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5.0 三维重建膝关节胫骨近端模型及其线性参数
(&曾纪洲,石逸杰,曲铁兵,等.三维重建胫骨近端模型及其线性参数.中国组织工程研究与临床康复& (CN21-1539/R& ISSN ),):. )
目的:建立正常华北地区成人胫骨近端三维模型，获得胫骨近端线性参数，为中国人TKA提供理论依据。方法:对62名志愿者115例正常膝关节进行MRI矢状位扫描，胫骨近端三维重建后对各个截面的横经、前后径进行测量，数据进行统计分析。尸体胫骨扫描后对尸体胫骨进行测量，与三维重建的胫骨近端模型的相应测量参数进行比较分析。结果:截骨面横径Y=-0.654X+76.291，X为截骨厚度。在截骨厚度相等的情况下，男性横径大于女性，均数之差5.038～6.662mm。在截骨面上，距内、外侧平台边缘10%、20%、30%处的前后径依次为
Y1M、Y2M、Y3M、Y1L、Y2L、Y3L，Y1M=-0.340x+40.318，Y2M=-
0.425x+50.373，Y3M=-0.455x+53.742，Y1L=-0.211x+36.547，Y2L=-
0.247x+42.583，Y3L=-0.256x+43.355。胫骨内侧平台前后径大于外
侧，从平台的边缘到中心，这种差异性增加。随着截骨厚度的增加，内、外侧平台前后径的差异减少。在截骨厚度8mm时，内、外侧平台从周缘向内依次10%、20%、30%处的前后径之比分别是1:0...8274，没有性别差异性。男性的前后径大于女性，均数之差为2.323～3.027mm。尸体胫骨上手工测量与三维重建胫骨近端模型上测量的线性参数误差为1.431mm。结论:MRI三维重建的胫骨近端模型大小稍有偏差，但可以接受。胫骨近端线形参数个体差异性较大，与白种人比较存在差异性。研究结果有利于设计出更适合国人使用的胫骨平台假体和手术器械，提高TKA的临床性能。
【关键词】关节成形术，置换，膝；胫骨；磁共振成像；图像处理，计算机辅助
A three-dimensional proximal tibia model of computer- aided representation and its research
of& linear parameters Zeng JZ，Qu TB,,Shi YJ,et al.Department of Orthopaedics,
Beijing Luhe Hospital,Beijing 101149,China
Abstract：[Objective] To reconstruct a three-dimensional proximal tibia model.To gain linear parameters of Chinese proximal tibia.The results are worthwhile for the surgical principle of TKA in Chinese people. [Methods] 115 Chinese normal proximal tibias were studied.Sagittal images were acquired.We used software to obtain 3D images.The relative parameters of proximal tibia were measured.Statistical analysis was performed. The data measured manually from cadavers directly and the data from 3D proximal tibia models of cadavers were compared. [Results] Tibial medial-lateral width Y=-0.654X+76.291,X was the thickness of cutting.When the thickness of cutting is equal,the tibial medial-lateral width of man is larger than that of woman.The mean difference was from 5.038mm to 6.662mm.The average anteroposterior 10%,20%,and 30% from the medial to lateral, peripheries dimensions were Y1M,Y2M,Y3M,Y1L,Y2L,Y3L,respectively.Y1M= -0.340x+40.318，
Y2M=-,Y3M =-0.455x +53.742，Y1L=-0.211x+36.547，
Y2L=-0.247x +42.583，Y3L=-0.256x+43.355.The medial tibial plateau is
larger than the lateral tibial plateau in the anteroposterior dimension,and more significantly, this anteroposterior difference increases as one moves away from the periphery of the tibial plateau toward the center.The difference between anteroposterior dimensions of the medial tibial plateau and those of the lateral tibial plateau decreases as the thickness of cutting increases.When the thickness of cutting was 8mm,the ratios of the medial/lateral anteroposterior distances at10%,20%,and30% from the periphery were1:0...8274,respectively.The ratios are no difference between man and woman.The mean anteroposterior distances in man are larger than those in woman,and the mean difference is from 2.323mm to 3.027mm.The mean errors between data measured manully from cadavers directly and the data measured from 3D proximal tibia models of cadavers were 1.431mm in linear parameters. [Conclusion] Although both the manual measurement from cadavers directly and the measurement from 3D proximal tibia models present the errors,the range of the errors may be accepted.Individual The difference of geometeric parameters of Chinese proximal tibia is bigger.The geometeric parameters of the proximal tibia of the Chinese are different with the Caucasian.The results are worthwhile for providing a morphological basis for tibial prostheses design and surgical apparatus design.The results of the research may improve a clinical performance of TKA.
Key words：Arthroplasty, replacement, T Magnetic resonace imaging；Image processing, computer-assisted
膝关节是一个复杂的负重关节,其形状、运动和稳定机制的复杂性给其重建提出很高要求。目前，国际上常用的膝关节假体是模仿人体膝关节几何形状，并参照假体置入后的运动、稳定性等进行设计，因此膝关节几何形状是假体设计的重要基础之一。此外，膝关节的线性参数对手术器械设计和手术操作有重要的指导意义。目前缺少关于国人膝关节几何学方面的资料，本研究应用MRI及三维重建技术对胫骨近端线性参数进行研究。
资 料 与 方 法
一、仪器设备及软件
MR：0.5-Tesla Shimadzu SMT-50X MRI system (Shimadzu Co Ltd)，PC机，三维重建软
件：AMIRA2.2（德国TGS公司），三维测量软件：Medvis软件（首都医科大学生物医学工程系），Adobe Photoshop6.0软件，DICOMaccessTM1.5软件，统计学软件：SPSS for Windows Release10.0。
二、研究对象
6－10，62个志愿者115侧正常膝关节入选。所有志愿者均久居华北地区。男35例，女27例；年龄20～74岁，平均45.6岁；左侧60膝，右侧55膝；身高144～177cm，平均165.1cm；体重51～90kg，平均67.0kg。
（一）扫描体位
志愿者仰卧于MRI床中央，双下肢取旋转中立位，膝关节伸直。踝关节后侧垫沙袋，
目测下调整至被测肢体的胫骨干解剖轴(tibial shaft anatomical axis，TSAA)平行于水平面。
（二）扫描条件
质子加权像，自旋回波序列，TR=1650ms,TE=15ms，层厚2mm，层距2mm，采集图像
4次，矩阵大小256X256,视窗直径32cm，窗宽1800，窗位900。
（三）扫描方法
扫描范围是膝关节线上12cm，膝关节线下20cm，MR焦距中心对准膝关节线下4cm处。采用二次定位法（矢状位、冠状位）。依据Dalury方法：通过胫骨中沟线（the midsulcus line,SL）即胫骨结节内侧缘的内侧1mm处到胫骨棘沟的中点的连线，获得胫骨矢状位定位图像；经过TSAA并垂直于胫骨矢状位定位图像进行扫描，获得胫骨冠状位定位图像；然后平行于TSAA并垂直于胫骨冠状位定位图像，做胫骨矢状位依次扫描。将扫描后储存在MR主机DICOM格式图像数据，传送到MR三维重建的工作平台内，由图像储存库的USB接口传入移动硬盘内，再将移动硬盘的数据传至计算机工作平台内，待后期处理。
（四）胫骨近端模型的建立
在PC机中，将所采集的DICOM格式图像文件通过DicomacessTM1.5软件在AdobePhotoshop6.0环境中打开。用画笔功能对图像进行分割，将图像中所需研究对象（胫骨，包含软骨）的边界描出，将灰度统一设置为255，处理好的文件转化为BMP格式。BMP格式图像用AMIRA2.2软件三维重建胫骨近端模型。
（五）测量方法及测量参数
三维重建的胫骨近端图像转入Medvis软件中。
1、几个主要标志的确定
（1）胫骨截骨面横轴的确定：在同一冠状面上连接胫骨平台内外侧缘的最长线段。
（2）胫骨内侧平台中点的确定：在横轴上胫骨棘间的中点到胫骨内侧平台缘的连线，此连线的中点即为胫骨内侧平台的中点（图1）。
图1胫骨内侧平台的中点&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 图3：截面线性参数测量
Fig.1 the midpoint of medial tibial plateau&&&& Fig.3 measurement of the linear parameters
2、测量方法及测量胫骨近端线形参数：
在胫骨近端三维重建计算机模型上，垂直TSAA进行胫骨近端定位截骨（图2）。
a:截骨定位上面观&&&& b:截骨定位下面观&&&&&&& c:远端截骨面&&&&&&&&&&& d:近端截骨面
&a : upper image&&&&&&& b: netherr image& &&&&&&&&&c: distal section&&&&&&&&&& d: near section&
&图2:胫骨近端三维重建模型的截骨过程
Fig.2 the cutting of a three-dimensional proximal tibia model of computer- aided representation
垂直TSAA胫骨近端截骨。内侧平台中点为基准，截骨厚度X依次为6mm、8mm、10mm、12mm、14mm、16mm、18mm、20mm，各截面依次为A、B、C、D、E、F、G，H。在胫骨近端截骨面上找出横轴，在横轴上经距内、外侧平台边缘10%、20%、30%的点，并且垂直横轴定出前后方向的线，测量前后径依次为Y1M、Y2M、Y3M、Y3L、Y2L、Y1L （图3）。
（六）误差校验
对尸体胫骨进行实际测量，同时对尸体膝关节予以扫描，三维重建后进行测量，用获得的实际测量数据与三维重建后所取得的数据进行比较。
实 验 结 果
一、胫骨近端线性参数
（一）截骨面横径：
1、一元线性相关与回归分析，截骨面横径Y=-0.654X+76.291，决定系数R2=0.851。
2、截骨厚度相同的情况下，各个截骨面横径分别分成男女两组资料，分别进行两组独
立样本的T-检验，显示男女两组资料之间均有显著性差异。各个截骨面男性横径均数大于女性，均数之差(表1)。
表1：各个截面的男、女横径均数、均数之差 （单位：mm）
Tab.1 Equal and equalization of transverse pathway of each section in male and female（unit：mm）
男横径均数
Equal of transverse pathway in male
女横径均数
Equal of transverse pathway in female
男女均数差
Difference of equal between male and female
（二）截骨面的前后径
1、一元线性相关与回归分析，得出方程与方程的决定系数，方程经F-显著性检验，差异具有显著性意义，回归方程可以成立（表2）。
表2:截骨面前后径的回归方程
Tab.2 Regression equation of sagittal pathway of section
决定系数R2
方程F-检验的P值
Y1M = -0.340x+40.318
Y2M = -0.425x+50.373
Y3M = -0.455x+53.742
Y1L = -0.211x+36.547
Y2L= -0.247x+42.583
Y3L= -0.256x+43.355
分别进行Y1M与Y1L、Y2M与Y2L、Y3M与Y3L之间的两组独立样本的
T-检验， 显示Y1M与Y1L（t=3.020,P=0.009）、Y2M与Y2L
（t=6.416,P=0.000）、Y3M与Y3L（t=8.438,P=0.000）之间均有显著
性差异，且从胫骨平台的边缘到中心，这种差异性增加(表3)。
表3：Y1L与Y1M、Y2L与Y2M、Y3L与Y3M之间的比值
Tab.3 Ratio of betweenY1L and Y1M,Y2L and Y2M,Y3L and Y3M
2、截骨厚度相同的情况下，各个截骨面的前后径分别分成男女两组资料，分别进行两组独立样本的T检验，显示男女两组资料之间均有显著性差异。各个截骨面男性前后径均数大于女性对应前后径均数，均数之差为2.323～3.027mm。
男性的Y1L与Y1M、Y2L与Y2M、 Y3L与 Y3M之间的比值以及女性的
Y1L与Y1M、Y2L与Y2M、Y3L与 Y3M之间的比值（表4）。分别进行
Y1L男 /Y1M男与Y1L女/Y1M女 、Y2L男/Y2M男与Y2L女/Y2M女 、Y3L
男/Y3M男与Y3L女/Y3M女之间的X2-检验,没有差异性。
表4：男性的Y1L与Y1M、Y2L与Y2M、Y3L与Y3M之间的比值以及女
性的Y1L与Y1M、Y2L与Y2M、Y3L与Y3M之间的比值
Tab.4 Ratio of betweenY1L and Y1M,Y2L and Y2M,Y3L and Y3M in male and female
Y1L男/Y1M男
Y1L女/Y1M女
Y2L男/Y2M男
Y2L女/Y2M女
Y3L男/Y3M男
Y3L女/Y3M女
二、误差校验结果
手工切割的尸体胫骨近端各截面与三维重建后各相应截面的所测量的线性参数平均误差(表5),所有横径的平均误差1.478mm，前后径的平均误差1.385mm，线性参数的平均误差1.431mm。总体上说，三维重建后测量的线性参数较尸体上手工测量值偏小。
表5：单位：mm）
Tab.5:（unit：mm）
linear parameter
8mm处截骨面
Section at 8mm
transverse pathway
sagittal pathway
12mm处截骨面
Section at 12mm
transverse pathway
sagittal pathway
16mm处截骨面
Section at 16mm
transverse pathway
sagittal pathway
20mm处截骨面
Section at 20mm
transverse pathway
sagittal pathway
讨&&&&& 论
一、通过MRI进行三维重建的特点：
医学图像三维重建技术始于20世纪80年代，借助计算机对生物组织结构的连续图片进行处理,获得三维立体图像的一种形态学研究方法。近年来,随着计算机技术的迅速发展,可将一系列二维图像的位置变化构成三维图像,并可以旋转、切割,提高了三维重建的精确度和速度。结合应用测量软件,对重建的三维结构进行测量,获得长度等形态学参数。
目前，最常用的三维重建原始数据是CT和MR影像学资料。MRI可显示矢状位、轴位和冠状位三个平面的图像。可清楚地显示软组织和骨组织的形态学变化信息。对于CT不能清楚显示的韧带、关节软骨和半月板能够清楚地显现。我们选取MRI矢状位图像进行三维重建正是利用上述优点，使患者避免接受放射线的辐射，应用于志愿者没有危险性。采用矢状位图像进行重建主要是由于缩短扫描时间，减少扫描层次，有助于志愿者的配合和减少经费耗用，同时并不影响三维重建的效果。
三维重建后的胫骨近端模型进行胫骨近端几何形态学的研究，关键的是在重建过程中减
少测量尺寸的偏差。尸体胫骨实际测量与三维重建后的胫骨近端模型所测量参数进行比较，是校正误差的有效手段。通过比较，认为误差是存在的，但可以接受的。三维重建后测量的线性参数较实际测量值偏小。作者认为：无论三维重建的胫骨近端模型上测量还是尸体胫骨上手工测量，均存在误差。误差的来源由以下几部分组成：（1）MRI机本身存在的误差（2）寻找轮廓线时出现的测量误差：Fu认为，除了手工分割以外没有任何一种分割方法能保证完全正确的分割。作者采用手工分割方法为主，阈值分割方法为辅，将所采图像放大5～10倍，紧贴骨皮质和关节软骨边缘进行分割，尽量减少对原有图像的破坏，仅保留所需要研究的骨组织和关节软骨。将背景的灰度设置为0，骨组织和关节软骨的灰度均设为255，助于增强鲜明的对比性，恢复所研究组织的真实特征。为减少误差，在图像处理进行重建的过程中,进一步从原始矢状位的图像和重组冠状位及轴位的图像上同时辨认组织结构，这样可以降低对原始图像的破坏，增加了寻找轮廓线的准确性。（3）三维重建后的测量误差：重建后的层面切割位置等可导致测量时尺寸大小的偏移，选取测量的位点有人为的因素。三维重建是在MR矢状位二维图像基础上形成的，由于存在采样间隔，两层间的图像是推断图像。采样间隔越小，重建的三维实体与原物越接近。（4）尸体测量存在的误差。
二、胫骨近端线性参数测量及意义
截骨面横径Y=-0.654X+76.291，在截骨厚度相等的情况下，男性各个截骨面横径均数大于女性，均数之差5.038～6.662 mm。随着截骨厚度的增加，截骨面的横径减小；每增加1mm的截骨厚度，横径减少0.654mm。按胫骨平台软骨厚度为3mm计算：软骨下6mm截骨，Stulberg报道截骨面横径为76.894mm；国内未见有关截骨面与横径关系的报道，作者研究结果证实：国人此截骨面的横径为72.341mm，较Stulberg报道的小4.553mm。
据截骨面前后径回归方程的系数，随着截骨厚度的增加，Y3M减少的
数值最大，Y1L减少的数值最小。胫骨内侧平台前后径大于外侧平台
前后径，且从胫骨平台的边缘到中心，这种差异性增加。随着截骨厚度的增加，内、外侧平台前后径的差异减少。此结果可以更合理地设计国产假体和手术器械。
Westrich对100个TKA胫骨近端截骨标本进行分析，在横轴上，内、外侧平台从周缘向内依次10%、20%、30%处的前后径之比分别是：1：0.921、1：0..8246。本研究结果显示当截骨厚度6mm时：在截面横轴上，内、外侧平台从周缘向内依次10%、20% 、30% 处的前后径之比，分别是1：0...8232；当截骨厚度8mm时：内、外侧平台从周缘向内依次10%、20%、30%处的前后径之比分别是1：0...8274。可见本研究在截骨厚度6～8mm的截骨面上，内外侧平台前后径的比例关系和Westrich报道的极为相似。同时作者发现男女在这种比例关系上没有差异性。但在各个截面上男性的前后径均数大于女性，在统计学上有显著差异性。
胫骨平台的解剖在形态和结构上是不对称的，胫骨内侧平台大于外侧。不相等性的解释
是：这种解剖结构允许正常对线和负荷传导的机械轴通过膝关节中心，即在膝关节的内外侧间室有相等的负荷。但现今大多数胫骨假体设计成在内外侧平台具有相等的前后径而对称。
对称TKA系统要求消除膝关节间室的不等性。在不对称胫骨截骨面上，使用一个对称胫骨平台假体的共同问题：胫骨平台假体的外侧悬挂、胫骨平台内侧面覆盖少、旋转对线不良。使用对称假体适配胫骨内侧平台时，可能出现胫骨假体外侧悬挂，股骨假体的外侧髁可能碰撞胫骨平台假体悬挂的外侧部分，导致胫骨假体的内旋；使用对称假体适配胫骨外侧平台时，胫骨内侧平台覆盖不够，导致胫骨平台假体的内侧边缘位于松质骨上，而不是皮质骨上，使得胫骨平台假体存在潜在下沉，导致内翻对线。而且，试图用较小的胫骨外侧平台上对线适配一个对称胫骨平台假体的后侧方面，导致胫骨平台假体内旋。随着胫骨假体的内旋将增加其边缘负荷，会引起旋转半脱位和胫骨聚乙烯平台的磨损。此外，胫骨平台假体的不
良旋转还伴随着髌骨假体的磨损，导致不均匀的髌骨轨迹，甚至。因此，一个TKA系统认识到胫骨内外侧平台的差异，设计假体考虑到较小的外侧平台可能取得最大胫骨覆盖率的目的，和重建正常的胫骨解剖，避免对称假体引起的共同问题。
Incavo报道：8种内外侧胫骨平台对称设计假体的平均胫骨截骨面覆盖率从76.4%到80.8%。Westrich研究证明在胫骨近端不同水平截骨，截骨面的形状是不对称的，总的平均覆盖率从80.62%到84.73%，从不大于85%。但内外侧胫骨平台不对称假体的胫骨截骨面覆盖率可以达到90%。因此，进行胫骨近端的几何形态测量，可提供改进假体设计方案，提高胫骨近端截骨面的覆盖率。
Figgie证实全部利用可得的胫骨截骨面来传递负荷，将获得最大的传导负荷能
力。Walker证实在胫骨近端皮质应力传导更均匀，充分利用此部位的胫骨平台假体能够保持相对长期稳定，减少假体松动。
总之，对国人胫骨近端线性参数的研究，能为设计出更适合国人使用的胫骨平台假体和手术器械提供理论依据，可提高胫骨平台假体的胫骨近端适配度，提高TKA的临床性能。本研究的对象来源局限，总样本量较小，由此得出的数据并不能完全代表国人胫骨近端情况，需进一步进行多中心研究。
1& puter graphics design of total knee replacement. In:Niwa S,ed.total knee replacement.Tokyo:Springer,.
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作者简介：曾纪洲,男，1968年生，汉族，2003年首都医科大学毕业，医学硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：关节外科。E－mail:
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在此简单描述病情，向曾纪洲大夫提问
曾纪洲的咨询范围：
一、骨关节疾病；二、运动医学疾病微创手术（关节镜下手术）。具体如下：
一、骨关节疾病：
1、骨性关节炎、髋关节发育不良、股骨头坏死、骨质疏松症、软组织与骨肿瘤的系统化标准化诊断、治疗、预防及相关问题。2、髋关节置换（股骨颈骨折、髋关节骨关节炎、股骨头缺血坏死、成人髋关节发育不良、类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、髋关节肿瘤等疾病的全髋关节置换。） 3、膝关节置换（膝骨关节炎、创伤性关节炎、膝关节类风湿性关节炎、色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎、膝关节肿瘤等疾病的全膝关节置换。）
4、髋膝关节翻修术等。
5、踝关节置换、融合等。
6、骨关节其他疾病：先天性肌性斜颈、骨软骨瘤（骨疣）、习惯性肩关节脱位、高位髌骨、低位髌骨、髌骨脱位半脱位、髌骨倾斜、膝内外翻（O型腿、X型腿等）、腘窝囊肿、马蹄内翻足、扁平足、足副舟骨、踇外翻等。
二、运动医学疾病微创手术（关节镜下手术）：关节内滑膜清理；关节内游离体取出；治疗肩周炎、肩峰下撞击综合征、肩袖损伤、肩关节BANKART损伤、肩关节SLAP损伤；臀肌筋膜挛缩症、髋关节盂唇损伤、髋关节撞击综合征；膝关节盘状软骨、膝关节半月板损伤、膝关节半月板囊肿、膝关节前后交叉韧带损伤重建、痛风性关节炎等。
三、软组织与骨肿瘤。
四、手足踝外科。
五、创伤骨科：关节脱位及骨折如股骨颈骨折、肩锁关节脱位。
六、脊柱外科：颈椎病、颈椎间盘突出症、腰椎病、腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎滑脱、腰椎管狭窄等。
七、骨科疑难杂症。高级英语近义词辨析题汇总（转）
1. It took him three years to pay off all the debts (occurred,
incurred) by buying that new house.
Occur: to happen
Incur: if you incur a cost, debt, or a fine, you have to pay
money because of something you have done, or you do not make
2. The boy gave an (ingenuous, ingenious) account of what had
happened, concealing nothing.
Ingenuous: an ingenuous person is simple, trusting, and honest,
especially because they have not had much experience of life
Ingenious: someone who is ingenious is very good at inventing
things or at thinking of new ideas
3. He gave such (implicit, explicit) instructions that everyone
understood them.
Implicit: suggested or understood without being stated
Explicit: expressed in a way that is very clear and direct
4. The two brothers (compliment, complement) one is
impulsive, the other, cautious.
Compliment: to say something nice to someone in order to praise
Complement: to make a good combination with someone or something
else(相辅相成,结合得很好)
5. The little boy (stimulated, simulated) illness not to go to
Stimulate: to encourage or help an activity to begin or develop
Simulate: to make or produce something that is not real but has
the appearance or feeling of being real
6. Sitting alone in his room, he (wondered, brooded) over his
failure to get a job after a whole year of trying.
Wonder: to think about something that you are not sure about and
try to guess what is true, what will happen etc
Brood: to keep thinking about something that you are worried or
upset about
7. She has had a (grudge, malice) against me ever since I turned
down her unreasonable request.
Grudge: a feeling of dislike for someone because you cannot
forget that they harmed you in the past
Malice: the desire to harm someone because you hate them
8. After graduating from the business school, he went to work in
a big corporation and proved to be quite a (shrewd, cunning)
businessman.
Shrewd: good at judging what people or situations are really
Cunning: someone who is cunning is clever and good at deceiving
people in order to get what they want
9. (Invariably, Unchangeably) strict with himself, he went over
the accounts yet another time.
Invariably: if something invariably happens or is invariably
true, it always happens or is true
Unchangeably: not likely to change, or changing often
10. Many people are worried by what they think is (unaccustomed,
undesirable) scenes on TV for the children.
Unaccustomed: not used to something
Undesirable: something or someone that is undesirable is not
welcome or wanted because they may affect a
Situation or person in a bad way
11. It is impossible to sort out all the (squabbles, debates)
among the children. Sometimes one just has to ignore them.
Squabbles: to argue about something unimportant
Debates: to discuss a subject formally when you are trying to
make a decision or find a solution
12. It is such a (pitiful, sympathetic) sight to see the elderly
people sitting on park benches, lonely and expressionless.
Pitiful: someone who is pitiful looks or sounds so sad and
unfortunate that you feel very sorry for them(直接修饰人)
Sympathetic: caring and feeling sorry about someone's
problems(可跟人或物或动作)
13. The party over, the guests gone, she looked at the empty
rooms and sank into (anguish, melancholy).
Anguish: mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or
Melancholy: a feeling of sadness for no particular reason
14. He (stumbled, tumbled) on the pavement and twisted his
Stumble: to walk in an unsteady way and often almost fall
Tumble: to fall down quickly and suddenly, especially with a
rolling movement
15. What happened to them on the trip was a nightmare, which
left them (unspeakably, pitifully) furious for weeks.
Unspeakably: unspeakable feelings are so extreme that it is
impossible to describe them
Pitifully: very bad in quality(作副词只表示这个意思) (上述为形容词解释)
16. The vulgar commercial which followed broke the (spell,
appeal) of the film.
Break the spell: to make someone stop paying all their attention
to something, or to make a time stop feeling special
Appeal: an urgent request for something
important(作为名词的其中一个意思)
17. His six-year experience gave him a big (advantage, strength)
over the other applicants for the job.
Advantage: something that helps you to be more successful than
others, or the state of having this
Strength: the physical power and energy that makes someone
18. These rules and regulations not only apply to the graduate
students, but to the school (on the whole, as a whole).
on the whole: used to say that something is generally
true(大体上,基本上)
as a whole: used to say that all the parts of something are
being considered together(从总体上来考虑)
19. We (met, encountered) a serious setback in the battle when
our supplies were intercepted by the enemy.
Meet: to go to a place where someone will be at a particular
time, according to an arrangement, so that you can talk or do
something together
Encounter: to experience something, especially problems or
opposition(遭遇); to meet someone without planning to(偶遇)
20. I was very sick and was (confined to, limited to) bed for
over two weeks.
Be confined to: to exist in or affect only a particular place or
group(限制)
Be limited to: to exist or happen only in a particular place,
group, or area of activity(限于)
21. The local newspaper gave an extensive (coverage, reporting)
of the trial.
Coverage: when a subject or event is reported on television or
radio, or in newspapers
Reporting: the activity of writing about news events for a
newspaper or telling people about them on television or on the
22. The singer was fully (justifiable, justified) in suing the
newspaper for slander.
Justifiable: actions, reactions, decisions etc that are
justifiable are acceptable because they are done for good
Justified: having an acceptable explanation or reason(be
justified in doing固定搭配)
23. This magazine is intended to (attract, appeal to) millions
of college students in China.
Attract: to make someone interested in something, or make them
want to take part in something
Appeal to: if someone or something appeals to you, they seem
attractive and interesting
24. Jamaica (functioned, worked) as a center of the American
slave trade in the 18th century until the abolition of slavery in
Function as: if something functions as a particular thing, it
does what that type of thing normally does, or is used as that
thing(起某物的作用或功能)
Work: if something such as a fact, situation, or system works in
a particular way, it has a particular effect on someone or
something(起作用,不与as连用)
25. These underground pipes are (interrelated,
interconnected).
Interrelate: if two things interrelate, they are connected and
have an effect on each other
Interconnected: if two systems, places etc are interconnected,
or if they interconnect, they are joined together
26. Nuclear power is (inherently, naturally) both dangerous and
Inherently: a quality that is inherent in something is a natural
part of it and cannot be separated from it
Naturally: use this to say that something is normal and not
surprising
27. The (one-time, once) bus driver is now a famous pop
One-time: former
Once: on one occasion only
28. The film is (based, established) on a novel by Lu Xun.
Be based on: to use something as the thing from which something
else is developed
establish: to start a company, organization, system, etc that is
intended to exist or continue for a long time(不与搭配on)
29. Spoiled children will not manage to live against
(difficulty, adversity).
Difficulty: if you have difficulty doing something, it is
difficult for you to do(不可数解释)
Adversity: a situation in which you have a lot of problems that
seem to be caused by bad luck(逆境)
30. He got the job by (false, fraudulent) he said he had
ten years of working experience.
False: not real, but intended to seem real and deceive
Fraudulent: intended to deceive people in an illegal way, in
order to gain money, power etc
31. Mental problems of all ages are not totally (untreatable,
incurable).
Untreatable: a treatable illness or injury can’t be helped with
drugs or an operation(不可治疗的)
Incurable: an illness that is curable can be cured. (无可救要的)
32. The students are advised to (conserve, preserve) water and
electricity.
Conserve: to use as little water, energy etc as possible so that
it is not wasted(这个意思是独有的)
Preserve: to protect something and prevent it from changing or
being damaged(conserve也有这个意思)
33. She took the skirt out of the suitcase and found it terribly
(pleated, wrinkled).
Pleated: a pleated skirt, dress etc has a lot of flat narrow
Wrinkled: skin or cloth that is wrinkled has small lines or
folds in it
34. The owner of the house came back and discovered that his
house had been broken into during his absence. He (snooped around,
checked) to see if anything valuable had been stolen.
snoop around: to try to find out about someone's private affairs
by secretly looking in their house, examining their possessions
etc(调查, 窥探)
Check: to do something in order to find out whether something
really is correct, true, or in good condition
35. Since their father lost his job, their mother was hard up
and always bought them (shabby, cheap) clothes.
Shabby: shabby clothes, places, or objects are untidy and in bad
condition because they have been used for a long time
Cheap: not at all expensive, or lower in price than you
36. He needed the money, so he said he didn’t (care for, mind)
the long working hours as long as he was well paid.
Care for: to look after someone who is not able to look after
to do things that keep something in good condition
Mind: [usually in questions and negatives] to feel annoyed or
upset about something
37. He lost interests in the debate, merely sitting there
totally (unconcerned, unbent).
Unconcerned: not worried about something because you think it
does not affect you
Unbend: to relax and start behaving in a less formal way
38. While you are in the bookstore, please (keep an eye for,
look at) dictionary that I have been looking for.
Keep an eye for: to watch carefully so that you will notice when
someone or something appears
look at: to turn your eyes towards something, so that you can
see it(其中的一个意思)
39. The elderly couple always avoids parties and gatherings.
They are the kind of people who (keep from, keep to)
themselves.
keep from: to prevent someone from doing something or prevent
something from happening to prevent someone from knowing something,
by deliberately not telling them about it (隐瞒,阻止)
keep to oneself: to live a very quiet private life and not do
many things that involve other people (不交际)
40. He knew there was (no use, no need) going back to the market
place to look for the pocket book, but he went anyway to make her
feel better.
Be no use doing: used to tell someone not to do something
because it will have no effect
There’s no need for sb.to do sth: used to say that someone does
not have to do something
41. She (held back, held forth) her criticism on the plan
because she needed more time to think about it.
hold back: to make someone or something stop moving
forward(阻止,抑制)
hold forth (on): to give your opinion on a subject, especially
for a long time(滔滔不绝,大谈特谈)
42. Marry had an uneasy feeling that something terrible was
going to happen. Was she becoming (ignorant, superstitious)?
Ignorant: not knowing facts or information that you ought to
Superstitious: influenced by superstitions
Superstition: a belief that some objects or actions are lucky or
unlucky, or that they cause events to happen, based on old ideas of
43. Ron said he would always (remember, have on his mind) the
wonderful trip to the great wall.
Remember: to have a picture or idea in your mind of people,
events, places etc from the past
Have on his mind: if something is on your mind, you keep
if something is on your mind, that
is what you are thinking about
44. The glass fell from the shelf and (went, broke) to
Go to pieces: if a person or what they do goes to pieces, they
are so upset or nervous that they cannot live, work, or perform as
they should(瓦解,身体垮掉)
Break to/into pieces: if you break something, you make it
separate into two or more pieces, for example by hitting it,
dropping it, or bending it (成为碎片)
45. I like Walter and have always enjoyed his (pleasant,
pleasantry) company.
Pleasant: enjoyable or attractive and making you feel happy
Pleasantry: things that you say to someone in order to be
polite, but which are not very important(打趣的话)
46. “I-I-didn’t-“ clearly the kid was frightened and (faltered,
wavered) out the answer.
Falter: to speak in a voice that sounds weak and uncertain, and
keeps stopping
Wavered: to become weaker or less certain
47. “The boy has been doing his homework for over an hour now
and is (nervous, fidgety), why don’t you tell him to go out and
play for a while?”
Nervous: worried or frightened about something, and unable to
fidgety: unable to stay still, especially because of being bored
or nervous(烦躁的)
48. He was caught giving (covered, covert) glances at the
textbook during the examination.
Covered: having a layer of something on top
Covert: secret or hidden
49. Ever since he recovered from his heart attack, he realized
he had to (feel like himself, take things easy).
Feel like himself: feel himself fit and healthy
Take things easy=take it easy: to relax and not do very much
50. They had to (scrub, brush) the floor after the party was
Scrub: to rub something hard, especially with a stiff brush, in
order to clean it
Brush: to clean something or make something smooth and tidy
using a brush
51. He (flicked, plucked) the dust from his hat before entering
the house.
Flick: to make something move away by hitting or pushing it
suddenly or quickly(轻弹)
Pluck: to pull something quickly in order to remove
it(拨毛,摘花等)
52. Sensing that someone was approaching him from the back, he
(twiddles, whirled) around suddenly.
Twiddle: to move or turn something around with your fingers many
times, especially because you are nervous or bored
Whirl: to turn or spin around very quickly, or to make someone
or something do this
53. The child was shy. She kept (plucking, picking) her mother
by the sleeve to drag her away from the word.
Pluck: to pull something quickly in order to remove
it(拨毛,摘花,扯,猛拉等)
Pick: remove
54. He just sat there (turning, twiddling) his thumbs, showing
no interest in the discussion.
Turn: to move your body so that you are looking in a different
Twiddle one’s thumbs: to do nothing while you are waiting for
something to happen
55. He doesn’t like his job, but he (keeps at, keeps) it before
he can find something better.
keep at: to force someone to continue to work hard and not let
them stop(坚持)
keep: to stay in a particular state, condition, or position, or
to make someone or something do this(维持)
56. The boys (tossed, threw) a coin to decide who should make
the first move.
Toss: to throw something, especially something light, with a
quick gentle movement of your hand
Throw: to make an object such as a ball move quickly through the
air by pushing your hand forward quickly and letting the object
57. Don’t (put down, put off) h he is
actually quite a charming person.
put down: 不赞成,羞辱
put off: 阻止, 搪塞
58. At the seminar some scientists discussed heroic new
experiments on the (intact, innate) human heart.
Intact: not broken, damaged, or spoiled
Innate: an innate quality or ability is something you are born
59. We (contribute, attribute) Edison’s success to intelligence
and hard work.
Contribute: to give money, help, ideas etc to something that a
lot of other people are also involved in
Attribute: to believe or say that a situation or event is caused
by something
60. A wise man (preserves, reserves) some money for use in rainy
Preserve: =save
Reserve: to keep part of something for use at a later time
during a process - used especially when describing how to cook
61. The reckless driver got his just (deserts, desserts) when
his driver’s license was suspended.
Desert: a place where there is no activity or where nothing
interesting happens
Dessert: sweet food served after the main part of a meal
62. The captain (demanded, commanded) the soldiers to fire.
Demand: to ask for something very firmly, especially because you
think you have a right to do this
Command: to tell someone officially to do something, especially
if you are a military leader, a king etc
63. The photos sent back from the satellite support the (theory,
hypothesis) that possibly there is life on Mars.
Theory: an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain
something about life or the world, especially an idea that has not
yet been proved to be true
Hypothesis: an idea that is suggested as an explanation for
something, but that has not yet been proved to be true
64. There is some (resemblance, similarity) between the accounts
of the fire, but all the important details are different.
Resemblance: if there is a resemblance between two people or
things, they are similar, especially in the way they
look(强调某一方面是相似的)
Similarity: if there is a similarity between two things or
people, they are similar in some way(强调某几方面是相似的)
65. Western businessmen come in (droves, groups) to invest in
light industry in China.
Groups: several people or things that are all together in the
same place
66. The assassination of Martin Luther King did not quench the
civil rights movement. It made the black leaders more (warlike,
militant).
Warlike: liking war and being skilful in it(作好战斗准备的)
Militant: a militant organization or person is willing to use
strong or violent action in order to achieve political or social
change(好战的)
67. It is not (customary, habitual) in South China to eat
dumplings on Lunar New Year’s Eve.
Customary: something that is customary is normal because it is
the way somet usual
Habitual: done as a habit that you cannot stop
68. These certificates and awards are enough to (prove, qualify)
him as an excellent engineer.
Prove: to show that something is true by providing facts,
Qualify: if something qualifies you to do something, you have
the necessary skills, knowledge, and ability etc to do it
69. The boss (demonstrated, manifested) a total indifference to
the safety of the workers.
Demonstrate: to show or prove something clearly
Manifest: to show a feeling, attitude etc
70. Just (follow, obey) his instructions and you will
Follow: to do something in the way that someone has told or
advised you to do it
Obey: to do what someone in authority tells you to do, or what a
law or rule says you must do
71. The commander-in-chief (was thinking of, was reflecting on)
a massive frontal attack against the enemy.
Be thinking of: to use your mind to solve something, decide
something, imagine something etc
Be reflecting on: to think carefully about something, or to say
something that you have been thinking about
Frontal attack: a direct attack on the front of an army
72. It is a (regrettable, regretful) fact that our health
declines, as we grow old.
Regrettable: something that is regrettable is unpleasant, and
you wish things could be different
Regretful: someone who is regretful feels sorry or
disappointed
73. China has the ability to pay off the debts (incurred,
occurred) in acquiring foreign technology.
Incurred: Occurred: See No: 1
74. Consumer demands are changing and are becoming more (modern,
sophisticated), which drives the need for technology to meet this
market demand.
Modern: having very recent attitudes or ways of behaving
Sophisticated: having a lot of experience of life, and good
judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion
etc(久经世故的)
75. The dramatic depreciation of the currency caught even some
economists (on, off) guard.
On guard: to be paying attention to what is happening in order
to avoid danger, being tricked etc (警惕)
Off guard: to surprise someone by happening when they are not
expecting something or prepared for it(不提防)
76. The two sides (differentiate, differ) greatly about the
wording of the contract.
Differentiate: to recognize or express the difference between
things or people
Differ: to be different from something in some way
77. The ad says the (minimum, optimum) requirements for the job
are a Bachelor degree and two years’ experience. You don’t stand a
chance without working experience.
Minimum: the minimum number, degree, or amount of something is
the smallest or least that is possible, allowed, or needed
Optimum: the best or most suitable for a particular purpose or
in a particular situation
78. The company (excels, surpasses) in developing an intimate
relationship with its customers.
Excel in: to do something very well, or much better than most
Surpass: [transitive] to be even better or greater than someone
or something else
79. Doctors (contribute, attribute) the fall in the number of
death from heart disease to improvements in diet.
Contribute: Attribute: See No: 59
80. Believe it or not, the manager is also (adapt, adept) in
working out crossword puzzles.
Adapt: to gradually change your behavior and attitudes in order
to be successful in a new situation(与to搭配)
Adept: good at something that
81. There is a long history of (hostility, rivalry) between
Cambridge and Oxford.
Hostility: when someone is unfriendly and full of anger towards
another person
Rivalry: a situation in which two or more people, teams, or
companies are competing for something, especially over a long
period of time, and the feeling of comp
competition
82. His (greed, acquisitiveness) drove him to (keep, hoard) more
food than he needed.
Greed: a set of beliefs or principles(信条)
Acquisitiveness: wanting to have and keep a lot of
possessions(占有欲)
Keep: if food keeps, it stays fresh enough to be , e,
aten(其中的一个意思)
Hoard: a collection of things that someone hides somewhere,
especially so they can use them later
83. On her deathbed, she told her children that she had nothing
to (repent of, regret).
Repent of: to be sorry for something and wish you had not done
it - used especially when considering your actions in a religious
Regret: to feel sorry about something you have done and wish you
had not done it(后悔)
84. An (immense, great) amount of money has been put into
building the dam to control the river.
Immense: enormous
Great: very large in amount or degree
85. Crop rotation has prevented the soil from (poverty,
impoverishment).
Poverty: not as good as it could be or should be
Impoverishment: to make something worse in quality
86. It is a very monotonous and (tiresome, tiring) job to be on
watch the whole night.
Tiresome: making you feel annoyed or impatient(厌烦)
Tiring: making you feel that you want to sleep or rest(厌倦)
87. I (obtain, derive) great pleasure from making new
Obtain: to get something that you want, especially through your
own effort, skill, or work
Derive: to get something, especially an advantage or a pleasant
feeling, from something
88. The (victorious, triumphant) women football team made a
(victorious, triumphant) return to China.
Victorious: having won a victory, or ending in a
victory(胜利的,获胜的)
Triumphant: showing pleasure and pride because of a victory or
success(因胜利而欢欣鼓舞的)
89. She fell down and injured her ankle badly. Sitting there,
she (grimaced, made a face) from the pain.
Grimace: to twist your face in an ugly way because you do not
like something, because you are feeling pain, or because you are
trying to be funny
made a face: an expression on someone's face(做鬼脸)
90. When we were 5miles short of New York, we got a flat tyre,
and the car (trembled, jerked) to a stop.
Tremble: to shake slightly
Jerk: to move with a quick sudden movement, or to make part of
your body moves in this way
91. Fred gave his father a special Christmas present-he (milked,
nursed) all the cows from him on Christmas morning.
Milk: to take milk from a cow or goat
Nurse: if a woman nurses a baby, she feeds it with milk from her
92. The bank loaned the store money to get it back (to its feet,
on its feet) after the fire.
To one’s feet: = stand up
On one’s feet: be standing (站着的)completely recovered from an
illness or set-back.(从病或挫折中完全恢复)
93. The teacher said that if we believed something was true and
good we should (hold on, hold on to) it.
Hold on: to wait for a short time
Hold on to: to continue doing something that is very difficult
94. The coach (played up, played up to) the possibilities, and
kept our minds off our weaknesses.
Play up: to emphasize something, sometimes making it seems more
important than it really is
Play up to: to behave in a very polite or kind way to someone
because you want something from them
95. After he won the championship, he was (burdened, loaded)
with a lot of honors.
Be burdened with: to have a lot of problems because of a
particular thing
Load: to give someone more work or problems than they can deal
96. In 1972, he published his first book (devoted, dedicated) to
his respected Professor David Lawrence.
Devote: to use all or most of your time, effort etc in order to
do something or help someone
Dedicate: to say at the beginning of a book or film, or before a
piece of music, that it has been written, made, or performed for
someone that you love or respect
97. She is a (snobbish, proud) person and does not want to live
on charity.
Snobbish: behaving in a way that shows you think you are better
than other people because you are from a higher social class or
know more than they do
Proud: having respect for yourself, so that you are embarrassed
to ask for help when you are in a difficult situation
98. The incident was so bizarre that even though they saw it
with their own eyes, when they related it later, they found it
hardly (creditable, credible).
Creditable: deserving praise or approval
Credible: deserving or able to be believed or trusted
99. You have to be (reasonable, judicious), how can you expect
him to work full time in the factory and at the same time get his
M.A. degree in two years’ time?
Reasonable: fair and sensible(合理的,明理的)
Judicious: done in a sensible and careful(判断正确的)
100. The story had been (retold, reiterated) by so many people
that by the time I heard it, the version had become quite
different.
Retell: to tell a story again, often in a different way or in a
different language
Reiterated: to repeat a statement or opinion in order to make
your meaning as clear as possible
101. When her son called to say that he would be home for the
summer, she was very (complacent, happy).
Complacent: pleased with a situation, especially something you
have achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or
change(沾沾自喜而不思进取)
Happy: having feelings of pleasure, for example because
something good has happened to you or you are very satisfied with
102. They started the business together, but after a couple of
years their relationship became (questionable, problematical) so
they had to part company.
Questionable: not likely to be good, honest, or useful(可疑的)
Problematical: involving problems and difficult to deal
with(难处理,难了解的)
103. When what your teacher wants you to do is good for you, you
should be (docile, obedient).
Docile: quiet and easily controlled(温顺的,一般形容动物)
Obedient: always doing what you are told to do, or what the law,
a rule etc says you must do
104. If the media (lavish, give) praises on the young athletes,
it might not be good for them.
Lavish: to give someone or something a lot of love, praise,
Give: to let someone have something as a present, or to provide
something for someone(其中一个意思)
105. I find cooking a good way of (releasing, freeing)
Releasing: to express or get rid of feelings such as anger or
worry(这是其独有的意思)
Freeing: to allow someone to leave prison or somewhere they have
been kept as a prisoner(release也有此意)
106. Away from the madding crowd, many city-dwellers spend their
weekends in the countryside to enjoy (peace, tranquility).
Peace: a very quiet and pleasant situation in which you are not
interrupted
Tranquility: pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful
Away/far from the Mad-ding crowd: (1874) a novel by Thomas Hardy
about people living in a country village in the west of England
during Victorian times. The title of the book, which Hardy took
from a famous poem by Thomas Gray, is often used as a phrase to
mean the peacefulness and quietness of the country.
107. That rickety chair (fell, collapsed) under the weight of
the heavy wrestler.
Fall: to move or drop down from a higher position to a lower
Collapse: if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down
suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged
Rickety: a rickety structure or piece of furniture is in very
bad condition, and likely to break easily
108. He (grabbed, grasped) the rope with both hands and pulled
it with all his strength.
Grab: to take hold of someone or something with a sudden or
violent movement(抓取,抢夺)
Grasp: to take and hold something firmly(抓紧)
109. It is an excellent plan, but it would be very difficult to
(execute, perform) it with our limited funds.
Execute: to do something that has been carefully planned
Perform: to do something, especially something difficult or
110. More and more Chinese people are now (concerning,
involving) themselves with the increasingly serious environmental
Concern yourself with: to become involved in something because
you are interested in it or because it worries you
Involve sb. In doing: to ask or allow someone to take part in
111. The only (left, remaining) question is who should be the
next chairman of the committee.
Left: if something is left, it remains after everything else has
gone, been taken away, or used(只能表语)
Remaining: the remaining people or things are those that are
left when the others have gone, been used, or been dealt with
112. The village was hit by a (vigorous, violent) storm.
Vigorous: using a lot of energy and strength or
determination
Violent: involving actions that are intended to injure or kill
people, by hitting them, shooting them etc
113. In spite of his weakness his (rugged, dogged) determination
helped him to win the race.
Rugged: sturdy, robust, tough (looking) (健壮,结实,看上去坚强)
Dogged: dogged behavior shows that you are very determined to
continue doing something(不屈不挠的)
114. The time between two distinct periods of history, art or
literature is called a period of (transmission, transition).
Transmission: the process of sending out electronic signals,
messages etc, using radio, television, or other similar
equipment(传播,传送)
Transition: when something changes from one form or state to
another(过渡)
115. Unaware of the truth, thousands of people gathered there,
(clamoring, glamorizing) for legal recognition of their
organization.
Clamoring: to demand something loudly(大声要求,抗议)
Glamorizing: to make something seem more attractive than it
really is(贬义美化)
116. (Accusation, condemnation) of the bombing the embassy went
swiftly across the country.
Accusation: a statement saying that someone is guilty of a crime
or of doing something wrong
Condemnation: an expression of very strong disapproval of
someone or something, especially something you think is morally
117. The speaker went on reading his prepared speech without a
(consciousness, conscientiousness) that the audience is already
getting bored.
Consciousness: the condition of being awake and able to
understand what is happening around you
Conscientiousness: careful to do everything that it is your job
or duty to do
118. The death of their lovely daughter landed them in great
(ecstasy, anguish).
Ecstasy: a feeling of extreme happiness
Anguish: mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or
119. A teacher should not be (segmental, partial) to any of his
Segmental: to divide something into parts that are different
from each other (部分的, 断节的)
Partial: unfairly supporting one person or one group against
another(偏袒,偏爱的)
120. The restaurant is small but cozy with an (amenity,
ambience) of ease, friendliness, and elegance.
Amenity: something that makes a place comfortable or easy to
live in(使适宜便利的设施)
Ambience: the qualities and character of a particular place and
the way atmosphere
121. His (unfailing, lasting) courage and wisdom helped him
overcome difficulties in times of adversity.
Unfailing: always there, even in times of difficulty or
trouble(不懈的)
Lasting: strong enough, well enough planned etc to continue for
a very long time(持久的)
122. The students’ puzzled, (uncomprehending, incomprehensible)
look shows that they find the professor’s explanation
(uncomprehending, incomprehensible).
Uncomprehending: not understanding what is happening
Incomprehensible: difficult or impossible to understand
123. The son felt (contented, relieved) upon learning that his
mother was out of danger.
Contented: happy and satisfied because your life is good
Relieved: feeling happy because you are no longer worried about
124. The boat is (weighed, weighted) with overloading.
Weigh: if something weighs you down, it is heavy and difficult
to carry(另有权衡考虑的意思)
Weight: hold something down with a
weight(在某物上加重物使之向下,与with搭配)
125. Reference books and periodicals may not be (moved, removed)
from the reading-room
Move: to change from one place or position to another, or to
make something do this
Remove: to take something away from, out of, or off the place
where it is
126. The pianist’s fingers darted (easily, effortlessly) over
Easily: without problems or difficulties
Effortlessly: something that is effortless is done in a very
skilful way that makes it seem easy
127. Bob has shown amazing (persistence, perseverance) in trying
to persuade me to go camping with him in the rain forest.
Persistence: determination to do something even though it is
difficult or other people oppose it(不顾反对而坚持)
Perseverance: determination to keep trying to achieve something
in spite of difficulties - use this to show approval(毅力)
128. The traitor was eternally (tormented, disturbed) by
feelings of guilt.
Tormented: to make someone suffer a lot, especially mentally
Disturbed: worried or upset
这一组高级英语词汇辨析 可以用于提高sat阅读理解能力。
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