假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间 iisamgood at all the subject to 法律英语and

短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间
短文改错&&&& 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有十处语言错误,每句中最多有两处,每处错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。&&&& 增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(^),并在该词下面写出该加的词。&&&& 删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。&&&& 修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。&&&& 注意:&&&&&&&&&& 1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;&&&&&&&&&& 2.只允许修改十处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。&&&&Great changes have been taken place in the way people communicate with each other. In the past people write letters to share informations and later they talked with each other in the telephone. Now more and more people use our own mobile phones to communicating. And instead writing on the paper, they e-mail each other on the computer. As a result, people find that quicker and easier to communicate, and at the same time some people feel that they become poorer in writing. They worry about whether people can be as closely as before.______________________________________________________________________________
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>>>短文改错。 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改..
短文改错。&&&& 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:(1) 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;&&&&&&&&&&&(2) 只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear Fangfang,&&& &I'm sorry to learn that you were not getting on well with your English study recently. I'd like to give you some advice on learning English. &&&& First of all, you should be confidently in yourself, which is first step in learning English well. Secondly, you'd better make friends with the students who are good at English, so they are very likely to helping you when you meet difficulties. Thirdly, learning English well is a long process. Remember: to reward yourself when you have made progress, that will inspire you greatly. Anyway, you must work hard on English and never give up learning it. Just believe in yourselves. Where there is a will, there is a way. &&&& Hope my suggestions will give you some of help. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Sincerely yours, &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Li Ming _______________________________________________________________________________
题型:改错题难度:中档来源:河南省模拟题
Dear Fangfang,&&& &I'm sorry to learn that you were not getting on well with your English study recently. I'd like to give you &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1. aresome advice on learning English. &&&& First of all, you should be confidently in yourself, which is∧first step in learning English well. Secondly, &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&& 2. confident&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3. theyou'd better make friends with the students who are good at English, so they are very likely to helping you&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 4. for/because/and或so后加that&&&&&&&&&&& 5. helpwhen you meet difficulties. Thirdly, learning English well is a long process. Remember: to reward yourself &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 6. 去掉towhen you have made progress, that will inspire you greatly. Anyway, you must work hard on English and&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 7. which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8. innever give up learning it. Just believe in yourselves. Where there is a will, there is a way. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9. yourself &&&& Hope my suggestions will give you some of help.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 10. 去掉of&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &Sincerely yours,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Li Ming
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“短文改错。 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改..”主要考查你对&&一般现在时,定冠词,反身代词,不定代词,关系代词,形容词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
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一般现在时定冠词反身代词不定代词关系代词形容词
一般现在时的概念:
表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。 一般现在时的用法:
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。常用的时间状语有every...,sometimes,at...,on Sunday等。例如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。  &&&&&&&&&&& Shang hai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 &&&&&&&&&&&&Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。    &&&&&&&&&&& I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。一般现在时知识体系:
&一般现在时用法拓展:
1、一般现在时表将来: 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。   &&&&&&&—When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开&&&&&& —It stars in ten minutes. ?十分钟后。 2)以here, there 等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming. 车来了。   &&&&&&&&&&& There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如:When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。   &&&&&&&&&&&&I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that 等的宾语从句中。例如:I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。   &&&&&&&&&&& Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。2、一般现在时代替一般将来时: When, while, before, fter, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case(that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。3、一般现在时代替一般过去时:1)"书上说","报纸上说"等。例如:The news paper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2)叙述往事,使其生动。例如:Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了 4、一般现在时代替现在完成时:1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write, understand, forget, know, find, say, remember等。例如:I hear(=haveheard)he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 &&&&&&&&&&& I forget(=have forgotten)how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 2)用句型"It is…since…"代替"It has been…since…"。例如:It is(=has been)five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。 5、一般现在时代替现在进行时:在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:There goes the bell.铃响了。时态一致: 1、如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。 &&&&&&&&&&& He told me last week that he is eighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 2、宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare的时态是不变的。例如:He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。定冠词的定义:
定冠词the 有this,that,these,those等意义,但较弱,用于单数或复数名词前,主要用来特指,使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在both、all、double、half、twice等词之后。如:All the students in the class went out.班里所有的学生都出去了。定冠词的用法:
1、表示特指: 如:Look! A car has stopped there. The car is beautiful.&&瞧,有辆汽车在那儿停下了。那辆汽车可真漂亮。&&&&&&&Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不问问老师?2、与单数可数名词连用表类别: 如:I hate the telephone. 我讨厌电话。&&&&&&&&The cobra is dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的。3、与某些形容词连用表示类别: 如:The rich are not always happier than the poor. 富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。 Theoldaremorelikelytocatchcoldthantheyoung.老年人比年轻人容易感冒。 4、用于独一无二的事物名词前: 如:The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 &&&&&&& The sky was blue and clear. 天空清澈湛蓝。 5、用于方向或方位等名词前: 如:He looked towards the east. 他朝东望。 &&&&&&& Turn to the right at the second crossing. 在第二十字路口向右拐。 6、用于序数词或形容词的最高级前: 如:You will be the second to speak. 你第二个发言。 &&&&&&& Autumn is the best season here. 秋季是这里最好的季节。 7、用于乐器名词前表示演奏: 如:He plays the piano very well. 他的钢琴弹得很好。注:若不是从演奏角度来考虑,而是考虑乐器的实体,则不一定用定冠词:He bought a piano for his son. 他为儿子买了部钢琴。定冠词与不定冠词互换用法比较:
1、在形容词最高级前一般加定冠词。但有时却用不定冠词,这时它不表示“最”的意思,而表示“非常”“很”的意思。如:This is the most important question of all. 这是所有问题中最重要的一个。&&&&&&& This is a most important question.& 这时一个非常重要的问题。2、在序数词前加定冠词,表示“第几”;加不定冠词则表示“又”“再”。如:Will you be the firse to read the text? 你第一个读课文好吗?&&&&&&&& Will you have a second try? 你再试一次好吗?3、在有些短语中,用定冠词和不定冠词一样。如:The number of our school students is about 1500. 我校学生人数约为1500人。定冠词的用法口诀:
特指双熟悉,上文已提及;世上独无二,序数最高级;某些专有名,习语及乐器。 以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况,即: ①特指某些人或物   ②谈话双方都熟悉的人或事   ③上文已经提到的人或事   ④世界上独一无二的事物前   ⑤序数词回形容词最高级前   ⑥某些专有名词前   ⑦一些习惯短语(如:intheday等)中和乐器前(如:playtheviolin/piano)。定冠词知识体系:
定冠词用法拓展:
1、用于姓氏的复数前,表示全家人或全家中两个或两个以上的人: 如:The Browns live next to us. 布朗一家就住在我们隔壁。 &&&&&&& The Greens have no Children. 格林夫妇没有小孩。 2、用来代替前面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分: 如:He hit me in the face. 他打我的脸。 &&&&&&& He caught the thief by the collar. 他抓住小偷的衣领。 3、用于逢整十数词的复数名词前,指世纪中的年代或人的约略年岁: 如:He began to learn French in his fifties. 他五十多岁开始学习法语。 &&&&&&& He went to Japan with his family in the sixties. 他在60年代带家人去了日本。 4、用于某些单数可数名词前,使意义抽象化,指其属性或功能等: 如:This colour is pleasant to the eye. 这颜色悦目。 &&&&&&& He is fond of the bottle. 他喜欢喝酒。 5、表示计算单位,含有a, each, per 之类的意义: 如:He is paid by the hour (piece). 他拿计时(件)工资。 &&&&&&& It sells at two dollars the pound. 这东西每磅卖两美元。 6、用于人名前,或特指、或比喻、或指其作品等;用于某些产品的名称前,指产品: 如:He likes the Picasso. 他喜欢毕加索的画。 &&&&&&& Lu Xun has been known as the Gorky of China. 鲁迅人称中国的高尔基。 7、用于江、(运)河、海、洋以及山脉、群岛、半岛、海岛、海峡、沙漠等名称的前: 如:the Chang jiang River 长江&& &&&&&&& the Pacific(Ocean) 太平洋&&&&&&& &the Suez(Canal) 苏伊士运河①关于湖名前是否用冠词通常要分两种情况:中国的湖名在英译时,其前通常加定冠词:the West Lake 西湖,the Dong ting Lake洞庭湖。而外国的湖名前,多数不加定冠词,少数加定冠词,视习惯而定:Lake Success 成功湖,the Lake of Geneva日内瓦湖& ②山名的构成有两种方式:若用于“山名+Mountains”,其前常用定冠词:the Jing gang Mountains 井冈山;若用于“Mount/Mt+山名”,则通常不用冠词:Mount Tai 泰山。另外,若不出现mountain一词时,则通常要用冠词:theAlps阿尔卑斯山。8、用于由普通名词或含有普通名词构成的专有名词 (如国名、地名、政党、团体、组织机构以及旅馆、商店、学校、医院、文娱场所、建筑物等)前: 如:the United Nations 联合国&& &&&&&&& the People's Republic of China& 中华人民共和国&&&&&&&&& &the National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会注:大学名称的构成要注意以下情况: ①对于以地名命名的大学,通常有两种形式 (注意冠词的有无): 如:the University of London / London University& 伦敦大学 ②对于以人名命名的大学,通常只有一种表达(不用冠词): 如:Yale University 耶鲁大学&&&&&&&&&&Brown University& 布朗大学反身代词的定义:
反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性别、数上保持一致。反身代词的句法功能:(1)用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后,或句末): 如:The box itself is not so heavy.箱子本身并不重。 You yourself said so./ You said so yourself. 你自己是这样说的。 (2)用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语): Take good care of yourself. 照顾好自己。 She could not make herself understood. 她不能使别人听懂她的话。 (3)用作表语: The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。 The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。有时用于be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态: I'm not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。 I'll be myself again in no time.我过一会儿就会好的。 (4)用作主语:在现代英语中,反身代词一般不能独立用作主语,但是它却可以借助and,or,nor等连词与其他名词一起构成并列主语(且位于并列主语的后部),以及用于某些特殊结构(如as...as等): My brother and myself went there yesterday.昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那儿。 Jim's sister and himself get up at six everyday.吉姆的妹妹和他每天6点起床。 He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一样担心。&反身代词人称、单复数对比:
&反身代词的基本形式:反身代词是oneself 根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。
oneself 与 himself:当one指人时,其相应的反身代词通常用oneself,在美国英语中也可用 himself:One should not praise oneself[himself].一个人不应该自吹自擂。 反身代词知识体系:&反身代词用法拓展:
1、反身代词不能做主语,但可作主语同位语,放在主语后或句末。&&&&& 错:Myself went to the cinema.&&&&& 对:I went to the cinema myself.2、反身代词可以作宾语的同位语。如:You can go and ask John himself.& 你可以去问约翰本人。3、反身代词可以作介词的宾语,如:by oneself 全靠自己&&&&&&She learnt swimming all by herself. 她是自学游泳的。&&&&& She said to herself,"Who am I?" 她自言自语的说:“我是谁?”4、反身代词作动词的宾语。如:enjoy oneself &玩得高兴;help oneself (to) 随便用..... hurt oneself 伤害自己;&&&&&&teach oneself 自学;get dressed oneself 自己穿衣。不定代词概说:
英语的不定代词有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。不定代词用法对比:
1、so little与such little的区别:用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little:&如:He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。&&I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。 2、some与any的用法区别:一般说来,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some而不用any: 如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗? &&&&&&& Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢? &&&&&&& Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?注:any有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”: 如:Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。 &&&&&&& Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。 3、many与much的用法区别:两者都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与few(少数)相对;而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中:&如:Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗? &&&&&&& We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修饰,也可用于肯定句中: 如:Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。 &&&&&&& Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 &&&&&&& You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 &&&&&&& Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。&&&&&&&&&I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 4、few, a few与little, a little的用法区别: (1)few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义: 如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。 &&&&&&& It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。 (2)little和alittle之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似: 如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。 &&&&&&& Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。 5、other, the other, another与others的用法区别:这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:&(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other: 如:Give me another(one). 另外给我一个。&&&&&&&&&Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。 (2)指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词): 如:There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。 &&&&&& Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了? (3)others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地the others大致相当于“the other+复数名词”: 如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。 &&&&&&& He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。 (4)another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时,则也可接复数名词: 如:We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。 &&&&&&& In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。 (5)与some对比使用时,用others(此时与some同义): 如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。不定代词用法点拨:
1、指两者和三者的不定代词:有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混: 如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。 &&&&&&& All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。 &&&&&&& There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。 &&&&&&& He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。 &&&&&&& He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。注:each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。2、复合不定代词的用法特点:复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点: (1)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面: 如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。 &&&&&&& Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their: 如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗? &&&&&&& If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。 (3)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they: 如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?(4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语,可用any one, every one(分开写): 如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)&&&&&&& every one of the students(schools) 每一个学生(一所学校) 3、是any not还是not any:按英语习惯,any以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:误:Anyone doesn't know how to do it. 正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。误:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it. 正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.这事谁也干不了。误:Anything can not prevent me from going. 正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。 4、不定代词与部分否定:不定代词all, both, every等与not连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none, neither, no one等。比较:All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。&&&&&&&&&&&&&Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 &&&&&&&&&&& All of the students don't like the&novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 &&&&&&&&&&& None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。 5、all, both, each等用作同位语:若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词: 如:We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all修饰的主语是代词) &&&&&&& The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all修饰的主语是名词) &&&&&&& They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all修饰的宾语是代词) 但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)不定代词知识体系:
&不定代词与语境考题:
不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解: 例1:—Is____here?&&&&&&& —No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. A. anybodyB. everybodyC. somebodyD. nobody 解析:若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?) 例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____. A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing 解析:此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。 例3:—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?&&&&&&&&& —No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing 解析:答案:C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”
例4:—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.&&&&&&&&& —Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most. A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. everything 解析:此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于the thing)。关系代词的概念:
英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)&&&&&&&& The man whom I met yesterday is Jim. &&&&&&& A child whose parents are dead is an orphan. &&&&&&& He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.关系代词用法:
1、that与which的用法区别:&&&&& 两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于: (1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which: 如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。 (2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which: 如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。 (3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时,通常用that: 如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。 &&&&&&& All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。 (4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that: 如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。 &&&&&&& Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。 (5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that: 如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。 &&&&&&& The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。& (6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that: 如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。 (7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that: 如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。 (8)当要避免重复时: 如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程? 2、that与who的用法区别: (1)两者均可指人,有时可互换: 如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。&&&& &&&&&&& Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗? &&&&&&& He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。 (2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that:&& &①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:&如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。 && ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复): 如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯? && ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略): 如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。关系代词知识体系:
&关系代词用法拓展:
1、as与which的用法区别:(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which: 如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。 &&&&&&& It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。 &&&&&&& This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换: 如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。 (3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用: ①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as: 如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。 ②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制: 如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。 &&&&&&& He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as) ③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制: 如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as) ④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制: 如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。 &&&&&&& She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as) 2、who与whom的用法区别:两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格: 如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里? &&&&&&& The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之: 如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。不过,在以下几种情况值得注意: (1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略: 如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略: 如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。形容词的概念:
形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 形容词的作用与位置:
形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记;(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。如:a language difficult to master,&&&&&&& a leaning tower about 180 feet high(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。如:I have something important to tell you.(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。(6)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+shape(形状)+age(年龄、时间)+color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。 如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, &&&&&&& the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings形容词的用法:
1、形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面: 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid害怕的。(错)Heisanillman. (对)Themanisill. (错)Sheisanafraidgirl. (对)Thegirlisafraid. 这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:somethingnice 2、用形容词表示类别和整体: 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。 2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。如:the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.
以-ly结尾的形容词: 1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:如:(错)She sang lovely. &&&&&&& (错)He spoke to me very friendly. &&&&&&& (对)Her singing was lovely. &&&&&&& (对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early .如:The Times is a daily paper.&&&&&&&&&The Times is published daily. 形容词知识体系:
&复合形容词的构成:
(1)形容词+名词+ed:&&&&&&&&& 如:kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired 白发的(2)形容词+形容词:&&&&&&&&& 如:red-hot 炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的(3)形容词+现在分词:&&&&&&&&& 如:good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的(4)副词+现在分词:&&&&&&&&& 如:hard-working 勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的(5)副词+过去分词:&&&&&&&&& 如:hard-won 得来不易的,newly-made 新建的(6)名词+形容词:&&&&&&&&& 如:life-long 终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的(7)名词+现在分词:&&&&&&&&& 如:peace-loving 爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑的(8)名词+过去分词:&&&&&&&&& 如:snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的(9)数词+名词+ed:&&&&&&&&& 如:four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的(10)数词+名词(名词用单数):&&&&&&&&& 如:ten-year 10年的,& two-man 两人的
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