the Arab world. Israel was financially overwhelmed and faced a deep economic crisis, which led to a policy of
from 1949 to 1959. Unemployment was high, and foreign currency reserves were scarce.
In 1952, Israel and
signed an agreement stipulating that West Germany was to pay Israel for the persecution of Jews during the , and compensate for Jewish property stolen by the Nazis. Over the next 14 years, West Germany paid Israel 3 billion . The reparations became a decisive part of Israel's income, comprising as high as 87.5% of Israel's income in 1956. In 1950, the Israeli government launched
to buy. In 1951, the final results of the bonds program exceeded $52 million. Additionally, many American Jews made private donations to Israel, which in 1956 were thought to amount to $100 million a year. In 1957, bond sales amounted to 35% of Israel's special development budget. Later in the century Israel became significantly reliant on economic aid from the United States, a country which also became Israel's most important source of political support internationally.
The proceeds from these sources was invested in industrial and agricultural development projects, which allowed Israel to become economically self-sufficient. Among the projects made possible by the aid was the
power plant, the , the ,
development in , , and ,
plants, and national infrastructure projects.
After statehood, priority was given to establishing industries in areas slated for development, among them , , the
and . The expansion of Israel's textile industry was a consequence of the development of cotton growing as a profitable agricultural branch. By the late 1960s, textiles were one of the largest industrial branches in Israel, second only to the foodstuff industry. Textiles constituted about 12% of industrial exports, becoming the second-largest export branch after
diamonds. In the 1990s, cheap East Asian labor decreased the profitability of the sector. Much of the work was subcontracted to 400 Israeli Arab sewing shops. As these closed down, Israeli firms, among them Delta, Polgat, Argeman and Kitan, began doing their sewing work in Jordan and Egypt, usually under the
arrangement. In the early 2000s, Israeli companies had 30 plants in Jordan. Israeli exports reached $370 million a year, supplying such retailers and designers as , , , , , , , and .
In its first two decades of existence, Israel's strong commitment to development led to economic growth rates that exceeded 10% annually. The years after the 1973
were a lost decade economically, as growth stalled, inflation soared and government expenditures rose significantly. Also worthy of mention is the 1983 . By 1984, the economic situation became almost catastrophic with inflation reaching an annual rate close to 450% and projected to reach over 1000% by the end of the following year. However, the successful
and the subsequent introduction of market-oriented structural reforms reinvigorated the economy and paved the way for its rapid growth in the 1990s and became a model for other countries facing similar economic crises.
Two developments have helped to transform Israel's economy since the beginning of the 1990s. The first is waves of , predominantly from the countries of the former , that has brought . These new immigrants, many of them highly educated, now constitute some 16% of Israel's 7.5 million population. The second development benefiting the Israeli economy is the
begun at the
of October 1991, which led to the signing of accords and later to a peace treaty between Israel and
(1994).[ – ]
Onwards to the early 2000s. The Israel economy went into a downturn due to the crashing of the global dot-com bubble which bankrupted many startups that had originated during the height of the bubble. Along with the , which cost Israel billions of dollars in security costs, and a decline in investment and tourism, Sent unemployment in Israel to double digits, growth in one quarter of 2000 was 10%. In 2002 the Israeli economy declined in one Quarter about 4%. Afterwards Israel managed to create a remarkable recovery by opening up new markets to Israeli exporters farther afield, such as in the rapidly growing countries of East Asia. As well as a rebound in the tech sector with the gradual bottoming out of the dotcom crash and global increase in internet usage worldwide which created a demand for software, and a demand post-9/11 in Security and defense products. Both of which Israel was ready to provide due to early investment in those fields, allowed for a gradual easing of the unemployment situation within the country.
In the past few years there has been an unprecedented inflow of
in Israel, as companies that formerly shunned the Israeli market now see its potential contribution to their global strategies. In 2006, foreign investment in Israel totaled $13 billion, according to the . The
said that 'bombs drop, yet Israel's economy grows'. Moreover, while Israel's total gross external debt is US$95 billion, or approximately 41.6% of GDP, since 2001 it has become a net lender nation in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which as of June 2012 stood at a significant surplus of US$60 billion. The country also maintains a
surplus in an amount equivalent to about 3% of its gross domestic product in 2010.
Governor of the
The Israeli economy withstood the , registering positive GDP growth in 2009 and ending the decade with an unemployment rate lower than that of many western countries. There are several reasons behind this economic resilience, for example, the fact, as stated above, that the country is a net lender rather than a borrower nation and the government and the Bank of Israel's generally conservative macro-economic policies. Two policies in particular can be cited, one is the refusal of the government to succumb to pressure by the banks to appropriate large sums of public money to aid them early in the crisis, thus limiting their risky behavior. The second is the implementation of the recommendations of the Bach'ar commission in the early to mid-2000s which recommended decoupling the banks' depository and investment banking activities, contrary to the then-opposite trend, particularly in the United States, of easing such restrictions which had the effect of encouraging more risk-taking in the financial systems of those countries.
In May 2007, Israel was invited to open accession discussions with the . In May 2010, the OECD voted unanimously to invite Israel to join, despite Palestinian objections. It became a full member on 7 September 2010. The OECD praised Israel's scientific and technological progress and described it as having "produced outstanding outcomes on a world scale."
Despite economic prosperity, the Israeli economy faces many challenges, some are short term and some are long term challenges. On the short term its inability to duplicate its success in the telecommunication industry into other growing industries hampers its economic outlooks. Its inability to foster large multinational companies in the last decade also calls into question its ability to employ large numbers of people in advanced industries. On the long term, Israel is facing challenges of high dependency of the growing number of
who have a low level of official labor force participation amongst men, and this situation could lead to a materially lower
and a higher
in the future. The governor of the , , stated that the growing poverty amongst the Ultra-Orthodox is hurting the Israeli economy. According to the data published by Ian Fursman, 60% of the poor households in Israel are of the
and the . Both groups together represent 25–28% of the Israeli population.
Main article:
The , collective communities in Israel traditionally based on agriculture, played an important role in Israel's economy until the late 1970s.
2.8% of the country's GDP is derived from . Of a total labor force of 2.7 million, 2.6% are employed in agricultural production while 6.3% in services for agriculture. While Israel imports substantial quantities of grain (approximately 80% of local consumption), it is largely self-sufficient in other agricultural products and food stuffs. For centuries, farmers of the region have grown varieties of citrus fruits, such as grapefruit, oranges and lemons. Citrus fruits are still Israel's major agricultural export. In addition, Israel is one of the world's leading greenhouse-food-exporting countries. The country exports more than $1.3 billion worth of agricultural products every year, including farm produce as well as $1.2 billion worth of agricultural inputs and technology.
Further information:
(JVP) compound in , one of Israel's largest Venture Capital firms.
Israel has over 100 active funds operating throughout the country with $10 billion under management. In 2004, international foreign funds from various nations around the world committed over 50% of the total dollars invested exemplifying the country's strong and sound reputation as an internationally sought after foreign investment by many countries. Israel's venture capital sector has rapidly developed from the early 1990s, and has about 70 active venture capital funds (VC), of which 14 international VCs have Israeli offices. Israel's thriving venture-capital and
industry played an important role in the booming high-tech sector. In 2008, venture capital investment in Israel, rose 19 percent to $1.9 billion.
Between 1991 and 2000, Israel's annual venture-capital outlays, nearly all private, rose nearly 60-fold, from $58 million to $3.3  companies launched by Israeli venture funds rose from 100 to 800; and Israel's information-technology revenues rose from $1.6 billion to $12.5 billion. By 1999, Israel ranked second only to the United States in invested private-equity capital as a share of GDP. Israel led the world in the share of its growth attributable to high-tech ventures: 70 percent."
Israel's thriving venture capital industry has played an important role in the booming high-tech sector, the
also affected the availability of venture capital locally. In 2009, there were 63
in the Israeli market worth a total of $2.54 7% below 2008 levels ($2.74 billion), when 82 Israeli companies were merged or acquired, and 33% lower than 2007 proceeds ($3.79 billion) when 87 Israeli companies were merged or acquired. Numerous Israeli high tech companies have been acquired by global corporations for its reliable and quality corporate personnel. In addition to venture capital funds, many of the world's leading investment banks, pension funds, and insurance companies have a strong presence in Israel to financially back Israeli high-tech firms and benefit from its burgeoning high tech sector. These companies include , , , , , , , , and .
Israel also has a small but fast growing
industry. Within the last five years between 2007 to 2012, the number of active hedge funds have doubled to 60 while the total asset values that the funds control have quadrupled since 2006. Israel based hedge funds have registered an increase of 162% since 2006 and currently manage a total of $2 billion (NIS 8 billion) as well as employing about 300 people. The ever growing hedge fund industry in Israel is also attracting a myriad of investors from around the world, particularly from the United States.
Main articles:
Science and technology in Israel is one of the country's most highly developed and industrialized sectors. The percentage of Israelis engaged in scientific and technological inquiry, and the amount spent on research and development (R&D) in relation to gross domestic product (GDP), is amongst the highest in the world. Israel ranks fourth in the world in scientific activity, as measured by the number of scientific publications per million citizens. Israel's percentage of the total number of scientific articles published worldwide is almost 10 times higher than its percentage of the world's population. Despite its small population relative to other industrialized nations around the world, Israel has the highest number of scientists, technicians, and engineers per capita in the world with 140 scientists, technicians, and engineers per 10,000 employees. In comparison, the same is 85 per 10,000 in the United States and 83 per 10,000 in Japan.
Israeli scientists have contributed to the advancement of the natural sciences, , computer sciences, electronics, genetics, medicine, optics,
and various fields of engineering. Israel is home to major players in the high-tech industry and has one of the world's technologically most literate populations. In 1998,
was named by
as one of the ten technologically most influential cities in the world. In 2012, the city was also named one of the best places for high-tech startup companies, placed second behind its . In 2013, Tel Aviv repeated the feat where the American newspaper,
as the second best city for business start-ups, after
Israel also remains of the largest centers in the world for technology start-up enterprises. 200 start-ups are created annually and more than 2500 start-up companies are operating throughout the country.
Known oil and gas fields in the Levant Basin (US EIA)
Consumption of fossil fuel energy sources in Israel since 1980. Coal consumption rose steadily since 1980 when it was negligible. Natural gas consumption was nearly zero in 2003 and has risen steadily since.
Historically, Israel relied on external imports for meeting most of its energy needs, spending an amount equivalent to over 5% of its GDP per year in 2009 on imports of energy products. The transportation sector relies mainly on
and , while the majority of electricity production is generated using imported coal. The country possesses negligible reserves of
but does have abundant domestic
resources which were discovered in large quantities starting in 2009, after many decades of previously unsuccessful .
Until the early 2000s, natural gas use in Israel was minimal. In the late 1990s, the government of Israel decided to encourage the usage of natural gas because of environmental, cost, and resource diversification reasons. At the time however, there were no domestic sources of natural gas and the expectation was that gas would be supplied from overseas in the form of
and by a future pipeline from Egypt (which eventually became the ). Plans were made for the
to construct several gas-driven power plants, for erecting a national gas distribution grid, and for an LNG import terminal. Soon thereafter, gas began to be located within Israeli territory, first in modest amounts and a decade later in very large quantities located in deep water off the Israeli coastline. This has greatly intensified the utilization of natural gas within the Israeli economy, especially in the electrical generation and industrial sectors, with consumption growing from an annual average of 350 million cubic feet between 2000 and 2002 to 129 billion cubic feet in 2010.
Natural Gas Usage in Israel
Figures are in Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) per year . *Estimated.
Proved reserves of natural gas in Israel
Production of natural gas in Israel,
(US Energy Information Administration)
In 2000, a modest discovery was made when a 33-billion-cubic-metre (BCM), or 1,200-billion-cubic-foot, natural-gas field was located offshore , with commercial production starting in 2004. As of 2014 however, this field is nearly depleted—earlier than expected due to increased pumping to partially compensate for the loss of imported Egyptian gas in the wake of unrest associated with the . In 2009, a significant gas find named , with
of 223 BCM or 7.9×1012 cu ft (307 BCM total proven + probable) was located in deep water approximately 90 km (60 mi) west of , as well as a smaller 15 BCM (530×109 cu ft) field situated nearer the coastline. Furthermore, results of 3D seismic surveys and test drilling conducted since 2010 have confirmed that an estimated 621 BCM (21.9×1012 cu ft) natural-gas deposit exists in a large underwater geological formation nearby the large gas field already discovered in 2009. An article in The Economist stated that Israel had "verified" gas finds of 35 trillion cubic feet as of early 2014. The US Energy Information Administration listed Israel as having 7.0 trillion cubic feet of proved reserves as of 1 January 2015.
The Tamar field began commercial production on 30 March 2013 after four years of extensive development works. The supply of gas from Tamar is expected to provide a boost to the Israeli economy, which has suffered losses of more than NIS20 billion between 2011 and 2013 resulting from the disruption of gas supplies from neighboring Egypt (and which are not expected to resume due to Egypt's decision to indefinitely suspend its gas supply agreement to Israel). As a result Israel, as well as its other neighbor Jordan, which also suffered from disruption of gas deliveries from Egypt, had to resort to importing significantly more expensive and polluting liquid heavy fuels as substitute sources of energy. While Egyptian gas supplies to Jordan were partially restored in 2013, supplies from Tamar, and in the future from the
field, are expected to satisfy all Israeli domestic natural gas needs for decades to come. Moreover, due to the erratic supply of gas from Egypt, Jordan has reportedly been considering signing an agreement to import gas from Israel. While less desirable to the kingdom from a political standpoint, such an agreement represents the most expedient and least costly option for Jordan to compensate for its loss of Egyptian gas. The energy shortages in Egypt which led it to curtail its exports of natural gas mean that Egypt too may someday obtain natural gas from Israel, though so far Egypt has rejected such deals on political grounds, despite the fact that procuring gas from Israel would be significantly cheaper than from other sources of imported natural gas.
The large gas discoveries so far have confirmed that the Levant basin of the Eastern Mediterranean contains significant quantities of natural gas and, potentially, crude oil. Consequently, additional exploration for oil and gas off Israel's coastline is continuing. A source close to Prime Minister
has valued Israel's natural gas reserves at $130 billion, while in 2012
estimated the reserves' value at $240 billion. The businesses involved in exploration aim to export a share of future production, but others argue that it would be preferable, on geopolitical grounds, to use the gas within the country instead of other energy sources. In early 2012 the Israeli cabinet announced plans to set up a
that would allocate part of the royalties from energy exploration to education, defense and overseas investments.
Discovered
Production
Estimated size
50 billion cubic feet
1 trillion cubic feet
10.8 trillion cubic feet
Not in production
700 billion cubic feet
Not in production
22 trillion cubic feet
Not in production
81.3 billion cubic feet
Not in production
1.2–1.3 trillion cubic feet
Not in production
2.3–3.6 trillion cubic feet
(IEC), a state-owned enterprise, produces nearly all of the electricity generated in Israel. The IEC has an aggregate installed generating capacity of 11,690 MW, virtually all of it produced from . The company sold 52,037 GWh of electricity in 2010. The IEC is in the midst of adding several thousand megawatts of generating capacity due to increased demand and a low , though a debate is currently raging with respect to how much should be generated from new coal-fired versus gas-fired plants, a determination complicated by the fact that some of the company's capital investment decisions predate the recent discoveries of significant reserves of natural gas offshore. In addition, in order to encourage competition in the electricity market, the government of Israel is currently (mid-2010) considering proposals from four private companies to generate up to 3,640 MW of electricity in 11 new sites, most of which would be gas-fired
power stations.
While the country possesses sufficient generation and transmission capacity to meet all domestic electricity needs, a chronic problem faced by Israel's electricity market is a persistently low operating reserve, which is mostly the result of Israel being an "electricity island". Most countries have the capability of relying on power drawn from producers in adjacent countries in the event of a power shortage. Israel's grid however, is unconnected to those of neighboring countries. This is mostly due to political reasons but also to the considerably less-developed nature of the power systems of Jordan and Egypt, whose per-capita electric generation is one quarter to one fifth that of Israel's. Nevertheless, unlike in the countries surrounding it,
in Israel are rare, even at periods of extreme demand. However, to help alleviate the low reserve situation and to enable the potential of electricity exports when surplus electricity is available, Israel and
are considering implementing the proposed
project. This consists of laying a 2000MW
between them and between Cyprus and Greece, thus connecting
to the greater European power grid.
Share of Total Electricity Generation Capacity at Full Output
by Plant Type and Fuel Types Used by the IEC in 2010
Natural gas
by plant type
Total annual generation by fuel source
Main article:
is home to the Israeli solar research industry, in particular the
and the , which is the sunniest area of Israel.
Solar power in Israel and the Israeli solar energy industry has a history that dates to the founding of the country. In the 1950s,
developed a solar water heater to help assuage an energy shortage in the new country. By 1967 around one in twenty households heated their water with the sun and 50,000 solar heaters had been sold. With the , , the father of Israel's solar industry, developed the prototype solar water heater that is now used in over 90% of Israeli homes. Israeli engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology, and its solar companies work on projects around the world.
Israel has a well-developed chemical industry with many of its products aimed at the export market. Most of the chemical plants are located in , the
area and near the .
is one of largest fertilizer and chemical companies in Israel and its subsidiary, the
is the world's fourth largest producer and supplier of
products. The company also produces other products such as , industrial salts, de-icers, bath salts, table salt, and raw materials for the cosmetic industry. One of the country's largest employers is
which produces mainly aviation and defense products. Another large employer is , one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, currently employing 40,000 people as of 2011. It specializes in
and proprietary pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It is the largest generic drug manufacturer in the world and one of the 15 largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide.
Main article:
Israel is one of the world's three major centers for polished , alongside Belgium and India. Israel's net polished diamond exports slid 22.8 percent in 2012 as polished diamond exports fell to $5.56 billion from $7.2 billion in 2011. Net exports of rough diamonds dropped 20.1 percent to $2.8 billion and net exports of polished diamonds slipped 24.9 percent to $4.3 billion, while net rough diamond imports dropped 12.9 percent to $3.8 billion. Net exports and imports have dropped due to the ongoing , particularly within the
and the United States. The United States is the largest market accounting for 36% of overall export market for polished diamonds while Hong Kong remains at second with 28 percent and Belgium at 8 percent coming in third.
Main article:
Israel is one of the world's major exporters of military equipment, accounting for 10% of the world total in 2007. Three Israeli companies were listed on the 2010
index of the world's top 100 arms-producing and military service companies: ,
and . The Defense industry in Israel is a strategically important sector and a large employer within the country. It is also a major player in the global arms market and is the 11th largest arms exporter in the world as of 2012. Total arms transfer agreements topped 12.9 billion between 2004 to 2011. There are over 150 active defense companies based in the country with combined revenues of more than 3.5 billion USD annually. Israeli defense equipment exports have reached 7 billion U.S. dollars in 2012, making it a 20 percent increase from the amount of defense-related exports in 2011. Much of the exports are sold to the United States and Europe. Other major regions that purchase Israeli defense equipment include
is also major country for Israeli arms exports and has remained Israel's largest arms market in the world. Israel is considered to be the leading
exporter in the world. According to the , Israeli defense companies were behind 41% of all drones exported in .
Main article:
Tourism is one of Israel's major sources of income and economic growth engine in the country, attracting 3.54 million foreign tourists in 2013, averaging a 2.5 percent growth since 2008 and representing a 3 percent increase since 2012 making it an all-time record. Israel offers a plethora of historical and religious sites, beach resorts, ,
and . Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world. The most popular paid
Map of Israeli exports in 2006.
For 2006, Israeli exports grew by 11%, to just over $29  the hi-tech sector accounted for $14 billion, a 20% increase from the previous year.
Graphical depiction of Israel's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.
The United States is Israel's largest trading partner, and Israel is the United States' 26th-lar two-way trade totaled some $24.5 billion in 2010, up from $12.7 billion in 1997. The principal U.S. exports to Israel include computers, integrated circuits, aircraft parts and other defense equipment, wheat, and automobiles. Israel's chief exports to the U.S. include cut diamonds, jewelry, , printing machinery, and telecommunications equipment. The two countries signed a
agreement (FTA) in 1985 that progressively eliminated
on most goods traded between the two countries over the following ten years. An agricultural trade accord was signed in November 1996, which addressed the remaining goods not covered in the FTA. Some non-tariff barriers and tariffs on goods remain, however. Israel also has trade and cooperation agreements in place with the
and Canada, and is seeking to conclude such agreements with a number of other countries, including , Jordan and several countries in Eastern Europe.
In regional terms, the European Union is the top destination for Israeli exports. In the four-month period between October 2011 and January 2012, Israel exported goods totalling $5 billion to the EU – amounting to 35% of Israel's overall exports. During the same period, Israeli exports to the
came to $3.1 billion.
Until 1995, Israel's trade with the
was minimal due to the , which was begun against the Jewish community of Palestine in 1945. Arab nations not only refused to have direct trade with Israel (the primary boycott), but they also refused to do business with any corporation that operated in Israel (secondary boycott), or any corporation that did business with a corporation that did business with Israel (tertiary boycott).
In 2013, commercial trade between Israel and the
were valued at US$20 billion annually.
In 2012, ten companies were responsible for 47.7% of Israel's exports. These companies were , , , , , , , ,
and the . The Bank of Israel and Israel's Export Institute have warned that the country is too dependent on a small number of exporters.
Further information:
As of 2012, Israel ranks 26th in
by World Economic Forum, and
world nations on the UN's , which places it in the category of "Very Highly Developed". Israel's economy also ranks 17th among the world's most economically developed nations, according to IMD's World Competitiveness Yearbook rankings. The Israeli economy was ranked as the world's most durable economy in the face of crises, and was also ranked first in the rate research and development center investments. The Bank of Israel was ranked first among central banks for its efficient functioning, up from the 8th place in 2009. Israel was ranked first also in its supply of skilled manpower. Israeli companies, particularly in the high-tech area, have enjoyed considerable success raising money on
and other world financial markets: as of 2010 Israel ranked second among foreign countries in the number of its companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges.
Having moved away from the socialist economic model since the mid-1980s and early 1990s, Israel has made dramatic moves toward the free-market capitalist paradigm. As of 2012, Israel's economic freedom score is 67.8, making its economy the 48th freest in the 2012 . Israel's economic competitiveness is helped by strong protection of , relatively low corruption levels, and high openness to global trade and investment. Income and corporate tax rates remain relatively high. As of 2011, Israel ranks 36th out of 182 countries in 's . Bribery and other forms of corruption are illegal in Israel, which is a signatory to the
since 2008.
Average wages in 2007 hovered around $133 per day.
Annual data 2011
Population (m) – 7.6
Population growth – 1.5%
GDP per head (US$; PPP) – $31,400
Real GDP growth – 4.7%
Percent of unemployed persons (2011) – 5.6%
Inflation – 3.5%
Exchange rate (av) NIS:US$ – 3.9
Current-account balance (% of GDP) – 0.1%
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(official website), .
Tariffs applied by Israel as provided by ITC's , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
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