周老师买了2支钢笔和1支圆珠笔,一共花了22.5元.已知圆珠笔的单价是钢笔的百分之25,每支钢笔多少元?_百度作业帮
周老师买了2支钢笔和1支圆珠笔,一共花了22.5元.已知圆珠笔的单价是钢笔的百分之25,每支钢笔多少元?
周老师买了2支钢笔和1支圆珠笔,一共花了22.5元.已知圆珠笔的单价是钢笔的百分之25,每支钢笔多少元?
设每支钢笔X元,2X+25%X=22.5则2.25X=22.5X=10答：每只钢笔10元From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the capital of the Czech Republic.
For other uses, see .
"Praha" redirects here. For other uses, see .
Nickname(s): City of a Hundred Spires,
Praga Mater Urbium
(Prague, Mother of C )
Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae
(Prague, Head of the R Latin)
Coordinates: :
Government
 o Mayoress
 o Urban
496 km2 (192 sq mi)
Highest elevation
399 m (1,309 ft)
Lowest elevation
177 m (581 ft)
Population ()
 o Capital city
 o 
 o Summer ()
Postal code
100 00 – 199 00
GDP/capita (PPP)
EUR43,950 (EY) (2014)
Statistics
Prague (; : Praha,  ( )) is the capital and
of the . It is the
in the . It is also the historical capital of . Situated in the north-west of the country on the , the city is home to about 1.24 million people, while its
is estimated to have a population of nearly 2 million. The city has a , with warm summers and chilly winters. The origin of the name Praha is rather associated with the word prah (that means a 'threshold'), which is a rapid on the river.[]
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100-year existence. Founded during the
and flourishing by the
eras, Prague was not only the capital of the Czech state, but also the seat of two
and thus also the capital of the . It was an important city to the
became the capital of . The city played major roles in the , the , and in 20th-century history, during both World Wars and the post-war Communist era.[]
Prague is home to a number of famous cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe. Main attractions include the , the ,
with the , the , the
hill. Since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the
The city boasts more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas, and other historical exhibits. A modern public transportation system connects the city. Also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including
(Univerzita Karlova v Praze). Prague is classified as an "Alpha-"
according to
studies, comparable to ,
Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city receives more than 4.4 million international visitors annually, as of 2011. Prague ranked fifth in the
world list of best destinations in 2014. Prague is the fifth most visited
city after , ,
The mythological princess
prophesies the glory of Prague.
Main articles:
During the thousand years of its existence, the city grew from a settlement stretching from
in the north to the fort of
in the south, becoming the multicultural capital of a modern European state, the Czech Republic, a member state of the European Union.
was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.
A view of one of the bridge towers of the Charles Bridge
The area on which Prague was founded was settled as early as the
age. According to the Jewish historian and chronicler
(), author of a book published in Hebrew, entitled Tzemach Dovid, the city was founded by an ancient king, Boyya (Boiia), in c. 1306 BC.[] He gave his name to the city that lay around the place where Prague now stands, calling it Bayonheim.[] The historical territory of
(Latin: Boihaemum), located within the western portion of the Czech Republic, and the neighboring Bavaria (Bayern) also took their names from this ancient king, Boyya (Boiia).
Around 200 BC the
() established an
(settlement) in the south, now called Závist. By the end of the 1st century BC, the population in Bohemia was composed mostly of the
and possibly the ). During the reign of
Caesar (27 BC - 14 AD), the city's name was Maroboden, after a ruler at that time whose name was Maroboduus (a man belonging to one of the Germanic tribes).[] Around the area where modern-day Prague stands, the map of
(2nd century) mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis.
In the late 5th century AD, during the great
following the collapse of the , the Germanic tribes moved westwards and in the 6th century, the
settled Central Europe. By the 9th century, the city was called Praha (Prague), by which name it is still called today.
According to legends, Prague was founded in the 8th century by the Czech duchess and prophetess
and her husband, , founder of the . Legend says that Libu?e came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied: "I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars." On the site she ordered to build a castle and a town called Prague.
By the year 800 there was a simple fort fortified with wooden buildings, occupying about two-thirds of the area that is now Prague Castle. The first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885.
The other Prague fort, the P?emyslid fort
was founded in the 10th century, some 70 years later than Prague Castle. Prague Castle is dominated by the , which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century.
The region became the seat of the , and later . Under Roman Emperor
the area became a
in 973. Until Prague was elevated to
in 1344, it was under the jurisdiction of the .
Prague was an important seat for trading where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the
merchant and traveller . The
of 1270 still stands. Prague contained an important .
At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King
had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge (Juditin most), named in honor of his wife . This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342. Some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain.
In 1257, under King ,
("Lesser Quarter") was founded in Prague on the site of an older village in what would become the
(Prague Castle) area. This was the district of the German people, who had the right to administer the law autonomously, pursuant to . The new district was on the bank opposite of the
("Old Town"), which had
status and was bordered by a line of walls and fortifications.
at Hrad?any
The precious
are the fourth oldest in Europe.
Prague flourished during the 14th-century reign () of
and the king of
of the new . As King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, he transformed Prague into an imperial capital and it was at that time the third-largest city in Europe (after Rome and ).
He ordered the building of the
(Nové Město) adjacent to the
and laid out the design himself. The Charles Bridge, replacing the Judith Bridge destroyed in the flood just prior to his reign, was erected to connect the east bank districts to the Malá Strana and castle area. On 9 July 1357 at 5:31 am, Charles IV personally laid the first foundation stone for the Charles Bridge. The exact time of laying the first foundation stone is known because the
was carved into the Old Town bridge tower having been chosen by the royal astrologists and numerologists as the best time for starting the bridge construction. In 1347, he founded , which remains the
in Central Europe.
He began construction of the
, within the largest of the Prague Castle courtyards, on the site of the Romanesque rotunda there. Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344, the year the cathedral was begun.
The city had a
and was a centre of trade for German and Italian bankers and merchants. The social order, however, became more turbulent due to the rising power of the 's
(themselves often torn by internal fights), and the increasing number of poor people.
The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the Castle area, was built during a famine in the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families.
Old Prague banner, c. 1477
The coat of arms of Prague emerged in the 15th century. The arm was added in 1649.
Charles IV died in 1378. During the reign of his son, King
(), a period of intense turmoil ensued. During Easter 1389, members of the Prague clergy announced that Jews had desecrated the host (Eucharistic wafer) and the clergy encouraged mobs to pillage, ransack and burn the Jewish quarter. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Prague (3,000 people) perished.
, a theologian and
at the Charles University, preached in Prague. In 1402, he began giving sermons in the . Inspired by , these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of a corrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned to the , put on trial for , and burned at the stake in
Four years later Prague experienced its , when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest . Hus' death, coupled with Czech proto-nationalism and proto-Protestantism, had spurred the . Peasant rebels, led by the general , along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated Emperor , in the
During the
when the City of Prague was attacked by "Crusader" and mercenary forces, the city militia fought bravely under the Prague Banner. This swallow-tailed banner is approximately 4 by 6 feet, with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the center. The words "P?N BUH POMOC NASSE" (The Lord is our Relief) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite chalice centered on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent shaped golden sun with rays protruding.
One of these banners was captured by Swedish troops in , when they captured the western bank of the Vltava river and were repulsed from the eastern bank, they placed it in the Royal Military M although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition. They also took the
and the . The earliest evidence indicates that a gonfalon with a municipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.
In the following two centuries, Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy Gothic buildings were erected and Vladislav Hall of the Prague Castle was added.
Prague panorama in 1650
In 1526, the Bohemian estates elected
of the . The fervent Catholicism of its members was to bring them into conflict in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where Protestant ideas were gaining popularity. These problems were not pre-eminent under Holy Roman Emperor , elected King of Bohemia in 1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in the Prague Castle, where his court welcomed not only astrologers and magicians but also scientists, musicians, and artists. Rudolf was an art lover too, and Prague became the capital of European culture. This was a prosperous period for the city: famous people living there in that age include the astronomers
and , the painter , the alchemists
and , the poetess , and others.
In 1618, the famous
provoked the , a particularly harsh period for Prague and Bohemia.
of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of B however the
under him was crushed in the
(1620) not far from the city. Following this in 1621 was an execution of 27 Czech leaders (involved in the uprising) in Old Town Square and the exiling of many others. The city suffered subsequently during the war under
(1631) and . Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000. In the second half of the 17th century Prague's population began to grow again.
have been in Prague since the end of the 10th century and, by 1708, they accounted for about a quarter of Prague's population.
Monument to , a significant member of the
In 1689, a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. In 1713–14, a major outbreak of
hit Prague one last time, killing 12,000 to 13,000 people.
The economic rise continued through the 18th century, and the city in 1771 had 80,000 inhabitants. Many of these were rich merchants and nobles who enriched the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens full of art and , creating a
style renowned throughout the world.
bombardment destroyed more than one quarter of the city and heavy damage suffered also the St. Vitus Cathedral. However next month after the ,
lost and had to retreat from Bohemia.
In 1784, under , the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Město, Staré Město, and Hrad?any were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called , was included only in 1850. The
had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, , was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000.
also touched Prague, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years the
began its rise, until it gained the majority in the town council in 1861. Prague had a German-speaking majority in 1848, but by 1880 the number of German speakers had decreased to 14% (42,000), and by 1910 to 6.7% (37,000), due to a massive increase of the city's overall population caused by the influx of
from the rest of Bohemia and
and also due to return of social status importance of the Czech language.
The First Republic
Main article:
Prague conquered by
in May 1945
is dedicated by the
community to the Czechoslovak airmen in
World War I ended with the defeat of the
and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital and Prague Castle as the seat of president (). At this time Prague was a true European capital with highly developed industry. By 1930, the population had risen to 850,000.
Second World War
Main article:
ordered the
to enter Prague on 15 March 1939 and from Prague Castle proclaimed . For most of its history Prague had been a multi-ethnic city with important Czech, German and (mostly Czech- and/or German-speaking) Jewish populations.[] From 1939, when the country was occupied by , and during , most Jews were deported and killed by the Germans. In 1942, Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in  –  – during , accomplished by Czechoslovak national heroes
and . Hitler ordered bloody reprisals.
At the end of the war
by the . 701 people were killed, over 1,000 people were injured and hundreds of buildings, factories and historical landmarks were destroyed (, , ). Many historic structures in Prague, however, escaped the destruction of the war and the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time. According to American pilots, it was the result of a navigation mistake.
On 5 May 1945, two days before Germany capitulated, an
against Germany occurred. Four days later the
liberated the city. The majority (about 50.000 people) of the German population of Prague either fled or was
in the aftermath of the war.
Main article:
Prague high-rise buildings
Prague was a city in the territory of military and political control of the
(see ). The 4th Czechoslovakian Writers' Congress held in the city in 1967 took a strong position against the regime.[] This spurred the new secretary of the , , to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a human face". It was the "", which aimed at the renovation of institutions in a democratic way. The other
member countries, except Romania and Albania, reacted with the
of Czechoslovakia and the capital on 21 August 1968 by tanks, suppressing any attempt at reform.
Era after the Velvet Revolution
In 1989, after the riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration, the
crowded the streets of Prague, and the
capital benefited greatly from the new mood. In 1993, after the split of Czechoslovakia, Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. In the late 1990s Prague again became an important cultural centre of Europe and was notably influenced by . In 2000
(some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the
summits. In 2002 Prague suffered from
that damaged buildings and also its underground transport system. Prague
for the , but failed to make the candidate city . Due to low political support, Prague's officials chose in June 2009 to cancel the city's planned bid for the
Bridges over the Vltava river, as seen from Letná
The name Prague is derived from an old
root, praga, which means "", referring to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava river. The English spelling of the city's name is borrowed from .
The native name of the city, Praha, however, is also related to the modern Czech word práh (threshold) and a legendary etymology connects the name of the city with princess , prophetess and a wife of mythical founder of the . She is said to have ordered the city "to be built where a man hews a threshold of his house". The Czech práh might thus be understood to refer to rapids or a cataract in the river, the edge of which could have acted as a means of fording the river – thus providing a "threshold" to the castle. However, no geological ridge in the river has ever been located directly beneath the castle. The same etymology is associated with the .
Another derivation of the name Praha is suggested from na prazě, the original term for the
hillside rock upon which the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of the future city – the
on the opposite side of the river, as well as the
beneath the existing castle, appeared only later.
Nicknames for Prague have included: Praga mater urbium/Praha matka měst ("Prague – Mother of Cities") in /Czech, Stově?atá Praha ("City of a Hundred ") based on a count by 19th-century mathematician . Today's count is estimated by Prague Information Service at 500.
The Gothic
Miluni?'s and Gehry's
monument, next to the
Since , Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from , to , , , , , , , ,
and ultra-modern. Some popular sights include:
which store the
The picturesque
(Karl?v most)
The Baroque
, one of the last preserved city gate of Baroque fortification
Pet?ín Hill with , Mirror Maze and
The Franz Kafka Museum
, an island with a view of the Charles Bridge
(Orloj) on
The Gothic
(Kostel Matky Bo?í p?ed T?nem) from the 14th century with 80 m high towers
The vaulted Gothic
(Staronová Synagoga) of 1270
(Pra?ná brána), a Gothic tower of the old city gates
with its beautiful interior
(Staroměstské náměstí) with gothic and baroque architectural styles
The art nouveau , a major civic landmark and concert hall known for its
architectural style and political history in the Czech Republic.
, with an extensive collections including glass, furniture, textile, toys, Art Nouveau, Cubism and Art Deco
, a baroque palace from 1713
Busy and historic
The neo-renaissance
with large scientific and historical collections
The , a neo-Renaissance building with golden roof, alongside the banks of the Vltava River
(Fred and Ginger Building)
, the largest medieval square in Europe (now turned into a park)
and WW Memorial "Prague to Its Victorious Sons" at Palacky Square (Palackého náměstí)
The museum of the
in the crypt of the
is the largest in Prague
The Mucha Museum, showcasing the
large bronze equestrian statue in Vítkov Park, ?i?kov –
The neo-Gothic
(Peace Square) in
with sculptures of crawling babies
in Ol?any, location of 's grave –
The Roman Catholic
(Ji?ího z Poděbrad)
The early-20th-century grand Art Nouveau apartment buildings in the area between
(Peace Square) in
and Riegrovy Sady
and Prague oldest Rotunda of St. Martin
at , a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city
in , selected as one of the world's best zoos by
(Pr?myslov? palác), , funfair
and Sea World Aquarium in
(Star Villa) in , a renaissance villa in the shape of a six-pointed star surrounded by a game reserve
with large collection of Czech and international paintings and sculptures by artists such as , , ,
, a busy part of the city with modern architecture and a shopping mall
The large , spans the
Valley, linking New Town to , with the Metro running underneath the road
, an old Czech
abbey founded in 1149 and monastic library
The Charles Bridge is a historic bridge from the 14th century
Prague Castle is the biggest ancient castle in the world
and Old Town City Hall with
in Malá Strana is the best example of the
style in Prague
fortress contains , the
and the oldest Rotunda of St. Martin
View of Pa?í?ská st. from
(Peace Square) with
Theatre and
offers opera, drama, ballet and other performances
compound contains Pr?myslov? palác,
and host funfair
is Europe's oldest active synagogue. Legend has
lying in the loft
Hill, the statue of
is the third largest bronze
in the world
, selected as the seventh best zoo in the world by
Prague historic city center skyline at dawn is typical for central European metropolises
Prague is situated on the
river, at 50°05"N and 14°27"E. in the centre of the Bohemian Basin. Prague is approximately at the same latitude as Frankfurt, G Paris, F and Vancouver, Canada.
According to the 2011 census, about 14% of the inhabitants were foreigners, the highest proportion in the country.
Development of the Prague population since 1378:
Population
Prague seen from
The city of Prague lies between
(K?ppen Cfb). The winters are relatively cold with average temperatures at about freezing point, and with very little sunshine. Snow cover can be common between mid-November to late March although snow accumulations of more than 20 cm (8 in) are infrequent. There are also a few periods of mild temperatures in winter. Summers usually bring plenty of sunshine and the average high temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Nights can be quite cool even in summer, though. Precipitation in Prague (and most of the Bohemian lowland) is rather low since it is located in the
and other mountain ranges. The driest season is usually winter while the summers can bring quite heavy rain especially in form of violent storms and showers.
are relatively common between mid-October and mid-March bringing foggy, cold days and sometimes moderate air pollution. Prague is also a windy city with common sustained western winds and an average wind speed of 16 kph (10 mph) that often help break temperature inversions and clear the air in cold months.
Climate data for Prague ()
Record high °C (°F)
Average high °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
mm (inches)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
Avg. precipitation days
Mean monthly
Source #1:
Source #2:
See also: , , and galleries and libraries
Veletr?ní palác houses the largest collection of
, a concert and exhibition hall
Prague Congress Centre has hosted the - meeting and
The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events.
Some of the significant cultural institutions include the
(Národní Divadlo) and the
(Stavovské or Tylovo or Nosticovo divadlo), where the premières of 's
were held. Other major cultural institutions are the
which is home to the
which is home to the . The
(Státní opera) performs at the Smetana Theatre.
The city has many world-class museums, including the
(Národní muzeum), the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the , the
Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the , the
(Náprstkovo Muzeum), the , the
and the , which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic.
There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. It hosts
including the , the , the
and the . Film festivals include the , the
and Echoes of the . The city also hosts the , the Prague Folklore Days, Prague Advent Choral Meeting the Summer
Festival, the , the , as well as the hundreds of
Many films have been made at
and at Prague Studios. Hollywood films set in Prague include , , , , , , , , Children of Dune and . Other Czech films shot in Prague include , ,
and . Also, the romantic music video "" by , "" by
was shot in the city, and features shots of the Charles Bridge and the Astronomical Clock, among other famous landmarks. 's "" video was filmed at Prague's Radost FX Club. The city was also the setting for the film
in 2000. The music video "" by , an American rock band, was also filmed in Prague. Many Indian films have also been filmed in the city including ,
magazine listed
among the world's best zoos.
With the growth of low-cost airlines in Europe, Prague has become a popular weekend city destination allowing tourists to visit its many museums and cultural sites as well as try its famous Czech beers and hearty cuisine.
The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including
Recent major events held in Prague:
Summit 2000
Summit 2002
Session 2004
General Assembly 2006 ()
EU & USA Summit 2009
USA & Russia Summit 2010 (signing of the )
In 2008 the
restaurant received the first
in the whole of the post-Communist part of Central Europe. It retained its star until 2011. As of 2012 there are two Michelin-starred restaurants in Prague (Alcron and La Degustation Bohême Bourgeoise).
In Malá Strana, Staré Město,
there are hundreds of restaurants, bars and pubs, especially with . Prague also hosts the
(?esk? pivní festival), which is the biggest
in the Czech Republic, held for 17 days every year in May. At the festival, more than 70 brands of Czech beer can be tasted.
Prague is home to many
including:
První novoměstsk? restaura?ní pivovar (Praha 1)
Klá?terní pivovar Strahov (Praha 1)
Pivovar Pra?sk? most u Val?? (Praha 1)
Pivovarsk? Hotel U Medvídk? (Praha 1)
Pivovarsk? d?m (Praha 2)
Jihoměstsk? pivovar (Praha 4)
Sousedsk? pivovar U Banseth? (Praha 4)
Vyukov? a v?zkumn? pivovar – Suchdolsk? Jeník (Praha 6)
Pivovar U Bulovky (Praha 8)
Head office of
in , Prague
with crawling "babies"
Prague's economy accounts for 25% of the Czech Republic's GDP making it the highest performing regional economy of the country. According to the , as of 2007, its GDP per capita in
is 42,800 EUR. Prague ranked the 5th best-performing European
two-level region at 172 percent of the EU-27 average.
The city is the site of the European headquarters of many international companies.[]
Since 1990, the city's economic structure has shifted from industrial to service-oriented. Industry is present in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, printing, food processing, manufacture of transport equipment, computer technology and electrical engineering. In the service sector, most significant are financial and commercial services, trade, restaurants, hospitality and public administration.
account for around 80 percent of employment. There are 800,000 employees in Prague, including 120,000 commuters. The number of (legally registered) foreign residents in Prague has been increasing in spite of the country's economic downturn. As of March 5 foreign workers were reported to be living in the city making up about 18 percent of the workforce, up from 131,132 in 2008. Approximately one-fifth of all investment in the Czech Republic takes place in the city.
Almost one-half of the national income from tourism is spent in Prague. The city offers approximately 73,000 beds in accommodation facilities, most of which were built after 1990, including almost 51,000 beds in hotels and boarding houses.
From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a popular filming location for international productions and Hollywood, Bollywood motion pictures. A combination of architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proven attractive to international film production companies.
The modern economy of Prague is largely service and export-based and, in a 2010 survey, the city was named the best city in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for business.
In 2005, Prague was deemed among the three best cities in Central and Eastern Europe according to 's livability rankings. The city was named as a top-tier nexus city for innovation across multiple sectors of the global innovation economy, placing 29th globally out of 289 cities, ahead of
for innovation in 2010 in 2thinknow annual analysts . The street
in New Town is the most expensive in whole Central Europe.
In the Eurostat research, Prague ranked fifth among Europe's 271 regions in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant, achieving 172 percent of the EU average. It ranked just above Paris and well above the Czech Republic as a whole, which achieved 80 percent of the EU average.
Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic.
and both houses of
Ministries and other national offices (Industrial Property Office, , National Security Authority etc.)
and other major broadcasters
global navigation project
See also: .
, founded in 1348, it was the first university in Central Europe
Twelve universities, and a number of colleges and schools are located in the city, including:
founded in 1348, the
university in Central Europe
(?VUT) founded in 1707
(V?CHT) founded in 1920
(V?E) founded in 1953
(?ZU) founded in
(AVU) founded in 1800
(V?UP) founded in 1885
(AMU) founded in 1945
(UNYP) founded in 1998
(ISP) founded in 1948
(AAU) founded in 1990
(UNVA) founded in 1998
(ARCHIP) founded in 2010
(VSFS) founded in 1999
(MUP) founded in 2001
founded in 2004
, building on the left hosts the
system headquarters
since 2012
See also: .
The region city of Prague is an important centre of research. It is the seat of 39 out of 54 institutes of the , including the largest ones, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Microbiology and the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. It is also a seat of 10 public research institutes, four
and large hospitals performing
activities such as the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Prague or the Motol University Hospital. Universities seated in Prague (see section Colleges and Universities) also represent important centres of science and research activities.
As of 2008, there were 13,000 researchers (out of 30,000 in the Czech Republic, counted in full-time equivalent), representing 3% share of Prague's economically active population. Gross expenditure on research and development accounted for 901.3 million EUR (41.5% of country's total).
Some well-known multinational companies have established research and development facilities in Prague, among them ,
In 2010, Prague was selected to host administration of the EU satellite navigation system . For civilian purposes it should be launched at the turn of 2014 and 2015, full completion is expected by 2019.
This section needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015)
metro station on line A
tram developed by
for the , the newest tram in Prague.
Barrandov bridge, part of the City (inner) Ring Road
Overview of
at night, Terminal 2 behind control tower on the left and Terminal 1 on the right
The public transport infrastructure (PID, Prague integrated transport system) consists of an intensely used integrated transport system of
(its length is 59 km (37 mi) with 57 stations in total), , , , and six . Prague has one of the highest rates of public transport usage in the world,[] with 1.2 billion passenger journeys per annum. In Prague there are also three funiculars, first is on the , other is on the Mrázovka Hill and third is at the .
has three major lines extending throughout the city. In June 2010, construction began to extend the green line further into the northwest corner of Prague closer to the airport. A railway connection to the airport is planned. A fourth Metro line is planned, which would connect the city centre to southern parts of the city. In operation there are currently two kinds of units: "81-71M" which is modernized variant of the Soviet
and from 1998 new "M1" trains manufactured by consortium consisting of ,
and . The original Soviet vehicles "E?s" were excluded in 1997, but one museum-set is monthly in operation at , another vehicle is also placed in public transport museum in depot . Per capita usage of the Prague metro is the highest in the world.[] The
metro station is the deepest station and is equipped with the longest
now operates various types of trams: still popular classic , newer , ,
(designed by ), newest
and nostalgic tram number 91. Although Melbourne, Australia has the longest total tram system length in the world, Prague's tram network is one of the largest in the world by other measures. The Prague tram rolling stock consists of over 900 individual cars, of those around 700 are the
class, which are typically operated coupled together in pairs. The system carries more than 356 million passengers annually, the third highest tram patronage in the world after
and . On a per capita basis, Prague has the second highest tram patronage after .
All services have a common ticketing system, and are run by the Prague Public Transport Company (Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy, a. s.) and several other companies. Recently, the Regional Organiser of Prague Integrated Transport (ROPID) has franchised operation of ferries on the
river, which are also a part of the public transport system with common fares.
services make pick-ups on the streets or operate from regulated taxi stands.
The main flow of traffic leads through the centre of the city and through inner and outer ring roads (only partially in operation).
Inner Ring Road (The City Ring "MO"): Once completed it will surround the wider central part of the city. The longest city
with a proposed length of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) and five interchanges is now being built to relieve congestion in the north-western part of Prague. Called
and to be part of the City Ring Road, it is estimated that it will now cost – after several increases – 43 billion . Construction started in 2007 and the tunnel is scheduled to be completed in 2015. This tunnel complex will complete major part of the inner ring road. The entire City Ring is estimated to be finished after 2020.[]
(The Prague Ring "R1"): This ring road will connect all major motorways and speedways that meet each other in Prague region and provide faster transit without a necessity to drive through the city. So far 39 kilometres or 24 miles, out of total planned 83 kilometres or 52 miles, is in operation. The year of full completion is unknown due to incompetent, constantly changing, leadership of Czech Road and Motorway Directorate, lack of administrative preparations, and insufficient funding of road constructions.[] Most recently, the southern part of this road (with a length of more than 20 kilometres or 12 miles) was opened on 22 September 2010.
The city forms the hub of the
system, with services to all parts of the Czech Republic and abroad. The railway system links Prague with major European cities, including Munich (Germany); Berlin (Germany); Vienna (Austria); Warsaw (Poland); Budapest (Hungary); Copenhagen (Denmark); Zürich (Switzerland); Moscow (Russia) and Amsterdam (the Netherlands) (all of which can be reached without transfers). Travel times range between 4.5 hours to Berlin and approximately 8 hours to .
Prague's main international railway station is , rail services are also available from the main stations ,
and , in addition to selected suburban stations. Commuter rail services operate under the name .
Prague is served by , the biggest airport in the Czech Republic. It is the hub of the flag carrier, , as well as of the low-cost airlines
operating throughout Europe. Other airports in Prague include the city's original airport in the north-eastern district of , which is serviced by the , also internationally. The runway (9–27) at Kbely is 2 km (1 mi) long. The airport also houses the . The nearby
airport is mainly used for private aviation and aeroclub aviation. Another airport in the proximity is
aircraft factory to the north, used for testing purposes, as well as for aeroclub aviation. There are a few aeroclubs around Prague, such as the
Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams.
() – football club
(Czech First League) – football club
(Czech First League) – football club
(Czech First League) – football club
() – football club
() – ice hockey club
() – ice hockey club
() Kontinental Hockey League Club
2008 and 2010 Opening Game,
Final Four
 – the second-largest stadium in the world
 – Tennis Tournament held by the
 – Tennis Tournament held in
 – Athletics meeting
Mystic SK8 Cup –
venue takes place at the
Club Championships 2010
The city of Prague also maintains its own EU delegation in
called Prague House.
, an observation tower built at Pet?ín hill.
Prague was the location of
's speech on 5 April 2009, which led to the
treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8 April 2010.
The annual conference , which was founded by former Czech President , Japanese philanthropist , and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is "to identify the key issues facing civilization and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components", and also intends to promote democracy in non-democratic countries and to support civil society. Conferences have attracted a number of prominent thinkers, Nobel laureates, former and acting politicians, business leaders and other individuals like: , , , , , ,
This section needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015)
The city has a friendship agreement and is
, Netherlands
, United Kingdom
, Slovakia
, Colombia
, United States
, Luxembourg
, United States
, United States
, Slovakia
, Netherlands
, South Korea
A number of other settlements are derived or similar to the name of Prague. In many of these cases, Czech emigration has left a number of namesake cities scattered over the globe, with a notable concentration in the .
, United States
, United States
, United States
, United States
, a historical borough of , the
Additionally,
is traditionally referred to as "Little Prague" (: Klein-Prag). Although now in , the city was the capital of the
. CITYPOPULATION 2014.
(PDF). Official site. Eurostat. 18 February .
. World InfoZone 2011.
. Historylearningsite.co.uk. 30 March .
. praguewelcome.cz 2013.
Bremner, Caroline (2015). .
Dovid Solomon Ganz, Tzemach Dovid (3rd edition), part 2, Warsaw 1878, p. 71
. Hrad.cz. 8 July .
. praguewelcome.cz 2013.
"". Michael Mo?ssey Postan, Edward Miller,Cynthia Postan (1987). . p. 417. .
Stone, Andrew. A Hedonist's Guide to New York.
. Everything2. April .
. prague.cz. April .
. Old.hrad.cz. 13 October .
. Hrad.cz. 16 December .
. Prague.st 2013.
. Family-lines.cz 2011.
. Jewish Virtual Library 2013.
M. Signoli, D. Chevé, A. Pascal (2007)."". p.51.
. . 14 February .
. Panizlipe.org 2013.
Lucy S. Dawidowicz – The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe 1996 p. 351 "Then you surely knew also Reb Shmuel on the other side of the Vistula, in Praga! Praga, the threshold of Warsaw—the aroma of the country, with its broad fields , so many times desolated by wars and fires and rebuilt, ..."
. Drexler, novinky.cz. 11 July .[]
. idnes.cz (in Czech) (Mladá fronta DNES). 5 August .
. YourCzechRepublic.cz 2014.
. prague.cz 2011.
. Czech Statistical Office.
. Prague Daily Monitor 2014.
Historick? lexikon obcí ?eské republiky
(in Czech). Czso.cz 2013.
(in Czech) 2013.
. World Meteorological Organization 2013.
. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2013.
Lubor Mrazek. . Shakespeare.cz 2013.
author, author. . Prague Studios 2012.
(PDF). Official site. City Development Authority Prague. .
. . 21 April .
. . 13 October .
. . Archived from
on 10 July .
. 2thinknow Innovation Cities Program 2010.
. Mladá fronta DNES 2012.
Pop, Valentina (18 February 2010). . EUobserver 2011.
(PDF) 2011.
J. Pechlát (2010)."" In: Teorie vědy, XXXI/3-4 2009, The Institute of Philosophy of the AS CR, p. 247-267.
Hold, Gabriella. . The Prague Post. Czech Republic 2011.
. Metroweb.cz 2013.
"." . Retrieved 4 February 2010.
. WFDF 2008.
Ratification of the
is a step towards Obama's goal of a nuclear weapons-free world. (Official White House Photo) by Pete Souza) .
. Portál ,,Zahrani?ní vztahy“ [Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). 18 July 2013. Archived from
on 25 June .
. Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Archived from
on 21 May .
. Berlin Mayor's Office 2009.
. Bratislava-City.sk. Archived from
on 28 July .
. Chicago Sister Cities International. .
. Stadt Frankfurt am Main 2009.
. City of Kyoto. Archived from
on 21 January .
. Mairie de Paris 2007.
. Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from
on 24 July .
. Taipei City Council. Archived from
on 2 November .
. Tshaonline.org. 10 November .
. cityofpragueok.org. 23 April 2008. Archived from
on 7 March .
. Casde.unl.edu 2013.
. Web.archive.org 2013.
Jekova, Alena. 77 Prague Legends. Prague: Prah, 2006.
Prague Legends (Think Prague Magazine) (2002)
Prague (Eyewitness Travel Guide by DK Publishing) (2009)
Prague (City Guide) by Neil Wilson (2009)
Praha – Prague and environs (by ?edok) (1926)
Rick Steves' Prague and The Czech Republic by Rick Steves and Honza Vihan (2009)
Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Prague (2007)
Wilson, Paul. Prague: A Traveler's Literary Companion (1995)
Prague Top 10 (2011)
Becker, Edwin et al., ed. Prague 1900: Poetry and Ecstasy. (2000). 224 pp.
Burton, Richard D. E. Prague: A Cultural and Literary History. (2003). 268 pp.
Cohen, Gary B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, . (1981). 344 pp.
Fucíková, Eliska, ed. Rudolf II and Prague: The Court and the City. (1997). 792 pp.
Holz, Keith. Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere. (2004). 359 pp.
Iggers, Wilma Abeles. Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the Present. (1995). 381 pp.
Kleineberg, A., Marx, Ch., Knobloch, E., Lelgemann, D.: Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios`"Atlas der Oikumene". WBG 2010. .
Porizka, L Hojda, Z and Pesek, Jirí. The Palaces of Prague. (1995). 216 pp.
Sayer, Derek. Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History (Princeton University P
a study of the city as a crossroads for modernity.
Sayer, Derek. "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague ." Past & Present ): 164–210.
Spector, Scott. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siècle. (2000). 331 pp.
Svácha, Rostislav. The Architecture of New Prague, . (1995). 573 pp.
Wittlich, Peter. Prague: Fin de Siècle. (1992). 280 pp.
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to
at Wikimedia Commons
travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related to
at Wikimedia Commons
: Hidden categories:}