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Powered by课外阅读材料(20世纪60年代）：第一单元--第二册--新标准大学英语)
60-----(The Beatles)6060(John Lennon)(Paul McCartney)
1920602060
206070-80JOHN CAGE,1912-ROBERT).
**19681972
Overview 1 (第一小组负责)
The 1960s began with the
election of the first president born in the 20th century -- John
Kennedy. For many Americans, the young president was the symbol of
a spirit of hope for the nation. When Kennedy was murdered in 1963,
many felt that their hopes died, too. This was especially true of
young people, and members and supporters of minority
A time of innocence and hope
soon began to look like a time of anger and violence. More
Americans protested to demand an end to the unfair treatment of
black citizens. More protested to demand an end to the war in
Vietnam. And more protested to demand full equality for
By the middle of the 1960s, it
had become almost impossible for President Lyndon Johnson to leave
the White House without facing protesters against the war in
Vietnam. In March of 1968, he announced that he would not run for
another term.
In addition to President John
Kennedy, two other influential leaders were murdered during the
nineteen sixties. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Junior was
shot in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968. Several weeks later, Robert
Kennedy -- John Kennedy's brother& -- was shot in Los
Angeles, California. He was campaigning to win his party's
nomination for president. Their deaths resulted in riots in cities
across the country.
The unrest and violence affected many young Americans. The
effect seemed especially bad because of the time in which they had
grown up. By the middle 1950s, most of their parents had jobs that
paid well. They expressed satisfaction with their lives. They
taught their children what were called "middle class" values. These
included a belief in God, hard work, and service to their
Later, many young Americans began to question these
beliefs. They felt that their parents' values were not enough to
help them deal with the social and racial difficulties of the
nineteen sixties. They rebelled by letting their hair grow long and
by wearing strange clothes. Their dissatisfaction was strongly
expressed in music.
Rock-and-roll music had become very popular in America in
the 1950s. Some people, however, did not approve of it. They
thought it was too sexual. These people disliked the rock-and-roll
of the 1960s even more. They found the words especially
unpleasant.
The musicians themselves thought the words were extremely
important. As singer and song writer Bob Dylan said, "There would
be no music without the words," Bob Dylan produced many songs of
social protest. He wrote anti-war songs before the war in Vietnam
became a violent issue. One was called Blowin' in the
In addition to songs of social protest, rock-and-roll music
continued to be popular in America during the nineteen sixties. The
most popular group, however, was not American. It was British --
the Beatles -- four rock-and-roll musicians from
Liverpool.
Other songs, including some by the Beatles, sounded more
revolutionary. They spoke about drugs and sex, although not always
openly. "Do your own thing" became a common expression. It meant to
do whatever you wanted, without feeling guilty.
Five hundred thousand young Americans "did their own thing“
at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. They gathered at a farm in
New York State.
They listened to musicians such as Jimi Hendrix and Joan
Baez, and to groups such as The Who and Jefferson Airplane.
Woodstock became a symbol of the young peoples' rebellion against
traditional values. The young people themselves were called
"hippies." Hippies believed there should be more love and personal
freedom in America.
In 1967, poet Allen Ginsberg helped lead a gathering of
hippies in San Francisco. No one knows exactly how many people
considered themselves hippies. But 20,000 attended the
gathering.
Another leader of the event was Timothy Leary. He was a
former university professor and researcher. Leary urged the crowd
in San Francisco to "tune in and drop out". This meant they should
use drugs and leave school or their job. One drug that was used in
the 1960s was lysergic acid diethylamide, or L-S-D. L-S-D causes
the brain to see strange, colorful images. It also can cause brain
damage. Some people say the Beatles' song Lucy in the Sky with
Diamonds was about L-S-D.
As many Americans were listening to songs about drugs and
sex, many others were watching television programs with traditional
family values. These included The Andy Griffith Show and The
Beverly Hillbillies. At the movies, some films captured the
rebellious spirit of the times. These included Doctor Strangelove
and The Graduate. Others offered escape through spy adventures,
like the James Bond films.
Many Americans refused to tune in and drop out in the
1960s. They took no part in the social revolution. Instead, they
continued leading normal lives of work, family, and home. Others,
the activists of American society, were busy fighting for peace,
and racial and social justice. Women's groups, for example, were
seeking equality with men. They wanted the same chances as men to
get a good education and a good job. They also demanded equal pay
for equal work.
In the 1960s, young people got themselves involved in
seeking freedom and justice while young people today are mainly
concerned about how to improve their chances of being competitive
in the employment market.&
Overview 2 (第二小组负责)
Timeline of the 1960's
first debate for a presidential election was televised. It was
between Senator John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. Nixon seemed
nervous, but Kennedy stood tall. The debate on TV changed many
people's minds about Kennedy.
This year NASA
Aeronautics and Space Administrationsent up the first communications satellite to be
seen with the naked eye.
1961 John F
Kennedy moves into the White House. He gives his famous speech -
"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for
your country."
The soviets have sent the first
man into space and the Americans need a man in space,
event came on May 5, 1961. Alan Shepard was sent to space in the
"Freedom 7". On May 25, Kennedy wanted to have a man on the moon
and back before the decade was over.
Glenn became the first man to orbit the earth - 3 times. It was a
five hour flight.
Rachel Carson, a scientist and
writer, warned that our earth would die of pollution and chemicals,
especially chemicals that were developed to kill bad insects. DDT
was a real bad chemical. It killed bad insects, along with good
insects, along with plants, along with animals. She wrote the book
Silent Spring with a
warning. At least five states banned DDT.
actress and model, Marilyn Monroewas found dead by her maid. She was holding an
empty bottle of sleeping pills next to her. Doctors say that she
died of an overdose of them.& This was shocking and
devastating to the world.
1963 Martin
Luther King Jr.made the speech, "I have a Dream" on August 28,
1963. More than 200,000 peaceful demonstrators came to Washington
DC to demand equal rights for Black and Whites. Part of the speech
was - "I have a dream that my four little children will one day
live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of
their skin but by the content of their character…"
President Kennedy is
assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22. Kennedy's assassin,
Lee Harvey Oswald, was never sent to trial. While being moved by
police to a different jail, a man named Jack Ruby shot Oswald. Who
killed President Kennedy nobody knows for sure.
Beatles, a British rock and roll band became VERY popular. The "Fab
Four", John, Paul, George, and Ringo, were played on radio stations
all over the world. They were seen on the "Ed Sullivan Show". They
performed concerts that were quickly sold out. All the frenzy over
the group became known as "Beatlemania", which was only the
beginning.
This was the first year the
cigarette boxes had a warning printed on it "Smoking can be
hazardous to your health".
The first Civil Rights
billwas passed to stop racial
discrimination.
1965 President Johnson ordered bombing raids on North Vietnam
and Americans begin protesting the war.
Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse and a Pioneer of animated
films, died on December 15, 1966, but his legend lives
first heart transplant was performed by Dr. Christiaan Barnard in
Cape Town, South Africa.
1968 Civil
Rights Leader Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis,
Tennessee.&
Two months later, Robert Kennedy, John F. Kennedy's brother was
assassinated, too. Both were civil rights leaders.
p.m., one of the biggest events of history happened.
Apollo 11 landed on the moon, astronauts aboard. Neil Armstrong's
famous speech for the historical steps "That's one small step for
man, one giant leap for mankind."
The 1960s didn't start out with
colorful clothes. They were dully designed and looked better on
older people. Then little shops opened selling cheap and colorful
clothing for younger people. During the decade, women started
wearing mini skirts, leather boots and fake eyelashes. Men wore
Paisley shirts, velvet trousers and high collared Regency jackets.
Men also began to wear their hair long.&
Wlima Rudolph, a black American woman, received three Olympic
gold medals in fast running. As a child, she was very ill with
pneumonia and scarlet fever. She barely lived, and doctors said she
probably would never be able to walk again. But she never gave up
hope, and was not only able to walk again, but able to outrun
everyone else in the Olympics to be rewarded with three gold
Wilt Chamberlain
Wilt Chamberlain was one of
eleven children! Can you imagine that? His parents, Olivia and
William Chamberlain, were devoted to the family and hard work. When
Wilt was little, he helped around his neighborhood with odd jobs
for money.
When he was young, he had many
medical problems. When he was a toddler, he got a sickness called a
hernia which required surgery. He then almost died in the fourth
grade, when he caught pneumonia. He also had problems with infected
mosquito bites on his legs when he was a teenager.&&
When Wilt was playing
basketball, his average was 50 points a game! Nobody could stop
this dominant 7' 2" player. With those features combined, you have
a strong player just standing there in your way of the hoop. In
1967, he led the Philadelphia 76ers and in 1972 the Los Angeles
Lakers to an NBA title. He was also the only player to score 100
points in a single game, WOW!& Wilt Chamberlain made
amazing and outstanding achievements!
Muhamad Ali
On January 18, 1942, Cassis
Marcellus Clay Jr., the greatest boxer ever, was born. Today, this
athlete is usually known as Muhamad Ali. Whenever anybody talks
about the greatest athletes, Muhamad Ali is always one of the top
people. He was voted in the Top 3 for "Greatest Athlete of the
Century" by ESPN. He has accomplished so many things in his
outstanding career. He has won many awards, such as the "National
Golden Gloves Light Heavyweight Champion" in 1960, "Olympic Light
Heavyweight Boxing" Gold Medal in 1960, and the "WBA Heavyweight
Champion of the World" ten different times. He also won the "Male
Athlete of the Year Award" and "Sportsman of the Year" in 1974,
"National Sports Award" in 1994, and the "Essence Award" in 1997.
Over his career, Ali had a 56-5 record, 37 knockouts, and 19
successful title defences.& Muhamad became a
professional boxer in 1960. The decision to turn pro was not a hard
one for Ali. He was very poor, and wanted to have money so that he
could provide for himself and his family. This choice was a great
won. Over a couple of years, Muhamad was considered one of the
greatest boxers ever. By the end of his career, he was considered
one of the greatest athletes ever.& Many people believe
that his famous quote, "Fly like a butterfly, sting like a bee", is
what brought him to greatness. Being quick and strong was the key
to most of Ali's many victories. He was definitely one of the
greatest athletes of all time.
Inventions
In 1961, physicist Theodore
Maiman perfected the laser, now widely used in surgery, holography,
communications, and printing.
Douglas Englehart of Stanford
University developed the computer mouse along with a five key
keyboard in 1964.
The first hand-held calculator
was invented in 1967 by Texas Instruments, at a cost of $2,500 a
Finally, the biggest invention
of the 1960's was the computer.
Overview 3 (第三小组负责)
1960s - Events and trends
Many of the trends of the 1960s
were due to the demographicchanges brought about by the baby boom
generationPeople born between (and including) 1946 and 1964.
After American soldiers returned home from World War II in1946, the
United States experienced an explosion of births, hence the name
baby boom. This group of people represents a sizable portion of the
consuming public, and their spending habits and lifestyle have a
powerful influence on the economy.), the height of the Cold War, and the dissolution of European colonial
empires. The rise in social revolution, civil rights movements,
human rights movement, anti-War movements, and the Counterculture
movement are only some of the characteristics that defined the
1960s. Many experts attribute the 1960s "counter-culture
revolution" as being the result of the major social and political
factors that rose in the 1950s like
brinksmanship, continued fighting in the 3rd world, and a
return to pre-WWII lifestyle. The new generation was determined to
reject a pre-WWII conformist lifestyle with men in suits and women
in the kitchen. While many believed it to be just a "Western"
phenomenon, the '60s revolution spread far beyond the borders of
America and Western Europe. In South America, revolutions were at a
height, in the Eastern Bloc, movements were made inspired by the
Hungarian Revolution to reject Soviet domination and in the Middle
East attempted to resist Soviet and American domination. Overall,
the '60s affected almost the entire globe.
1960s - War peace and politics
Cultural Revolution in mainland
China causes political and economic chaos.
Nigerian Civil War
6-Day War between Israelis and
Arabs in 1967.
Berlin Wall built in
Bay of Pigs Invasion in
196119611400Bay of pigs721141189
the United States sponsored an
attempt to overthrow Cuba's socialist government and Fidel
American Civil Rights M
end of official segregation of African-A racial tensions
continue with large race riots.
Sino-Indian War in late 1962.
China attacks India and gains some land in
Cuban Missile Crisis in
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over
Kashmir ends in a stalemate.
The Stonewall Riots in New York
City give birth to the gay rights movement, June 1969.
United Nations imposes
sanctions against South Africa to protest the policy of
Apartheid.
The rise of radical
1960s - Economics
Many countries in the Western
world experience high economic growth (4 to 8% per year)
1960s - Culture
Rock and roll develops,
diversifies, and becomes very hip. The Beatles eclipse Elvis
Presley and become the most popular musical artists in the world.
"Topical" artists like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez worked social
commentary into their music. Bob Dylan,
202060100THE BEATLESSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club
BandBeggars BanquetMusic form Big PinkBob Dylan
Star Trek makes its debut in
Trek726Gene Roddenberry1960
James Bond 007movies begin. Dr. No is the first of the series in
1962, starring Sean Conneryas Bond
Hippies, drug culture
& rock and roll converge at the Woodstock festival,
Great Awakening, Consciousness
Revolution
1960s - Others
Post-Colonialism: many new or
previously colonized countries achieve independence in Africa,
U.S. president John F. Kennedy assassinated in 1963;
his brother Robert F. Kennedy assassinated in 1968
U.S. civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
assassinated on April 4, 1968
Rise of the baby boom
generation to adulthood
First widespread availability
of practical birth control pill for women
Decolonization and Independence
(第四小组负责)
The transformation of Africa
from colonialism to independence in what is known as the
decolonization of Africa dramatically accelerated during the
decade, with 32 countries gaining independence between 1960 and
1968. The noble aspirations ()of these new nations quickly faded, and many
states descended into anarchy, dictatorships, and/or civil war. The
road to prosperity has been difficult: As of 2010, by many measures
Africa continues to possess the poorest population in the world as
well as the lowest life expectancy.
Cultural Revolution in China(第四小组负责)
This is a period of widespread
social and political upheaval in the People’s Republic of China
which was launched by Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Communist
Party of China. Mao alleged that "liberal bourgeois" elements were
permeating the party and society at large and that they wanted to
restore capitalism. Mao insisted that these elements be removed
through post-revolutionary class struggle by mobilizing the
thoughts and actions of China's youth, who formed Red Guardsgroups around the country. The movement
subsequently spread into the military, urban workers, and the party
leadership itself. Although Mao himself officially declared the
Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the power struggles and
political instability between 1969 and the arrest of the Gang of
Four in 1976 are now also widely regarded as part of the
Revolution.
China's nuclear test第四小组负责
The People's Republic of China
began developing nuclear weapons in the late 1950s with substantial
Soviet assistance. The order for the Chinese nuclear weapons
program, designated by the codename of "02", was given by Chairman
Mao Zedong himself, who believed that without a nuclear weapon
China would not be taken seriously as a world power. The events of
the First Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1954-55 cemented Mao's belief
that unless China had nuclear weapons of its own, it would
constantly be under the threat of nuclear blackmail from the United
Prior to 1960, direct Soviet
military assistance had included the provision of advisors and a
vast variety of equipment. Of the assistance provided, most
significant to China's future strategic nuclear capability were an
experimental nuclear reactor, facilities for processing uranium, a
cyclotron(), and some equipment for a gaseous diffusions
plant. At one point the Soviet Union even agreed to supply a
prototype nuclear weapon for analysis by the C this
agreement was not, however, put into effect.
When Sino-Soviet relations
cooled in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union withheld
plans and data for an atomic bomb, abrogated the agreement on
transferring defense technology and, starting in 1960, began the
withdrawal of Soviet advisors. Despite the termination of Soviet
assistance, China committed itself to continue nuclear weapons
development to break "the superpowers' monopoly on nuclear
weapons", to ensure Chinese security against the Soviet and United
States threats, and to increase Chinese prestige and power
internationally, especially with France recently emerging as a new
nuclear force in February 1960..
The first Chinese atomic bomb,
code-named 596, was detonated on October 16, 1964 at the Lop Nor nuclear test
site（新疆的罗布泊核试验基地）. It was an implosion-style nuclear weapon, though
it utilized uranium-235 exclusively for its core — most countries
which pursue implosion technology use plutonium(,)for their first cores, because it is usually
easier to produce than uranium-235. The test had a yield of 22
kilotons. China would manage to develop a fission bomb () capable of being put onto a nuclear missile only
two years after its first detonation (), and would detonate its first hydrogen bombonly three years later in 1967.
The United States intelligence
agencies were caught off-guard by the Chinese test in 1964. Despite
having photographed pre-test preparation at the Lop Nur nuclear
testing site, many U.S. analysts believed that the Chinese were
still months, if not years, away from having a functional nuclear
weapon, in part because they erroneously assumed that the first
Chinese bomb would be plutonium-fueled and that their Lanzhou
diffusion enrichment facility was not yet operable. It was only
after radiochemical analysis of the fallout cloud from the Chinese
test conclusively demonstrated that the bomb had been a U-235
implosion device, that these errors were re-examined in
The Cold War:（第五小组负责）
The Cold War was a period of
diplomatic tension, arms and technology races, and Proxy wars
from 1945 to
1991. The primary parties involved were the United States and the
Soviet Union and their respective allies. Proxy wars fought during
the Cold War era included the Korean War, Vietnam, the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan, and many others.
After World War II, because of
the devastation of Europe, only two 'superpowers' emerged: the USSR
and the United States. The USSR sought to expand it's communist
influence to surrounding countries and states, while the United
States worked actively to try to contain communism. Since a direct
military confrontation between these two opposing superpowers could
result in nuclear war and destroy life on Earth, it was instead a
'cold' war, in that no actual military confrontation occurred.
Instead, they fought 'battles' in small corners of the world:
Korea, Germany (Berlin), Vietnam, etc.
A proxy war or proxy
warfare is a war that results when opposing powers use third
parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. While
powers have sometimes used governments as proxies, violent
non-state actors, mercenaries, or other third parties are more
often employed. It is hoped that these groups can strike an
opponent without leading to full-scale war. Proxy wars have also
been fought alongside full-scale conflicts. It is almost impossible
to have a pure proxy war, as the groups fighting for a certain
nation usually have their own interests, which can diverge from
those of their patron.
Cuban Missile Crisis
（第五小组负责）
The ensuing () crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade() as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War and is
generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest
to turning into a nuclear conflict.
The United States considered
attacking Cuba via air and sea, and settled on a military
"quarantine"
of Cuba. The U.S.
announced that it would not permit offensive weapons to be
delivered to Cuba and demanded that the Soviets dismantlethe missile bases already under construction or
completed in Cuba and remove all offensive weapons. The Kennedy
administration held a slim hope that the Kremlin
would agree
to their demands, and expected a military confrontation.
The Soviets publicly balked at the U.S.
demands, but in secret back-channel communications initiated a
proposal to resolve the crisis. The confrontation ended on October
28, 1962, when President John F. Kennedy and United Nations
Secretary-General U Thant reached a public and secret agreement
with Khrushchev
. Publicly, the
Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return
them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification,
in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to never
invade Cuba. Secretly, the U.S. agreed that it would dismantle all
U.S.-built Thor and Jupiter IRBMs deployed in Europe and
Only two weeks after the
agreement, the Soviets had removed the missile systems and their
support equipment, loading them onto eight Soviet ships from
November 5&9. A month later, on December 5 and 6, the Soviet Il-28
bombers were loaded onto three Soviet ships and shipped back to
Russia. The quarantine was formally ended at 6:45 pm EDT on
November 20, 1962. Eleven months after the agreement, all American
weapons were deactivated (by September 1963). An additional outcome
of the negotiations was the creation of the Hotline Agreement and
the Moscow&Washington hotline, a direct communications link between
Moscow and Washington, D.C.
1948Berlin Blockade1948624194951119581961
The Vietnam War ()
（第六小组负责）
What Caused The Vietnam War ?
There were several reasons that
caused the Vietnam War. Americans were very nervous about the
Domino Theory
() coming true where the communists will take over
the world and they wanted to fight and abolish communism. So they
got involved in the war.
The French were ruling Vietnam
and they were very harsh on the people of Vietnam. They reserved
the rights of making alcohol and selling it only from the French
plantations
and denied the
local people any rights. The Vietnamese were very poor and did not
have enough food to eat. The Japanese and the French shared control
over Vietnam for their own selfish reasons.
In the year of 1945, Ho Chi Minh, a freedom fighter, declared the country as a
free country. The British and Chinese helped the French to return
to their own country. The United States had no role to play during
that time and had to keep quiet.
The Vietnam War started soon
after that in 1945 when the communists and the democrats started
fighting. The war between them went on till 1954 and later some
peace talks were held at a G summit and the country was divided
into north and South Vietnam. The South Vietnamese Leader Ngo Dinh Diemwas a tough nut to crack and he refused to hold
these peace talks. Immediately both the countries now went to a
bigger war.
The United States which was
worried about communism spreading in Asia tried to control it by
participating in Vietnam War, a war that ended up lasting for 16
long years.
Summary Of Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was the longest
battle to have been fought ever by the United States. During the
Cold War between America and the Soviet Union, there were several
problems within Vietnam. However, these problems had nothing to do
with the Cold War, they were internal strives and struggles in the
There were mainly two sets of
people whose ideas clashed and these were the Democrats and the
Communists. Their ideals clashed and they often fought. It led to a
serious divide of the country leading to the formation of two
countries -- North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
North Vietnam
was formed by the Communists
and the South Vietnam was formed by the Democrats. However, the
South Vietnam government was led by a ruthless person called Diem.
He was the Prime Minister but had more dictatorship values.
However, he had democratic views on government. The United States
decided to support South Vietnam in spite of Diem’s
North Vietnam
being a communist country was
supported by Russia and other communist countries. However, because
of communism several countries in the world like Australia and
China were involved in the war with America and the Soviet Union
being the two superpowers at that time. North Vietnam’s strongest
strength was its army and they had huge troops on foot. For the
United States, the territory was unknown and airplanes or
helicopters did not work well on those terrains. However, the war
lasted for 16 years and when it came to an end, Prime Minister Diem
was shot dead and that is what liberated the Vietnamese in the end.
The country reunited and became one after that.
Antiwar Movement
（第六小组负责）
25000 people from the United
States marched up to Washington in December 1964 and took part in
an anti war demonstration. This was the biggest anti war
demonstration in the American history. What is surprising is that
America had a civil war going on within the country with problems
like racial discrimination and Indians on the other side. In spite
of that, people were united with the anti war movement cause.
Bertrand Russell led the demonstration during 1964. Thereafter,
other people in various cities and towns started their own anti war
demonstrations and even celebrities joined in with David Miller
joining the 1965 anti war demonstration and Mohammed Ali in
Civil rights movement in the United
（第七小组负责）
Civil Rights: A dream for the
Black Early in its history, black Africans were brought to America
as slaves. They were bought and sold, like animals. By the time of
America’s Civil War in the 1860’s, many had been freed by their
owners. Many, however, still worked as slaves on the big farms of
the South. By the end of the war, slavery had been declared
unconstitutional. But that was only the first step in the struggle
for equality. Most people of color could not get good jobs. They
could not get good housing. They had far less chance of a good
education than white Americans. For about 100 years, blacks made
slow gains. Widespread activism for civil rights did not really
begin until after WW. During the war, black Americans earned respect
as members of the armed forces. When they came home, many demanded
that their civil rights be respected, too. An organization, the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, led the
The American Civil Rights
Movement () refers to the reform movements in the United
States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African
Americans and restoring suffrage in Southern states. The aims of
the Civil Rights Movement include racial dignity, economic and
political self-sufficiency, and freedom from oppression by whites.
Many of those who were most active in the Civil Rights Movement
prefer the term ‘Southern Freedom Movement’ because the struggle
was about far more than just ci it was also
about fundamental issues of freedom, respect, dignity, and economic
and social equality.
Fighting for education --- Desegregating Little Rock,
In September, 1957, a black
girl tried to enter an all-white school in the city of Little Rock,
Arkansas. An angry crowd screamed at her. State guards blocked her
way. The guards had been sent by the state governor, Orville
Faubus. After three weeks, a federal court ordered Governor Faubus
to remove the guards. The girl, Elizabeth Eckford, and seven other
black students were able to enter the school. After one day,
however, riots forced the black students to leave. Troops sent by
the state governor to Central High School in Little Rock. President
Dwight Eisenhower34thordered federal troops to Little Rock. They helped
black students get into the white school safely. However, angry
white citizens closed all the city's public schools. The schools
stayed closed for two years. In 1962, a black student named James
Meredith tried to attend the University of Mississippi. School
officials refused. John Kennedy(35th), the president at that time,
sent federal law officers to help him. James Meredith became the
first black person to graduate from the University of
Mississippi.
Fighting for equal treatment in housing and
transportation.
In many cities of the South,
blacks were forced to sit in the back of buses. In 1955, a black
woman named Rosa Parks got on a bus in the city of Montgomery,
Alabama. She sat in the back. The bus became crowded. There were no
more seats for white people. So, the bus driver ordered Missus
Parks to stand and give her seat to a white person. She refused.
Her feet were tired after a long day at work. Rosa Parks was
arrested. The Reverend Martin Luther King organized the black
citizens of Montgomery. They were the major users of the bus
system. They agreed to stop using the buses. The boycott lasted a
little more than a year. It seriously affected the earnings of the
bus company. In the end, racial separation on the buses in
Montgomery was declared illegal. Rosa Parks' tired feet had helped
win black Americans another victory in their struggle for equal
rights. And, the victory had been won without violence.
Counterculture movement
（第八小组负责）
Counterculture movement is a protest movement by American
youth that arose in the late 1960s and faded during the late 1970s.
With a great disappointment to the society, the students scorned
American mainstream culture, questioned authority and began to
rebel by means of abnormal behaviors like taking drugs, wearing
bizarre dresses, and nakedness… They had some specific purpose like
ending the Vietnam War, eliminating racial discrimination and
advocating more democracy. However, sometimes they protested
without much reason at all. It was only a revelation of despair
coming from the huge gap between their ideal expectation and cruel
social reality.
&In order to
trace the root of counterculture movement, we should first have an
overview of the situation in American society before the 1960s.
From 1946, the first “Baby Boom” appeared in America. This
“Baby Boom”
generation婴儿潮时代出生的人）, whose growing experience
concerned much the movement, made up the main body of
counterculture movement in the 1960s. In the 1950s there was a
widespread discontentment among the postwar generation, whose voice
was to protest against all the mainstream cultures that America had
come to represent, concerning sex, religion, the arts and the way
of life. This has come to be known as the “Beat generation”
, whose ideology was of great influence to the
students in the 1960s.
&Among all the elements that could lead to
counterculture movement, the most basic and important one is the
affluent American postwar society, whose “products” aroused the
movement around their twenties. It is said that the “Baby Boom”
generation is a spoiled generation. Their grand-fathers underwent
Depression（大萧条，是指1929年至1933年之间全球性的经济大衰退）, their fathers went
through WW,while the Baby Boomers
enjoyed all the unearned gains. The affluent families provided them
with more money and care, better schools and education. They could
have almost everything they want, so a concept had formed in their
mind that they could achieve the goal as long as they insisted.
Therefore, they were trying to put pressure on the government to
change its political policies, hoping that their persevering
protest would work. The industrial revolution also introduced
television and automobile into American lives, providing the youth
unprecedented broader sights to the outside world and freedom to
everywhere. The popularity of television had greatly lower the
effectiveness of school and family education about traditional
belief and value points. Therefore, the students had their
independent views on social affairs. On the whole, their lives
seemed constantly getting better. That’s why the Baby Boom
generation had higher expectations on their future. However, when
there was a clash between their aspiration and reality, they felt
their hope shattered. As a result of the dashed hope, the students
got together to protest and force the government to give
triggered the movement was a series of frustrations to the
students, resulting in the “clash” and destruction of the students’
confidence for the government as well as the society. In 1963, John
F. Kennedy, the youngest president in American history, was
assassinated, and five years later, Martin Luther King. Kennedy was
a hero in Baby Boomers’ hearts, who represented America’s bright
Martin Luther King was a redeemer
blacks’ hearts, who represented perfect racial equality. Their
deaths dragged the youth into cruel reality. Considering that their
ideal America being crushed, the youth roused to save the country
in their own way. What intensified the protest was the escalation
of Vietnam War. The students firmly believed that America’s
invasion into Vietnam was unjust and bound to suffer defeat. With
more and more students drafted to the front and dying, the anti-war
atmosphere became prevalent and intense. At the same time,
Nixon’s Watergate
incident let the youth down again. Disappointing political
situation, both domestic and abroad, had made the youth discouraged
and try to find a way to reform the country.
The major counter-culture group
of the 60s was the Hippies. The Hippie Movement started in San
Francisco, California and spread across most of the US during the
late 60s and early 70s. Unlike the Beatniks, there were no real
leaders of the Hippie Movement. The Beatniks were basically an
intellectual movement that rejected the norms of society. The
Hippies simply preferred an alternate lifestyle from the mainstream
and had radical beliefs dealing with love, drug usage, war, and
lifestyle. Hippies came from all different backgrounds but all were
young and many came from wealthy families. Some rejected their
parent’s lifestyle while others were simply outcasts of society and
could only fit in with the Hippie population.
The affluent American postwar society molded a group of idealists
who expected their country perfect. When they were knocked down by
turbulent social reality, they began to look for a solution to save
the country. Adopting the Beat Generation’s concepts as their
ideological resources and behavior guide, the American youth
proceeded the hitherto influential counterculture movement in
Feminist Movement in the US ()
（第八小组负责）
The feminist movement (also
known as the Women's Movement, Women's Liberation, or Women's Lib)
refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as
reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay,
voting rights, sexual harassment, and sexual violence.
The movement's history has gone
through three waves, beginning in the late 18th century. The first
wave was oriented around the station of middle or upper-class white
women, and involved suffrage and political equality. Second-wave
feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural
inequalities. Third-wave feminism, starting in 1980 to the early
1990s, includes renewed campaigning for women’s greater influence
in politics.
Sexual revolution
（第八小组负责）
In the US, it refers to the
from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s when dramatic changes occurred
and practices.
Beginning in San Francisco in
the mid 1960s, a new culture of "free love" arose, with millions of
young people embracing the hippie ethos and preaching the power of
love and the beauty of sex as a natural part of ordinary life. By
the start of the 1970s it was acceptable for colleges to allow
co-educational housing where male and female students mingled
freely. This aspect of the counterculture continues to impact
modern society.
The sexual revolution (also
known broadly as a time of "sexual liberation") is a social outlook
which challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to
sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomena took place
throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the
Sexual liberation included
increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual,
monogamous relationships (primarily marriage). Contraception and
the pill, public nudity, the normalisation of homosexuality and
alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion
all followed.
Hippies: part 1（第九小组负责）
The 1960's gave
birth to the "Hippies." These were individuals best known for
rejecting many of society's morals and attitude.
Hippies were
likely the ones wearing very flamboyant outfits painted with
flowers, long hair, and giving a peace sign.
Hippies were born
in the midst of a revolution. The revolution of the 1960's was a
time when sexual freedom, drug use, and wild music took centered
Hippies were often
termed swingers. The introduction of the birth control pill gave
many adults "and teenagers" the freedom to experiment with sex
without the fear of pregnancy.
The birth control pill was especially praised among
females. For the first time, women could express their sexuality
with a number of partners.
Hippies were also known to engage in risky drug behavior. During
the 1960's drugs such as marijuana大麻毒品），LSD（一种毒品，是已知药力最强的迷幻剂，极易为人体所吸收。吸毒者服用该药30--60分钟后就出现心跳加速，血压升高，瞳孔放大等反应，2—3小时左右产生幻视、幻听和幻觉，对周围的声音、颜色、气味及其它事物的敏感性畸型增大，对事物的判断力和对自己的控制力下降或消失。此时，在生理上常伴有眩晕、头痛及恶心呕吐等症状）and cocaine
were easily accessible.
Because hippies
adopted a notion of freedom, many experimented with drugs in order
to achieve a euphoric state of mind. Unfortunately, several hippies
of the sixties developed addiction problems and died from drug
Despite negative thoughts associated with this specific group of
individuals, hippies were known for their love and compassion for
The 1960's were a
time or racial divide among Americans. Schools were segregated, and
people of different races had a unconcealed hate for one
On the other hand,
the hippies embraced everyone regardless of color, faith, or sex.
Hippies were deeply concerned with ending segregation, which
prompted many to take part in historic movements such as the March
on Washington.
Moreover, hippies
promoted love, thus many were involved in several protests to end
the Vietnam War.
The legacy of the hippie
movement continues to permeate Western society. In general,
unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together
without societal disapproval. Frankness regarding sexual matters
has become more common, and the rights of homosexual, bisexual and
transsexual people, as well as people who choose not to categorize
themselves at all, have expanded. Religious and cultural diversity
has gained greater acceptance. Co-operative business enterprises
and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than
before. Some of the little hippie health food stores of the 1960s
and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses, due to
greater interest in natural foods, herbal remedies, vitamins and
other nutritional supplements.
Distinct appearance and
clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide.
During the 1960s and 1970s, mustaches, beards and long hair became
more commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing
dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of
personal appearance options and clothing styles, including nudity,
have become more widely acceptable, all of which was uncommon
before the hippie era. Hippies also inspired the decline in
popularity of the necktie and other business clothing, which had
been unavoidable for men during the 1950s and early
Hippies: part 2
（第九小组负责）
What’s a hippie?
What’s the difference between an old hippie and a new hippie? These
and similar questions are the source of much debate today. New
subcategories like web-hippies, cyber-hippies, even zippies have
become fashionable. But what is a hippie and are you one? To answer
this question, let’s see what defines a hippie. Some say it’s the
way people dress, and behave, a lifestyle. Others classify drug
users and rock 'n' roll fans or those with certain radical
political views as hippies. The dictionary defines a hippie as one
who doesn’t conform to society’s standards and advocates a liberal
attitude and lifestyle. Can all these definitions be
It seems to me
that these definitions miss the point. By focusing on the most
visible behavioral traits these limited descriptions fail to reveal
what lies in the hippie heart that motivates such behavior. To
understand The Way of the Hippy, we must look at those
circumstances that preceded the birth of the hippy movement, the
important events that changed our lives, our resulting frustration
with society, and the philosophy that developed from our spiritual
maturation.
My view is that
being a hippie is a matter of accepting a universal belief system
that transcends the social, political, and moral norms of any
established structure, be it a class, church, or government. Each
of these powerful institutions has it’s own agenda for controlling,
even enslaving people. Each has to defend itself when threatened by
real or imagined enemies. So we see through history a parade of
endless conflicts with country vs. country, religion vs. religion,
class vs. class. After millennia of war and strife, in which
uncounted millions have suffered, we have yet to rise above our
petty differences.
The way of the
hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power
structures since these are adverse to the hippie goals of peace,
love and freedom. This is why the “Establishment” feared and
suppressed the hippie movement of the ’60s, as it was a revolution
against the established order. It is also the reason why the
hippies were unable to unite and overthrow the system since they
refused to build their own power base. Hippies don’t impose their
beliefs on others. Instead, hippies seek to change the world
through reason and by living what they believe.
To be a hippie you
must believe in peace as the way to resolve differences among
peoples, ideologies and religions. The way to peace is through love
and tolerance. Loving means accepting others as they are, giving
them freedom to express themselves and not judging them based on
appearances. This is the core of the hippie philosophy.
The hippy movement
erected signposts for all to see. Some warn us of impending danger,
others direct us towards richer, more fulfilling lives, but most
show us the road to freedom. Freedom is the paramount virtue in
this system. Freedom to do as one pleases, go where the flow takes
you, and to be open to new experiences. This engenders an attitude
that allows for maximum personal growth.
Our society only
permits you one or two weeks a year of freedom to pursue your own
agenda. The rest of the time we are slaves to the system. Hippies
reject the 9 to 5 lifestyle and therefore are objects of ridicule
by those whose lives run by the clock. Programmed people are
jealous and resent the freedom we possess. The unmitigated freedom
that hippies represent is the greatest threat to any system in
which control equals power.
With all this
freedom comes a lot of responsibility. The system does not make it
easy for us to survive without sacrificing our values. Therefore we
must discover alternative ways to make a living without being a
drag on our planet’s resources and our fellow humans. Hippies have
pioneered numerous lifestyles and alternative businesses including
communes, cooperatives, holistic medicine and health food. We
focused everyone’s concern on the environment to highlight our
responsibilities to our planet and to future
generations.
Other beliefs that spring from our core philosophy are: an
earthy spirituality such as a belief in Gaia (the earth as an
organism), the Greens movement, even shamanism,and vegetarianism. These philosophical and political views reflect
a respect for nature and the planet as a whole, something lacking
in our capitalistic and materialistic societies. The world needs
hippies to point out alternatives to the entrenched system and warn
of the impending disasters that await us if we don’t change our
lifestyles. The goal is not to make everyone a hippie (what would
we have to protest?). Rather we can try to influence others by
example, through tolerance and love and teaching the virtues of the
hippie way.
So being a hippie
is not a matter of dress, behavior, economic status, or social
milieu. It is a philosophical approach to life that emphasizes
freedom, peace, love and a respect for others and the earth. The
way of the hippie never died. There have always been hippies from
the first time society laid down rules, to Jesus, to Henry David
Thoreau, to John Lennon, to you and me. I believe there’s a little
hippy in all of us. It’s just been repressed by our socialization
process. We need to find it and cultivate our hippie within. Only
then can we reach our true potential.
As hippies age
they come to terms with the same situations all humans must face.
Wiser than before, let’s help the younger hippies find a way to
save the earth and achieve more freedom than exists in our wildest
dreams. Let’s find our common ground, build a worldwide community,
and once again let our freak flags fly and become all we are
destined to be.
The Stonewall riots
（第十小组负责）
They were a series of
spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took
place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall
Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. They
are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when
people in the homosexual community fought back against a
government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and
they have become the defining event that marked the start of the
gay rights movement in the United States and around the
Very few establishments
welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did
were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay.
The Stonewall Inn, at the time, was owned by the Mafia. It catered
to an assortment of patrons, but it was known to be popular with
the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community.
Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers
quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn, and
attracted a crowd that was incited to riot. Tensions between New
York City police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted
into more protests the next evening, and again several nights
later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into
activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for
gays and lesbians to be open about their sexual orientation without
fear of being arrested.
After the Stonewall riots, two gay activist organizations were
formed in New York, and three newspapers were established to
promote rights for gays and lesbians. Within a few years, gay
rights organizations were founded across the U.S. and the world. On
June 28, 1970, the first Gay Pride marches took place in Los
Angeles, Chicago, and New York commemorating the anniversary of the
riots. Similar marches were organized in other cities. Today, Gay
Pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end
of June to mark the Stonewall riots.
网友2的回答：
The Stonewall is
an unassuming little bar in Manhattan’s West Village that has
become a true landmark in gay history. Forty years ago, the New
York gay community rose up here in a riot that sparked the modern
gay rights movement.
The Stonewall
In the summer of 1969, the New
York gay activist movement was born when a group of gay New Yorkers
made a stand against raiding police officers at The Stonewall Inn,
a popular gay bar in the Village. In those days, gay bars were
regularly raided by the police. But on June 27, 1969, the patrons
of The Stonewall Inn had had enough.
As the police raided the bar, a
crowd of four hundred patrons gathered on the street outside and
watched the officers arrest the bartender, the doorman, and a few
drag queens.
crowd, which eventually grew to an estimated 2000 strong, was fed
up. Something about that night ignited years of anger at the way
police treated gay people. Chants of “Gay Power!” echoed in the
streets. Soon, beer bottles and trash cans were flying.
Police reinforcements arrived and attempted to beat the crowd away,
but the angry protesters fought back.
By 4AM, it looked like it was over. But the next night, the crowd
returned, even larger than the night before. For two hours,
protesters rioted in the street outside of the Stonewall Inn until
the police sent a riot-control squad to disperse the crowd.
On the first night alone, 13 people were arrested and four police
officers were injured. At least two rioters were said to be
severely beaten by the police and many more sustained
The following Wednesday, approximately 1000 protesters returned to
continue the protest and march on Christopher Street. A movement
had begun.
The Stonewall Legacy
Stonewall turned out to be a
pivotal moment in the gay rights movement. It united the gay
community in New York in the fight against discrimination. The
following year, a march was organized in commemoration of the
Stonewall Riots and between 5,000 and 10,000 men and women attended
the march.
In honor of Stonewall, many gay pride celebrations around the world
are held during the month of June, including .
Today, the Stonewall bar is once again a popular gay night spot in
New York City. Occupying part of the original Stonewall Inn, the
bar attracts plenty of locals and out-of-towners aiming to pay
tribute to a gay New York landmark.
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